Has some characteristics of this part of speech. They are of the perfect and imperfect form: “- prompted”, “excited - excited”; recurrent and irrevocable: “decided”, “falling asleep”; present and past tense: “thinking”, “running”.

Unlike a verb, a participle does not have a future tense form.

Denoting the attribute of an object, the participle, like adjectives, grammatically depends on and agrees with it in gender, number and case. For example: “boiling stream - boiling stream - boiling stream - boiling streams; boiling lava, boiling milk."

Types and methods of forming participles

Lexical meaning - a sign of an object by action - consists of the grammatical features of this part of speech. For example: “singing birds” (those that are singing now), “singing birds” (those that sang in the past), “the issue under discussion” (the one that someone is discussing now), “the issue under discussion” (the one which has already been discussed).

Accordingly, there are 4 forms of participles: active present and past tense, passive present and past tense.

The first group of participles (actual present tense) are formed from the present tense stem using the suffixes -ush- (-yush-), -ash- (-yash-). The choice of suffix depends on the verb. For example: “cry-ut - cry-ush-y”, “kol-yut - kol-yush-y” - I conjugation; “lech-at – lech-ash-y”, “kle-yat – kle-yash-y” – II conjugation.

Active participles in the past tense are formed from the infinitive by replacing the suffixes –т, -ти with the suffixes –вш-, -ш-. For example: “run - run - run”, “carry - carry”.

Present passive participles are formed from verbs in the present tense using the suffixes –em- (I conjugation) and –im- (II conjugation): “cherish-em – cherish-em-yy”, “kran-im – stored” -im."

Passive past participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb using the suffix –nn-, if the verbs end in –att, -et. Verbs ending in –it receive the suffix –enn-, just like verbs ending in –ti, -ch, and verbs ending in –ot, -ut-, -ity- receive the suffix –t-. For example: “write - write-nn-y”, “capture - captured-nn-y”, “save - save-y”, “forget- forget-y”.

Short participles, like short adjectives, are the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate in a sentence.

Passive participles have a short form with truncated

For the rest.

Interpretations of participles vary. Some authors believe that participles are a special form of the verb, others consider them as an independent part of speech. These views are reflected in textbooks. Therefore, do not be surprised if, when you pick up a textbook by another author, you see a different interpretation. The answer to several questions depends on deciding which point of view to follow:

1. How many parts of speech are there in the Russian language?
2. What form: the indefinite form of the verb or the participle in the form of m.r. units I.p. - considered the initial form?
3. What are the boundaries of verb words, how many forms does a verb have?

• Because he sees no reason to separate them into a separate part of speech.
• Because he patriotically adheres to the views cultivated at the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov.
• Because he considers this position not only scientifically substantiated and consistent with common sense and the broader linguistic context, but also practically useful for the guys.

My scientific preferences may not interest anyone, but practical considerations are relevant to many. Therefore, it is worth dwelling on the last statement. For practical literacy, it is important that children easily and automatically correlate participles with the verbs from which they are formed. This is necessary, firstly, to determine the conjugation of the verb: the writing of suffixes of present participles depends on this information. Secondly, to determine the stem of the infinitive: the suffix of the verb stem of the infinitive must be known to determine the vowels in the past participles. The ability to correctly find the indefinite form of the corresponding verb is one of the universal skills. It will be required constantly: from 6th grade to 11th grade. If we consider the participle to be a verbal form, then the question of finding the initial form, which constantly arises during training, will contribute to the child’s development, awareness of the unified nature of verbal forms, the uniqueness of verbal categories of aspect, transitivity, reflexivity, tense, conjugation. In this case, children better feel the verbal nature of these categories and are more easily oriented in distinguishing participles and verbal adjectives. Finally, this is important for the development of linguistic thinking in general, the study foreign languages(the attribution of participles to verbal forms has common origins), since such an interpretation is supported by the material of foreign languages, for example English.

§2. General characteristics of the sacrament

1. Meaning: a sign of an object by action. Questions: which one? what is he doing? what did he do? what did he do?

2. Morphological characteristics: Features of the morphological form: participles have the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective.

• Constant (unchangeable) signs are the signs of a verb:
  • type: NE and NSV,
  • transitivity,
  • repayment,
  • tense (present and past),
  • pledge.
• Non-permanent (changeable) signs are signs of an adjective:
  • number,
  • case,
  • completeness-brevity (for passive participles).

3. Syntactic role in the sentence. In a sentence full participles, like full adjectives, are a modifier or part of the predicate, and short ones, like short adjectives, are only part of the predicate.

More details:
for verbal morphological features, see Section 11. Morphology. Verb.
for morphological features of an adjective, see Section 8. Morphology. Adjective.

§3. Participle forms

Participles are: active and passive.

What does it mean?
We know that the participle denotes the attribute of an object by action.
A noun denoting an object is a defined word, and a participle is a definition that expresses the attribute of an object by action. By action - means that the participle does not express any attribute, but only one that in a real situation is associated with the action. Loving mother- this is the one who loves, sleeping Baby- this is the baby who sleeps, studied at school items- these are the subjects that are studied. In this case, two fundamentally different situations are possible:

1) the action is carried out by the object itself,
2) the action is carried out on the object by some producer of the action.

Active participles

If the action is carried out by the object itself, then the participle is called active. Examples:

Boy sitting on the windowsill...

defined word boy, definition sitting on the windowsill (the boy himself performs the action: sitting)

Girl chatting on the phone...

defined word girl, definition of chatting on the phone (the girl herself performs the action: chatting)

Passive participles

If the action is directed at an object, and its producer is someone else, then the participle is called passive. Examples:

Dishes, washed in dishwasher, sparkled like new.

Defined word dishes, definition of dishwasher-washed (the dishes didn't wash themselves, someone did).

Essay, what I wrote last week got lost.

Defined word essay, definition what I wrote last week(the essay was written by the speaker, it did not write itself).

Passive participles have a full and a short form.

§4. Full - short form of passive participles

Tulip varieties bred in Holland are highly valued throughout the world.

withdrawn- full form

These varieties of tulips were bred in Holland.

withdrawn- short form

The full and short forms of passive participles change in the same way as the full and short forms of adjectives.
Full forms vary by number, by gender (in singular), and by case. Examples:

Variety dark, almost black rose, bred in France, is called Edith Piaf.

withdrawn- unit, m.r., I.p.

We live in the country, occupying a sixth of the landmass.

occupying- unit, f.r., pp.

Our Houses, located next door, were not at all similar.

located- plural, i.p.

Short forms vary in numbers and units. by birth. Short forms cannot have cases. Examples:

The book has been written and sent to the publishing house.
The novel has been written and even already published.
The essay was written and published in the magazine.
Letters have been written and sent.

§5. Formation of participles

Different verbs have different numbers of participial forms. It depends on the type and transitivity of the verb.

Transitive verbs NSV have 4 forms of participles:

reading,
read
3) passive participle present tense: readable,
4) passive past participle: read.
Verb read NSV. From NSV verbs, both past and present tense forms are possible.

Transitive verbs SV have 2 forms of participles:

1) active past participle: bought,
2) passive past participles: bought.
Verb buy NE. Present tense forms from SV verbs are not possible.

Intransitive verbs NSV have 2 forms of participles:

1) active present participle: walking,
2) active past participle: walking.
Verb walk NSV. Past and present tense forms are possible from NSV verbs.

Intransitive verbs have a single participle form:

active past participles: absentee.
Verb take a walk NSV. The present tense form is impossible from it.

Attention:

Past participles are possible from SV verbs. From NSV verbs, both past and present participles are possible. There is no future tense for participles.
From transitive verbs you can form both active and passive participles. From intransitives - only active participles. The formation of passive participles from intransitive verbs is impossible.

Exceptions:

• Some transitive verbs do not have passive present participle forms, for example: beat, write, sew, revenge. Beaten, written, sewn, swept- forms of passive past participles;
• Some transitive verbs do not have passive past participle forms, for example: love, seek. Beloved, sought after- forms of present passive participles;
• from the verb take forms of passive participles are not formed.

Such exceptions are recorded in dictionaries. For example, see: Borunova S.N., Vorontsova V.L., Eskova N.A. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. Ed. R.I. Avenesova. 4th ed. M.: Russian language. 1988.

For spelling of participle suffixes, see Spelling of participles.

§6. Participles - not participles: verbal adjectives

Learn to distinguish between participles and verbal adjectives.
Participle - if an object is involved in an action, the characteristics of the verb are relevant for participles: aspect, tense.
Adjective - if the action is no longer relevant, the result has become a permanent feature: frozen products, dried mushrooms, boiled meat.

1. Full form

1). The word in full form with the suffixes -n-, -nn-, -e-, -enn- is:

• a verbal adjective, if it is formed from the verb NSV and does not have dependent words: uncut grass(from mow- NSV);
• participle, if it is formed from the verb SV or has dependent words: purchased newspapers (buy - SV), grass not cut until mid-July ( until mid-July- dependent words)

2). The word in full form with the suffixes -im-, -em- is:

• verbal adjective if it is formed from intransitive verb: combustible (from burn out- intransition.v.), conceivable (from think- intransitive verb.), unfading (from fade- intransition.ch.);
• participle, if it is formed from the transitive verb NSV: inflected (from incline), called (from call), indelible (from sweep), unforgettable (from forget), - participles, because transitive verbs NSV.

2. Short form

In short participles, as in full participles, there remains a verbal component of meaning associated with aspect and tense. The film is shot. The letter is written. The picture is hung. The laundry is washed.(action in the past, the result is relevant in the present). You can add: just now, for example: The letter is written just now. It can be transformed into a passive construction without changing the meaning: The film was shot, the letter was written, the picture was hung.

In short adjectives the attribute is constant: She is well-mannered and educated. That is to her In general, these signs are characteristic. You cannot add: just now. Cannot be transformed into a passive structure.

§7. Participial phrase

A participial phrase is a participle with a dependent word or dependent words.

Don't be confused:

The dependent word and the qualified word are different words. The word being defined is the word to which the participle refers, on which its form depends. The dependent word is the word that extends the participle. Its form depends on the form of the participle.

Fog, which landed on the river at night, dissipated during the day.

Defined word - fog. Communion - sunken, the form depends on the form of the word being defined: fog(Which?) sunken- unit, m.r., I.p. Dependent words - on the river at night, the form of dependent words, if they are changeable, depends on the participle: sunken(for what?) to the river- V.p.

Participial phrase - landed on the river at night.

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it correct to assume that verbal morphological features are permanent features of participles?

2. Is it correct to think that participles change like adjectives?

3. What are the names of words whose form depends on participles?

   • Defined word
   • dependent word

4. Which participles do not have short forms?

   • Have valid
   • In the passive
   • Everyone has

5. How do short forms of participles change?

   • By case

6. How do full forms of participle change?

   • By case
   • By numbers and singular - by gender
   • By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender

7. What determines how many participial forms different verbs have?

   • From reflexivity of verbs
   • From verb conjugation

8. Which verbs have all 4 forms of participles: present active, past active, present passive, past passive?

   • Transitional air supply systems
   • Transitional SV

9. Which verbs have only 1 participle form: active past tense?

   • Intransitive NSVs
   • Intransitive SV
   • Transitional NSV
   • Transitional SV

10. How many forms of participles can be formed from transitive verbs of SV?

11. How many forms of participles can be formed from intransitive verbs of the NSV?

Correct answers:

1. dependent word
2. Have valid
3. By numbers and singular - by gender
4. By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender
5. From the aspect and transitivity of verbs
6. Transitional air supply systems
7. Intransitive SV

• A16. Vowels in personal endings of verbs and participle suffixes

Communion– a part of speech, which is a special form of a verb that denotes signs of action. Answers questions such as “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “which?”.

As a verbal form, participles have the following grammatical features:

• Type: perfect and imperfect (for example: evening (what?) dozing(what to do? - take a nap); the cat jumped(what to do? - jump);
• Time: present and past (grandfather (what?) dozing, cat (what?) escaped);
• Refundability: returnable and non-refundable.

Morphological and syntactic features of participles

There are scientists who believe that the participle is an independent part of speech, because it has characteristics that are not characteristic of the verb. In particular, participles have some features of adjectives, such as

• object attribute designation
• and agreement with the noun (that is, the same gender, number and case).

Participles are active and passive, some have full and short forms. Short form participle in a sentence plays the role of a nominal part compound predicates. For example: Textbook revealed on page ten.

Participles can be inflected by case, number and gender, like adjectives. Even though participles have verbal characteristics, in a sentence they are definitions. For example: A lost book, a lost briefcase, a lost panel.

Participles have an initial form, but only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have it. Active and passive participles are formed using suffixes.

Types of participles and their examples.

Passive participles.

Passive participles- these are those participles that denote a characteristic created in one object under the influence of another. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. For example: A picture (what?) drawn or drawn by a student.

Formed from verb stems in the present and past tenses using suffixes:

• -om- (-em-) – for verbs of the first conjugation
• -im- – for verbs of II conjugation
• -nn-, -enn-, -t- – from the stems of verbs in the past tense

Examples: read, carried, kindled, divided, heard, sown, broken, baked. trimmed, beaten, split

Active participles.

Active participle is a participle that denotes a characteristic produced by the subject/object itself. For example: Boy painting a picture.

Active participles are formed from verbs in the present and past tenses using suffixes

A participle is a special part of speech, which is a verbal form and denotes a characteristic by action. It should be noted that, being a verbal form, pr-ie has some morphological characteristics of a verb: the aspect and tense of each verbal form, transitivity and reflexivity can be distinguished in some verbal forms.

Part of speech features

The participle answers the question:

• Which?
• What do you do?
• What did he do?
• What did he do?

Here are some examples: melting snow (what did he do?), melted snow (what did he do), melted snow (what did he do?), a sown field (what?). It should be noted that the question “which?” can be asked for all of the above.

Since this part of speech answers the question “which?” And denotes a sign by action, she has several morphological features adjective: number, gender, case.

This part of speech has its own special morphemic features - suffixes:

• ushch (yushch) - ashch (box)
• vsh (sh)
• eat-im (ohm)
• enn (yonn)

These suffixes can be used to distinguish it from other parts of speech.

In a sentence it plays the role of an agreed definition or predicate.

For example:

• There's a melting snowflake in my palm. In this sentence, “melting” is an agreed adjective and is emphasized by a wavy line.
• Snowflake melting. In this sentence, “melting” is part of a compound nominal predicate with an omitted linking verb (present tense modality).

About half of all participles have a short form. The short form is formed from the full form by truncation of the morphemic suffix. It is important not to confuse the form short adjective with the short participle form.

In Russian, this part of speech is of two types: active and passive.

Active participle

The active participle denotes the object or person who himself performs the action.

For example: A running person (the person performs the action independently), melting snow (the snow performs the action independently).

• Present tense suffixes: ush-yush, ush-yush.
• Past tense suffixes: wsh (w).

These suffixes will help determine the tense and type of participle. All active present participles are formed from the stem of verbs of the same form.

It should be noted that the suffixes ush (yush) form this part of speech from the verb of the first conjugation, and the suffixes asch-yashch are from the verb of the second conjugation. For example: “sowing” is formed from the verb “to sow” of the first conjugation of the present tense using the suffix "yushch".

Passive participle

The passive form denotes a sign according to the action of the object that itself this action does not perform (experiences this action on the part of another object or person).

For example: a reed shaken by the wind (a reed that shakes the wind, the reed itself did not perform this action), a sown field (a field that someone sowed, the field did not perform the action itself).

• Present passive suffixes: um-em-im
• Passive past tense suffixes: nn, t.

Passive present participle is formed similarly to the real one, only other suffixes are used. When forming the past participle using suffixes nn, t the basis of the infinitive from which this part of speech was formed is preserved.

Exception! When forming a passive participle from a verb ending in “it,” the base of the infinitive will be cut off and a suffix will be added to it enn.

The passive participle can be formed from a single intransitive verb. For example: The words managed and driven are formed from the verbs manage and lead, which are intransitive.

The past passive form is formed from complete perfective and imperfective verbs. However, there are very few participles formed from imperfective verbs in the Russian language.

It is impossible to form such forms from verbs: search, take, love, write, sew, revenge, beat. The verb “to give” has the singular form “given”.

It should be noted that there are several verbs in -sti- and -st-, the forms of which are formed from the stem of the future tense.

• Example: Bring - brought, spin - spun

A reflexive postfix can be added to the passive tenses of the present and past tenses "Xia"

• Example: Selling (books, buns), arrogant (children, athletes).

Participial phrase

Before you find out the role of these parts of speech in a turnover, you need to understand what a turnover is. So, participle phrase- this is the creation of a phrase with dependent words. Both in complex and simple sentences the participial phrase can be found:

• Before the defined word;
• After the defined word.

Please note that the participial phrase is always a single member of the sentence, namely by an agreed upon common definition.

For example:

Painting, , hangs in the hall of our museum. In this sentence the participial phrase “ painted by a famous artist" comes before the word being defined, "picture," and is the agreed upon common definition.

We hope that our article helped you improve your knowledge of the Russian language and understand what the full passive participle is.

Introduction

I believe that the participle is one of the most difficult parts of speech. It depends on the grammatical indicators of the verb. Four, and if we take into account reflexive ones, then six participles are formed from transitive verbs of the imperfect form. So, from “read” there are six possible participles: reading, read, read and reflexive: read, read.

V.I. said very aptly about participles. Dahl, author of the famous dictionary: “The part of speech involved in the verb, in the form of an adjective.” Here attention is drawn not only to the content, but also to the form of the participle, since with its " appearance"It really resembles an adjective: it changes according to gender, number and cases, agrees with nouns and answers the question which one? Consequently, the participles contain the signs of both verbs and adjectives. This duality of the participle was also noticed by the ancient grammarians, giving it the name “participle”, i.e. .e. participle of a name and a verb. different parts speech naturally makes these words richer in content, and therefore more economical, which M.V. drew attention to. Lomonosov: “These verbal names serve to shorten the human word, containing the name and the verb force. This property of participles to contain “they had the force of the verb” is widely used in writing, especially in fiction. Pictures of nature, portrait characteristics, internal The experiences of the characters are very often conveyed by writers through participles, but in the usual way. colloquial speech cutting participles. A.S. Pushkin wrote about this: “Partipulations... are usually avoided in conversation. We do not say: a carriage galloping across a bridge; a servant sweeping a room; we say: which gallops, which sweeps, etc. - replacing the expressive brevity of the participle with a sluggish turnover"

In my essay I wanted to explain the most difficult points in education, use, etc. participles. The main difficulty and common mistakes arise because many people confuse participles with adjectives. By comparison, examples, and mistakes, you can still learn to write correctly and understand all the subtleties and depth of the great Russian language.

Communion

Participle is a hybrid verbal-adjective form, which in the school tradition is considered as a special verbal form. Participles connect the attributes of a verb and an adjective, expressing the meaning of a procedural attribute of an object. Verb signs of participles:

1. The nature of verbal control is preserved (for example: dreaming of freedom - dreaming of freedom);

2. The form of the corresponding verb is preserved;

3. The participle has two voice forms (in accordance with the two-voice concept) - active and passive voice(for example: permitted - active voice, permitted - passive voice);

4. The participle has two tense forms - present (loving, beloved) and past (loved) tense.

All verbal features of participles are constant, variable features are the features of an adjective: gender, number, case, full or short (for passive participles) form and the corresponding inflection in the sentence - predicate or attribute.

Present participles are formed from the verbal stem of the present tense using the suffixes -уш-/-ушь, -аш/-яж- - active participles, suffixes -ем-, -ом-, -им- - passive participles. Past participles are formed from a stem with an infinitive stem. In this case, to form real participles, the suffixes -vsh- are used if the stem ends in a vowel (for example: hear-t - heard) or -sh- if the stem ends in a consonant (for example: brought-ti - brought-shiy). When forming passive past participles, the suffixes -nn- are added to the verb stem if the stem ends in a vowel, except for /i/ (for example: vesha-t - hanged), -enn if the stem ends in a consonant or /i/, and in the latter case /and/ drops out (for example: shoot-t - shot, bring-ti - brought), -t- - to form participles from some verbs of unproductive classes with stems on i-, ы-, o -, as well as from verbs of the IV productive class (for example: sew-t - sewn, wash - washed, stabbed - stabbed, turn - turned). Initial form a participle, like an adjective, is nominative singular masculine.

A common feature of the use of participles is that they belong to bookish speech. This is explained by the history of participles.

The main categories of participles relate to the elements literary language, borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language, which affects a number of their phonetic features, for example, the presence of у in present participles: current, burning, which correspond to the adjectives flowing, hot, which are Old Russian participles in origin, as well as the presence of a number of participles before solid consonant under the stress e, while in the verbs from which they are formed, under the same conditions there is e (o): who came, but came, who invented, but invented, blossomed, but blossomed.

The connection of participles with the Old Church Slavonic language in the 18th century. noted by Lomonosov, who in his “Russian Grammar” explains about several categories of participles that they are used only from Slavic verbs and are unacceptable from Russians. Thus, he writes: “The active voice of the tense of the present participle ending in -schie is derived from verbs of Slavic origin: crowning, writing, nourishing; and they are very indecent from simple Russian ones, which are unknown among the Slavs: speaking, chomping.” He notes the same regarding the passive participles of the present tense “From Russian verbs, which were not in use among the Slavs, produced, for example: touched, rocked, soiled, are very wild and unbearable to the ear,” and regarding the past participles of the active voice: “... for example, blurted out, blurted out, dived, dived, very disgusting." At the same time, Lomonosov also notes the greater relevance of participles for high styles of speech, pointing out that they “are more appropriately used in rhetorical and poetic works than in simple calm, or in common speech.”

At present, two centuries after Lomonosov, there are no restrictions on the formation of participles from purely Russian verbs alien to the Old Church Slavonic language. And the examples of unacceptable participles demonstrated by Lomonosov do not create the impression of an insult to the linguistic sense, which he speaks about with such categoricalness, and are quite acceptable. The main categories of full participles are productive and are easily formed from any verbs, including new formations (vernalized, vernalized, vernalized). The least common passive participles of the present tense, but in some types of verbs they are also productive (clogged, formed, stored) and unproductive only with the suffix -om- (carried, driven, sought).

But even now, firstly, participles are part of the literary language (they are absent in dialects); secondly, they almost never appear in colloquial speech.

They stand apart short participles past tense passive voice (written, brought, poured), which are widely used in everyday speech and used in dialects.

On the contrary, for different styles In book speech, full participles are one of the most necessary means, which is used extremely widely. This is due to the fact that participles contribute to the conciseness of speech, making it possible to replace subordinate clauses; compare: Enterprises that fulfilled the plan ahead of schedule and Enterprises that fulfilled the plan ahead of schedule; The delegate elected by the general meeting and the Delegate who was elected general meeting. In newspaper speech, phrases with participles are almost always preferred.

Participles are close in meaning to adjectives and often turn into adjectives. The general difference between participles and adjectives is that a participle denotes a temporary attribute of an object, created by the action of the object itself (real participles) or an action carried out on this object (passive participle), while an adjective denotes a permanent attribute of an object, for example: flying seeds are seeds that fly are in motion, and flying seeds are seeds that have structural features that make them easy to fly and carried by the wind. The adjective, on the contrary, only characterizes the object and does not give information about what state it is in, so the phrase is possible: The earth was covered with flying maple seeds, although these seeds lie motionless on the ground.