G. Lexico-syntactic analysis. exclamation: well, what the

PREFACE

Mastering the material in the course “Morphology of the Modern Russian Language” presupposes not only possession of deep theoretical knowledge of traditional and modern interpretation of linguistic phenomena, but also the ability and solid skills practical analysis language, the formation in students of creative independent understanding of linguistic facts, taking into account their development.

Manuals on the morphological analysis of a word as a model of a particular part of speech are a necessary component of educational literature for philological faculties of higher education. educational institutions. Morphological analysis is included in some practical textbooks for higher schools, as well as in existing Russian language textbooks for secondary schools. There are also special works containing diagrams and samples of analysis of all parts of speech (see literature).

The need for this manual is dictated primarily by the fact that the existing system of morphological analysis requires further development and clarification both in terms of its scientific and theoretical basis and in terms of the analysis methodology, and therefore the construction of the scheme itself.

MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND REQUIREMENTS FOR IT

Morphological analysis in classes at a university is used as a technique both for teaching students to see linguistic facts in the text, to analyze them correctly, deeply and comprehensively, and for developing solid skills and abilities necessary for a future linguist, and also as a technique that helps the teacher control and evaluate these skills and abilities.

The effectiveness of this type of work depends directly on the scientific and theoretical basis embedded in the analysis scheme, as well as on the structural organization of the scheme and its construction. As for its scientific basis, the analysis scheme should require from the student a good (strong and extensive) knowledge of scientific theory (including recognized concepts regarding ambiguously assessed grammatical phenomena), the ability to prove or disprove its consistency in practice, and see its strengths And weaknesses, argue your own position. It should contain the entire necessary scientific arsenal of information, allowing for a comprehensive, exhaustive description of the analyzed form.

Traditional in universities and schools is the following set and order of features in the analysis scheme of significant parts of speech: 1) part of speech, 2) initial form, 3) lexical and grammatical categories, 4) morphological categories, 5) syntactic features (4, 55; 5.55 ;15, 275)

The absence of a word-formation feature in this list can apparently be explained by the fact that word-formation analysis of a word exists as an independent type, and secondly, by the fact that this characteristic is present only in motivated words. However, following the features that form the basis for the division of significant parts of speech, the word-formation feature must be included in the morphological analysis scheme (20, 2; 22, 65). word-formation characteristics in morphological analysis mean the search for a formant and its meaning as indicators of the part-verbal semantics of the analyzed word form (cf. means of expressing part-verbal semantics in cognate words: black, blackness, blacken, black). In many cases, this type of work will help a student, who has retained a formal approach to identifying parts of speech since school, to understand in practice what place this feature occupies in the selection different parts speech, to be convinced of the legitimacy of isolating the so-called main parts of speech among the significant parts of speech, to realize the close connection between word-formation and formal means of language.

It seems appropriate to include in the scheme one more feature that underlies the division of words into significant and non-significant. This is the semantic aspect of a word, revealing its connection with the concept, the presence of a nominative function in the word. In addition, the distinctive features of the connection with the concept, along with other features, underlie the allocation of pronouns to a special part of speech and to a special class of proper nouns.

The presence in the scheme of all the features that form the basis for the classification of words in a language makes it possible to verify that the existing system of parts of speech as a whole is distinguished on the basis of various features, that this is dictated by the properties of the words themselves, and that some elements of hierarchical relationships are noted in the system of parts of speech.

BUILDING AN ANALYSIS SCHEME

The current practice of constructing a scheme is based on the grammatical properties of words: lexical and grammatical features, morphological categories, the nature of change and syntactic function, located in the scheme, taking into account their interdependence and belonging directly to the field of morphology (which is why the syntactic function always completes the morphological analysis), and sometimes and taking into account whether this or that sign of a word is constant. It is quite natural that the scheme for analyzing words of different parts of speech differ (sometimes significantly) from each other in the number of categories and categories, their essence, and the nature of the change in the word. As a result, a practice has developed according to which each part of speech has its own analysis scheme, which in principle is naturally understandable.

Without speaking out against the existing tradition as a whole, we will nevertheless note some of its negative aspects. This is primarily because the student gets the impression that it is necessary to memorize as many schemes as there are parts of speech. In addition, compiled taking into account all the features inherent in a particular part of speech, which is justified by the task of repetition or testing knowledge of the material, schemes sometimes force and allow one to distract from the properties of the analyzed word form and approach the analysis formally (for example, determining the conjugation when analyzing the form of the past time shouted, answered requires focusing attention either on the form of the present/future tense ( screams), or on the infinitive ( answers - answer), and in addition, name a feature that the analyzed form does not have).

In our opinion, the scheme should be focused specifically on the analysis of a specific word form used in speech. With this approach, its analysis should be carried out based on the characteristics that form the basis for the classification of significant words (the second stage in the division, the first is the distinction between significant and non-significant), taking into account the interdependence of these characteristics, as well as taking into account the grammatical features and specific properties of the word form being analyzed. The scheme for analyzing significant word forms is a kind of general “grammatical framework”, which in its most general abstract basis unites word forms of different parts of speech into a class of significant ones, and in its particular, concrete content, distinguishes these word forms.

The structure of the scheme should be carried out taking into account the tasks facing the analysis, as well as the nature of the analyzed features. In this regard, it is necessary to determine the place of word-formation and syntactic features in the system of morphological analysis, since they essentially go beyond the scope of directly morphological properties, which are lexico-grammatical, categorical, as well as inflection characteristics. This can explain the absence of syntactic features in the new edition of the morphological analysis scheme proposed by L.D. Chesnokova (18, 58 et seq. Wed: 24 18). Undoubtedly, syntactic and word-formation features should be logically “woven” into the outline of the analysis and in this case be, as it were, “in the service” of morphology. Both of these features are united by one property that is important for morphological analysis - the ability to detect in many cases the part-speech status of the analyzed word form, which can be very important and even necessary. It is no secret that the weak school linguistic base of most students, the lack of skills in a reasoned approach to defining linguistic phenomena, insufficient attention or inattention to the text become the cause of gross errors in determining parts of speech, grammatical forms, and grammatical meanings.

Such prominent Russian linguists as A.A. wrote about the close connection between categorical semantics and syntactic properties of the main parts of speech. Potebnya, A.A. Shakhmatov, V.V. Vinogradov, L.V. Shcherba, A.M. Peshkovsky. So, L.V. Shcherba was inclined to believe that “nevertheless, the function of a word in a sentence is every time the most decisive moment for the perception” of it as a part of speech (26, 79). according to A.M. Peshkovsky, a significant role in determining parts of speech is played by the “syntactic beginning” (12.58), by which he meant, first of all, the environment of the word form. It should also be remembered that in general the study of the morphological properties of a word form is carried out on a syntactic basis, for “a word acts as a system of forms and meanings, only correlated with other semantic units of language” (6, 14). It is significant in this regard that A.A. Shakhmatov made the connection between a word and a sentence the basis for determining the part of speech (25, 420).

That there is no form presence(emphasized by V.S.) and whose function would be recognized otherwise than by its meaning. i.e. By connection with other words and forms in the speech of the language” (13, 36), manifests itself especially clearly in cases where, first of all, syntactic properties help a) distinguish between functional homonyms: how quiet everything is around. - The stream gurgles quietly. - The rooms are quiet and warm.; b) detect the transition of one part of speech to another: The girl bought a blue dress. - blue suits you; V) note the use of one part of speech in the position of another: Tomorrow we are going to the theater. - I know your tomorrow. In addition, an isolated word form can be polysemantic (cf.: forest- this is 1) “an area of land overgrown with trees”, and 2) “cut down trees as building material"") and multifunctional (for example, word form daughters in a sentence can express different grammatical meanings - r.p. units, d.p. singular, etc. unit, im.p. plural). and only the environment will help determine the specific form and its meaning.

All of the above convinces us that the syntactic properties of the word form must be present in morphological analysis. Syntactic features involve analyzing the compatibility of the analyzed word form and determining its function. The syntagmatic aspect must first of all reveal whether the analyzed word form occupies a dependent position, what part of speech it depends on, and what is the connection between them (cf.: write about the trip). This material is a preparation for functional analysis. It begins with posing a semantic (not formal, although the semantic may coincide with the formal) question from the word form being defined ( write) to the analyzed one ( trip), as a result of which its function in the sentence is determined. Returning to the analysis of the syntagmatic characteristics of the analyzed word form as a defined one ( about your trip) will allow us to discover new signs of its part-speech essence. For example, the categorical semantics of a noun presupposes the presence of engo as a dependent primarily an adjective (in the broad sense of understanding), only a noun is combined with a preposition, etc. This aspect of syntagmatic characteristics can be called the term environment, understanding its convention and justifying it only by the necessity and importance of distinguishing the connections of the analyzed word form with other word forms, either as a dependent or as a main (defined) one. In addition, the environment is sometimes also a position, for example, the position of an adjective between a noun and its preposition.

Considering the specificity of the features that form the basis for the classification of significant parts of speech, as well as the fact that morphological analysis is aimed at developing in the student solid skills in practical analysis, excluding annoying mistakes, at developing the ability, according to F.F. Fortunatov, “to think correctly” (21, 433), on the development of linguistic vigilance, which will help to learn the “secrets” of the grammatical structure of the language, we believe that the scheme can be presented in the form of two semantic parts, each of which includes a circle of features united by the theme of the corresponding part of the diagram. The purpose of the first is to determine and argue the part-speech status of the analyzed word form. It does not consider such features that provide a basis for concluding what part of speech the word form proposed for analysis represents. These are the semantic aspect, formal features, word-formation formant (or method of formation) and syntactic properties. The second part includes an analysis of the actual morphological features of the word form - lexico-grammatical categories, morphological categories of the nature of inflection. Each feature is characterized according to plan. If everything that has been said is presented in full in the form of a diagram, then it will take the following form:

Analyzed word form:

semantic

formal

derivational

syntactic: A) syntagmatic functional environment

part of speech

Lexico-grammatical categories: their semantic and grammatical characteristics;

Morphological categories: a) member of the category and its formal indicator, b) grammatical meaning, c) characteristics of the category in terms of quantity and quality (word forms or different words) of its members;

Paradigmatic: a) a particular paradigm of which the word form is a member, b) the nature of inflection.

As a result, we can propose to formulate more full definition parts of speech, taking into account the morphological categories described in the second part, since the first gives the so-called school definition. A complete definition emphasizes the importance of morphological categories and the grammatical essence of part-verbal semantics.

When getting acquainted with the analysis scheme, it may seem unnecessary to search for an argument for the part-verbal status of the analyzed word form. Indeed, in most cases, students recognize parts of speech just as, according to O. Jespersen, “at first glance we distinguish a cow from a cat” (9, 67), however, a philology student has to deal with more difficult cases when the real and the grammatical in a word are not symmetrical, when the force of the material meaning, like the flow of a river carrying away an object, will be obvious, and the force of the formal meaning, like the wind blowing against the current and holding the same object, will require special research techniques. Such cases are of particular interest to the student, as they make you think and help you to see the difference between the concepts of subject and objectivity, feature and procedural feature. They also reveal the mechanism of interaction between the part-verbal meaning and the essence of grammatical categories as a whole, as well as grammatical categories among themselves; they reveal the connection between the real meaning and the grammatical meaning of individual categories, as well as the influence of context on the grammatical meaning of the word form.

NOUN

As already noted, the word form of any significant part of speech is analyzed according to one scheme, the specific content of which depends on the part-verbal affiliation of the word form and its individual characteristics.

SCHEME FOR ANALYSIS OF NOUN WORD FORMS

The scheme adjusted for the analysis of the noun takes the following form:

The main signs that reveal the part-speech status analyzed word form:

semantic: connection with the concept and nominative function;

formal: a) formal (part-speech) question for a word form, b) initial formal question and initial form, c) indicator of the analyzed form, d) its formation and structure;

derivational: a) motivated word, b) motivating word, c) derivational formant and its meaning;

syntactic: A) syntagmatic: dependence of the word form, its connection with the defined, b) functional: semantic question, function in a sentence, c) environment: the presence in the text of indicators of the part-verbal affiliation of the word form;

part of speech: its definition based on identified features (part-speech semantics, part-speech question, primary syntactic function).

Lexico-grammatical, categorical and paradigmatic features:

Lexico-grammatical ranks: a) concrete (or material, collective, abstract), its semantic and grammatical features, b) common noun or own, its semantic and grammatical features, c) animate or inanimate, its semantic and grammatical features;

Morphological categories: genus: a) a member of the category and its formal indicator, b) grammatical meaning, c) characteristics of the category in terms of quantity and quality (word forms or different words) of its members; number: case: a) a member of the category and its formal indicator, b) grammatical meaning, c) characteristics of the category in terms of quantity and quality (word forms or different words) of its members;

Paradigmatic: a) the particular paradigm of which the word form is a member, its completeness, b) the type of declension, the nature of the stem, c) the concordant class.

SAMPLES OF ANALYSIS OF NOUN WORD FORMS

Analysis of the word form must be preceded by presentation in a sentence. In it you need to find a predicative basis, a word on which the analyzed word form depends, and the word form itself:

I remember the sea before the thunderstorm... (P.)

We believe that it is useful and interesting to compare samples of analysis of different nouns.

The Mazurka sounded. It happened

When the mazurka thunder roared,

Everything in the huge hall was shaking,

The parquet cracked under the roof,

The frames shook and rattled...(P.)

The main signs that reveal the part-speech status analyzed word form ( under) heel:

semantic

formal: a) formal question (under) what?, b) initial question What? and initial form heel -ohm, compare: heel, heel, heel...

derivational: there is no indicator, since the word is unmotivated;

syntactic: A) syntagmatic functional: semantic question (crackling) why?, performs the function of an adverbial cause with a touch of addition, c) environment: used with a preposition under, with it an adjective is possible ( under a strong heel);

part of speech What?, primary function of the underlying (heel broke) or additions ( fix heel).

Lexico-grammatical, categorical and paradigmatic features:

Lexico-grammatical ranks: a) specific, since it denotes an object, it is combined with the pronominal collective numeral ( both heels), varies by numbers (heel - heels), b) common noun since it has a connection with a concept out of context, serves as the name of both an individual and an entire class of homogeneous objects, changes in numbers, c) inanimate, since it denotes an inanimate object, has the form v.p. plural, similar to the form im.p. plural ( I fixed my heels - the heels are knocking);

Morphological categories: genus: a) male, indicator – zero inflection in im.p. units when based on a solid consonant (not hissing), as well as inflection of a possible adjective ( strong heel), b) non-nominative meaning, c) three-member, classification category; number: a) singular, indicator - inflection -om, b) has the meaning of a collection of objects, c) binomial category, inflectional (heel - heels); case: a) instrumental verb, indicator – inflection -om and preposition under, b) circumstantial (reasons) and objective meaning, c) polynomial, inflectional category;

Paradigmatic: a) a member of the case-numerical paradigm, a complete paradigm, b) 2nd substantive declension, based on hard consonant, c) 1st concordant class.

I don't know how to admire

And I wouldn’t want to disappear into the middle of nowhere,

But I probably have it forever

Tenderness of the sad Russian soul.(EU)

The main signs that reveal the part-speech status analyzed word form ( c) wilderness:

semantic: has a connection with the concept and a nominative function and, out of context, is a significant word;

formal: a) formal question (c) what?, b) initial question What? and initial form wilderness, c) indicator of the analyzed form - inflection -And, compare: wilderness, wilderness, wilderness..., d) formed using inflection, synthetic;

derivational: a) the word motivated, b) the motivating word deaf (place), c) derivational formant - a zero suffix with the meaning “name of a place based on the attribute named in the motivating basis,” that is, subjectivity;

syntactic: A) syntagmatic: depends on the verb, the connection with it is controlled, b) functional: semantic question Where?, a function of the circumstance of place with a touch of addition (in what?), V) environment: used with a preposition V, with it a pronominal adjective is possible ( in such a wilderness);

part of speech: a noun, since it denotes objectivity, answers the question What?, primary function of the subject (I remember this wilderness) or additions ( I remember this wilderness).

Lexico-grammatical, categorical and paradigmatic features:

Lexico-grammatical categories: a) abstract, since it denotes an abstract concept, is not combined with cardinal numerals, does not change by numbers, b) common noun since it has a connection with a concept out of context, there are no other signs of a common noun, c) animate/inanimate neither grammatically nor lexically defined;

Morphological categories: genus: a) female, indicator – inflection – and r.p. singular, as well as inflection of a possible adjective (such a wilderness), b) non-nominative meaning, c) three-member, classification category; number: a) the only indicator is the zero inflection in the im.p., as well as the –th inflection of a possible adjective (such a wilderness), b) singularia tantum, non-nominative meaning, c) binomial category, here classification, case: a) prepositional verb, indicator – inflection –i, preposition V, and also a formal question in what?, b) adverbial meaning (places) with a connotation of the object, c) the category is polynomial, inflectional;

Paradigmatic: a) a member of the case-numeral paradigm, the paradigm is incomplete, since there is no particular plural paradigm, b) 3rd substantive declension, based on a hard consonant (sibilant), c) 3rd concordant class.

Part of speech.

The analysis can be completed with a more detailed definition of a word form as a part of speech. A noun is a significant part of speech that denotes objectivity and expresses it in the classification category of gender, mixed category of number and inflectional category of case, has the primary function of subject and object.

Morphological analysis must be preceded by preparatory work on the text, without which annoying errors occur. It begins with a careful reading of the sentence (less often the wider context) and highlighting the predicative basis in it. After this, it is determined on which word the analyzed word form depends and whether it has a preposition, an adjective (pronominal adjective, participle, ordinal number). All this can be visualized in the text of the sentence:

I was born for a life of peace(P.)

The word form for analysis is written out together with the preposition, enclosed in brackets. It is present in the formal question regarding the word form and participates in the expression of case relations, but is not an element of the analyzed word form of the noun (preposition is a auxiliary part of speech). The word being defined can also be placed in brackets; it will be necessary to search for a semantic question when determining the syntactic function of the word form - (born) (for) life.

Semantic aspect of word form. You should pay attention to proper names, most of which, unlike common nouns, acquire a connection with the concept in speech, when used with common nouns(cf.: Vladimir – old town, it was founded by the Kyiv prince Vladimir Monomakh), which should be pointed out during the analysis.

Formal features part-sentence of the word form. A formal question to the analyzed word form is its part-sentence question. It is determined by the word form itself and, in the presence of a preposition, can be added to an isolated word form: in the table - in what?, in the table - in what?. In its absence, the question is posed from the word being defined ( afraid of whom? – dogs, whose house? - father), since out of context a word form can be multifunctional: books - what? what?. For a formal question it is easy to find the initial part-speech question, and for it - the initial form.

Graphic analysis

1. Indicate the name of the letter (grapheme), its sound meaning in a given word (the quantity and quality of the designated sounds).

2. Determine whether the given sound meaning of a letter is primary (alphabetic) or secondary (non-alphabetic, substitutive).

3. Indicate the number of alphabetical meanings of this letter (is it single-valued or double-valued in the alphabet).

4. Mark spellings that violate the syllabic principle of graphics.

Spelling analysis

1. Indicate all spellings present in the word (regardless of their degree of relevance).

2. Determine which morpheme each spelling is found in.

3. Indicate the type of writing (verifiable / unverifiable / unverifiable).

4. Determine spelling principles and rules governing the writing of spelling.

5. * Etymological commentary on traditional spellings.

Orthoepic analysis

1. Indicate a word that has an orthoepic variant.

2. Determine the type of orthoepic variant: pronunciation, accentological, morphological.

3. For pronunciation options, indicate the variety (actually orthoepic or orthophonic), determine the area of pronunciation variation (pronunciation of vowels, consonants or combinations of sounds).

4. * Etymological, sociolinguistic or stylistic commentary on the reasons for the occurrence of variation in a given word.

Lexico-semantic analysis of LSV

1. Analyzed word form, LSV and dictionary form (vocabula).

2. The meaning of the word form: lexical and grammatical.

3. Interpretation of the LP and determination of the method of interpretation (through a generating basis, descriptive (definition), synonymous-antonymous, identifying, referential, mixed).

4. Characteristics of LZ

a) basic (primary) - non-basic (secondary), for the non-basic, indicate the method of formation of the LSV: narrowing, expansion, shift, transfer of meaning;

b) motivated (having internal shape) – unmotivated;

c) nominative – non-nominative (emotive);

d) free – not free (phraseologically related, syntactically conditioned, structurally limited);

e) direct - figurative (metaphor, symphora, metonymy, synecdoche).

Family structure of LZ

a) hyperseme (archiseme) – differential semes;

b) * denotative – referential, significative, connotative semes.

5. Syntagmatics of LSV: implementation of obligatory (obligatory) or potential valences of LZ and GZ.

Lexical parsing of a word

1. Dictionary form of the word (vocabula); * word variant (if available).

2. The place of the word in the lexical system of the language.

Paradigmatics

a) thematic group and lexical-semantic group

b) lexical-semantic paradigm

c) homonymous paradigm

d) paronymic paradigm

d) synonymous series

e) antonymous pair

g) word-formation nest

h) lexical-grammatical class and system of word forms (morphological paradigm)

Characteristics of the word from the point of view

a) origin (original Russian or borrowed)

b) relevance of use (active or passive stock)

c) areas of use (commonly used or not commonly used, limited in use).

d) stylistic coloring (neutral or stylistically colored).

3. The functioning of a word as a component of a phraseological unit.

Analysis of phraseological units (PU)

1. The meaning of phraseological units.

2. Dictionary form and * variant of phraseology (if any).

3. The type of phraseological unit from the point of view of the semantic unity of its components: phraseological fusion, phraseological unity, phraseological combination, phraseological expression.

4. Structural characteristics of phraseological units.

5. Phraseological paradigmatics: polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy.

6. Characteristics of phraseological units from the point of view of origin, relation to active or passive vocabulary, sociolinguistic affiliation, stylistic coloring.

7. Phraseological syntagmatics and word-formation potential.

8. Syntactic function of a phraseological unit: replaces the position of any member of a sentence; is an analogue of a sentence; forms an indivisible sentence.

Morphemic parsing

Determine the lexical meaning of the analyzed word (using the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language).

Perform structural division of the word from the end in the following order:

1. Part of speech of the analyzed word – changeable / unchangeable.

2. Ending (inflection), its types:

– by the nature of the formal expression: materially expressed / zero;

– by function: inflectional / inflectional / syncretic;

- by the nature of the grammatical meaning (depending on belonging to a particular part of speech);

– according to the ability to reproduce in speech: regular / irregular.

3. Base, its types:

– by function: base of word form / base of word;

– according to structure: articulated / indivisible, simple / complex; intermittent/continuous.

4. Root, its types:

– according to the degree of independence in expressing meaning: free / bound / semi-bound;

– by the nature of variation;

– by the presence/absence of alternations.

5. Suffixes, their types:

– by the nature of the formal expression: materially expressed / zero;

– by structure: non-derivative / derivative;

– by the nature of variation;

– by function: formative / word-formative / syncretic;

– by value;

- by stylistic coloring.

6. Prefixes, their types:

– by structure: derivatives / non-derivatives;

– by function: formative / word-formative / syncretic;

– by the nature of the meaning: grammatical / word-formative (indicate which one);

- by stylistic coloring.

7. Postfixes, their types:

– by function: formative / word-formative;

– by the nature of the meaning: grammatical (plurality, passiveness) / word-formation (reflexivity, uncertainty).

8. Interfixes, their types:

– by function: connecting / insignificant “spacers” that contribute to the formation of words.

Word-formation analysis

1. Determine the lexical meaning of the word.

2. Determine from what other word (stem word, phrase or sentence) the given one is formed.

3. Establish the nature of the semantic and material relationship between the producing and derivative words (the nature of motivational relations)

4. Indicate the means by which the word is formed.

5. Name the method and type of word formation.

6. Determine the degree of derivative of the word being analyzed.

Etymological analysis

1. Find out the origin of the word: original / borrowed.

2. Determine the meaning of the word in modern language.

3. Determine the original meaning by establishing which names of other objects and their characteristics associated with this object formed the basis for its name.

4. Having established the previous related connections of the analyzed word, make its initial morphemic division.

5. * Note (where possible) historical sound changes.

6. Carry out a morphemic and word-formation analysis of the word being analyzed from the point of view of the modern Russian language.

7. By comparing the modern and original division of the analyzed word, identify the historical changes that have occurred in it - simplification, re-decomposition, complication, decorrelation, etc.

8. * If possible, indicate the reasons for these changes.

Morphological analysis

Noun

1. Initial form.

4. Gender, a formal indicator of gender.

6. Number form.

7. Case form, * meaning of the case, ** variants of case endings, *** their use and origin.

8. Syntactic function, syntactic connections and relationships.

9. * Morphemic composition and method of word / form formation.

10. ** Features of the use, pronunciation and spelling of word forms.

11. *** Historical and morphological analysis (form formation).

12. **** Possible grammatical homonymy and transpositions.

Adjective

1. Initial form.

3. Lexico-grammatical category, grammatical features of this category.

5. Type of declension, its formal indicator, * characteristic of the paradigm.

6. Syntactic function, syntactic connections.

Numeral

1. Initial form.

3. Number category according to structure.

7. * Morphemic composition and method of word / form formation.

8. ** Features of the use, pronunciation and spelling of the word form.

9. *** Historical and morphological analysis (form formation).

10. **** Possible grammatical homonymy and transpositions.

Pronoun

1. Initial form.

3. Lexico-grammatical categories: a) by semantics, b) by correlation with other parts of speech.

5. Features of declension, * characteristics of the paradigm.

6. Syntactic function, syntactic connections and relationships.

7. * Morphemic composition and method of word / form formation.

8. ** Features of the use, pronunciation and spelling of the word form.

9. *** Historical and morphological analysis (form formation).

10. **** Possible grammatical homonymy and transpositions.

Verb (infinitive)

4. Species (*paired, single-species, double-species), formal indicators of species, method of speciation, * method of verbal action.

5. Transitivity, voice and its formal indicators.

6. Syntactic function, syntactic connections and relationships.

7. * Morphemic composition and method of word / form formation.

8. ** Features of the use, pronunciation and spelling of the word form.

9. *** Historical and morphological analysis (form formation).

10. **** Possible grammatical homonymy and transpositions.

Verb (conjugated form)

1. Dictionary form.

3. Lexico-grammatical category.

4. Generative verb stem, its formal indicator.

6. Type of conjugation, formal indicator.

7. Species (* paired, single-species, two-species), formal indicators of species, method of speciation, * method of verbal action.

8. Transitivity, voice and its formal indicators.

9. Mood, tense, number, person/gender, their formal indicator.

10. Syntactic function, syntactic connections and relationships.

11. * Morphemic composition and method of word / form formation.

12. ** Features of the use, pronunciation and spelling of word forms.

13. *** Historical and morphological analysis (form formation).

14. **** Possible grammatical homonymy and transpositions.

Transcript

2 RYAZAN STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY named after. S.A. ESENINA L.A. SERGIEVSKAYA GRAMMAR ANALYSIS (CHARTS) Ryazan

3 Published by decision of the editorial and publishing council of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after. S.A. Yesenina L.A. Sergievskaya. Grammar analysis (schemes). - Ryazan: Publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after. S.A. Yesenina, s. Schemes for multidimensional analysis of the basic units of language are proposed, with teaching and monitoring purposes. Schemes contribute to mastering the skills of grammatical analysis of specific linguistic facts. Texts are provided to practice analysis. Intended for philology students as practical guide in the course “Modern Russian Language”. Scientific editor: P.A. Lekant, doctor of philology. Sciences, Professor (MPU) Ryazan State Pedagogical University named after. S.A. Yesenina, 2000 2

4 PHONETIC ANALYSIS Phonetic analysis is the analysis of syllables, sounds, phonemes specific word. 1. Phonetic transcription (in accordance with the rules of literary pronunciation). 2. Stress: its place in a word; movable or immobile; main, secondary (if any). 3. The number of syllables in a word (division into syllables is given in the transcription). Characteristics of each syllable in order: a) initial, middle, final; b) open or closed; c) covered or uncovered; d) stressed or unstressed. 4. Number of sounds, phonemes, letters. 5. Characteristics of each sound in order: 1) vowel or consonant 2) characteristics: a) vowel sound - rise, row, labialized or non-labialized; b) consonant sound, sonorant or noisy; voiceless or voiced (paired or unpaired); labial or lingual (specify variety); stop, fricative, stop-pass (nasal, lateral), tremulous; soft or hard (paired or unpaired). 3) position: a) vowel sound is strong (stressed) or weak; b) consonant sound, strong or weak (according to deafness and voicedness); strong or weak (in terms of hardness and softness). 6. The relationship of a sound to a phoneme: an allophone of which phoneme this sound is. 3

5 7. Features of pronunciation (if any). STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Structural analysis is a morphemic, word-formation and etymological analysis of a specific word. MORPHEMIC ANALYSIS 1. Ending: zero or materially expressed. 2. Base: derivative or non-derivative. 3. Root: morph, allomorph. Similar words. Indicate historical rotation, if any. 4. Suffix: formative, word-forming, syncretic. Meaning. 5. Prefix: formative, word-forming, syncretic. Meaning. 6. If there is: postfix, interfix, affixoid (prefixoid, suffixoid). WORD-FORMATION ANALYSIS 1. Base: derivative (motivated) or non-derivative (unmotivated); free or bound (about a non-derivative basis). 2. Producing (motivating) basis. 3. Word-forming affix (affixes). 4. Type and method of word formation: 1) morphological: a) suffixal; 4

6 b) prefix; c) suffixal-prefixal; d) affixless; e) addition; f) abbreviation; 2) non-morphological: a) lexical-syntactic; b) lexical-semantic; c) morphological-syntactic. ETYMOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 1. Word: Slavic (Russian, East Slavic, Common Slavic) or borrowed (from what language: French, German, English, etc.). 2. The original structure and original meaning of the word. 3. The original form or one that appeared as a result of any change in the morphological structure of the word: simplification, re-decomposition, complication, decorrelation, diffusion, substitution. MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS Morphological analysis is the analysis of a word as a part of speech: a consistent determination of the lexical-grammatical and grammatical categories of a particular word form, classifying them as permanent or non-permanent features. Schemes are offered morphological analysis for 12 parts of speech. 1. Part of speech. 1. NOUN 2. Initial form ( nominative singular). 5

7 3. CONSTANT SIGNS. 1) Proper or common noun. 2) Animate or inanimate. 3) Abstract (abstract), concrete (including individual), material, collective. 4) Personal or impersonal. 5) Gender (masculine, feminine, neuter, common, no gender). 6) Type and variant of declination. 4. Irregular signs. 1) Case: means of expression, meaning of case, main and variant case ending. 2) Number: means of expression, features. 5. Function in a sentence. 2. ADJECTIVE 1. Part of speech. 2. Initial form (nominative singular masculine). 3. CONSTANT SIGNS. 1) Qualitative, relative or possessive. 2) Type of declination (main, additional); declension option (hard, soft, mixed, sizzling and C). 4. Irregular signs. 1) For qualitative ones: degree of comparison (simple or complex for comparative or superlatives). 2) For high-quality ones: full or short form. 3) Case. 4) Number. 5) Rod. 5. Function in a sentence. 6

8 3. NUMERAL NAME 1. Part of speech. 2. Initial form (nominative case). 3. CONSTANT SIGNS. 1) Simple, complex or compound. 2) Discharge: quantitative, fractional, collective, ordinal; indefinite word. 3) Features of declination. 4. Irregular signs. 1) Case. 2) Gender (if any). 3) Number (if any). 5. Function in a sentence. 4. PRONOUN 1. Part of speech. 2. Initial form (nominative singular). 3. CONSTANT SIGNS. 1) Place by value. 2) Which part of speech does it correspond to? 3) Gender (for personal pronouns of the 3rd person). 4) Features of declination. 7

9 4. INSTANT SIGNS. 1) Case. 2) Number (if any). 3) Gender (for pronouns correlative with adjectives). 5. Function in a sentence. 5. VERB 1. Part of speech. CONJUGATIVE FORM OF VERB 2. Indefinite form (infinitive). 3. CONSTANT SIGNS. 1) View. 2) Returnability. 3) Transitivity. 4) Collateral; shade of the value of the average returnable deposit. 5) Class (indicate the basis of the present or future simple tense and the basis of the infinitive). 6) Conjugation. 4. Irregular signs. 1) Inclination. 2) Number. 3) Time (if any). 4) Face (if any). 5) Gender (if any). 6) Features of the use of personal forms of the verb. 5. Function in a sentence. 8

10 UNCONJUGATABLE FORM OF THE VERB A. I N F I N I T I V 1. Part of speech. Indeterminate form. 2. CONSTANT SIGNS. 1) View. 2) Returnability. 3) Transitivity. 4) Collateral; shade of meaning in the mid-reflexive voice. 5) Class (indicate two bases). 6) Conjugation. 2. Function in a sentence. B. PRICH A S T I E 1. Part of speech (special form of the verb). 2. Initial form (nominative singular masculine). 3. CONSTANT SIGNS. 1) Active or passive. 2) View. 3) Time. 4) Transitivity. 5) Returnability. 6) Collateral. A shade of medium-refundable deposit. 7) Class. 8) From what basis and how is it formed. 4. Irregular signs. 1) Full or short form (y passive participles). 2) Case (for participles in full form). 9

11 3) Type of declination. 4) Number. 5) Rod. 5. Function in a sentence. V. D E E P R I C H A S T I E 1. Part of speech (a special form of the verb). 2. View. 3. Returnability. 4. Transitivity. 5. Deposit. A shade of medium-refundable deposit. 6. Class (indicate two bases). 7. Time. 8. From what basis and how is it formed. 9. Function in a sentence. 6. ADVERB 1. Part of speech. 2. General meaning (sign of an action, sign or object). 3. Place by value. 4. Degree of comparison (if any). Original form. 5. Function in a sentence. 10

12 7. CATEGORY OF CONDITION 1. Part of speech. 2. Group by value (state environment, environment, human condition, living beings, etc.). 3. Which part of speech does it correspond to? 4. Inclination. A way of expressing mood. 5. Time. A way to express time. 6. View. A way of expressing a species. 7. Degree of comparison (if any). Original form. 8. Function in a sentence. 1. Part of speech. 2. Place by value. 8. MODAL WORDS 3. Which part of speech does it correspond to? 4. Function in a sentence. 9. PREPOSITION 1. Part of speech. 2. Derivative or non-derivative. 3. Simple or composite (about derivatives). 4. Meaning (expressed relationships). 11

13 5. In what case is it used? Can it be used with other cases (if so, which ones)? 10. UNION 1. Part of speech. 2. Type by structure. 3. Coordinating or subordinating. Rank by value. 4. Type of use: single, repeating, double. 5. Function in a sentence. 11. PARTICLE 1. Part of speech. 2. Place by value. 3. Which word, phrase (or entire sentence) does it refer to? 4. Position in speech: prepositive or postpositive. 12. INTERJETION 1. Part of speech. 2. Place by value. 3. Type by structure (primordial, derivative, composite). 4. Syntactic function. 12

14 SYNOPSIS Parsing this is a structural-semantic analysis of a specific syntactic unit: determining the structure, composition, function, meaning, establishing the type and means of communication of its components. 1. Collocation. COMBINATION 2. Initial form (according to initial form main word). 3. Simple or complex. How is it educated about the complex? 4. Free or not free (whole). 5. Main and dependent word(s). 6. Nominal (substantive, adjective, pronominal, with a numeral), verbal, adverbial or with a state category. 7. Attributive, adverbial, objective, subjective or comprehensive. 8. Grammatical meaning: subject + sign, action + subject, action + circumstance, subject + quantity. 9. Type of connection between words: 1) agreement complete or incomplete; 2) control a) verb, substantive, adjective, adverbial; 13

15 b) prepositional or non-prepositional; c) strong or weak; d) case of dependent word; e) the way words are connected (inflection, preposition, word order); 3) adjacency a) which part of speech is adjoined; b) method of communication (intonation, word order); c) strong or weak. SIMPLE SENTENCE 1. Simple sentence. 2. Narrative, interrogative or incentive. 3. Exclamatory or non-exclamatory. 4. Affirmative or negative (general negative or particular negative). 5. Two-part, one-part or indivisible. Type of one-part sentence: 1) definitely personal (form of the main member); 2) indefinite-personal (form of the main member); 3) generalized-personal (form of the main member); 4) impersonal (form of the main member); 5) infinitive (form of the main member); 6) nominative (form of the main member, functional type, stylistic purpose); 7) vocative (its function). 6. Common or not common. 7. Complete or incomplete. Type of incomplete: 1) contextual or situational; 2) monologue or dialogic; 3) elliptical. 8. Complicated or uncomplicated. 14

16 9. Analysis of sentence members. MEMBERS OF THE SENTENCE 1. Predicative basis of the sentence: subject and predicate (in a two-part sentence) or main member(in a one-part sentence, what it correlates with). 2. Subject: morphologized or non-morphologized. How is it expressed? 3. Predicate: morphologized or non-morphologized. Type of predicate: 1) simple verb (agreed or inconsistent); 2) complicated verb; 3) compound verb; 4) complex verb; 5) compound nominal; 6) complex (polynomial). How is it expressed? 4. Composition of the subject and composition of the predicate. 5. Addition: 1) adjective, verb, adverbial; 2) what question it answers; 3) direct or indirect; 4) what is expressed; 5) morphologized or non-morphologized. 6. Definition: 1) agreed or inconsistent; 2) what question it answers; 3) what is expressed; 4) morphologized or non-morphologized; 5) semantics. 7. Appendix: 1) semantics; 2) what question it answers; 15

17 3) agreed or inconsistent; 4) what is expressed; 5) morphologized or non-morphologized; 6) punctuation marks when applying (if any). 8. Circumstance: 1) category by meaning (place, time, reason, etc.); 2) what question it answers; 3) what is expressed; 4) morphologized or non-morphologized. 9. Determinant: 1) indicators of word form as a determinant (position in a sentence, undifferentiated attachment to other members of the structure, etc.); 2) semantic variety (objective, attributive, local, temporal, etc.); 3) how it is expressed. 10. Syncretic member of a sentence: combines the functions of 1) addition and definition; 2) additions and circumstances; 3) definitions and circumstances; 4) additions, definitions and circumstances. Which function is dominant? COMPOUND SENTENCE 1. Compound sentence. 2. Number and boundaries of predicative parts. Each part is read in order. Binomial or polynomial. The parts are numbered in order. 3. Open or closed structure. 4. Relationships between parts: 1) connecting (enumeration, simultaneity or sequence of actions, cause-and-effect relationships); 2) adversative (contrast, comparison, inconsistency, etc.); 3) dividing (alternation of phenomena, mutually exclusive) 16

18 reading, uncertainty, etc.); 4) affiliation relations; explanation; clarification; 5) gradational relations. 5. A means of connecting predicative parts. 6. Specifics of punctuation (if any). 7. Scheme. COMPLEX SENTENCE 1. Complex sentence. 2. Binomial or polynomial (parts are numbered). 3. Two-part sentence: 1) undivided or dismembered structure; 2) main sentence (read out); 3) subordinate clause (read out); a) what it refers to; b) what question does it answer; c) type (according to three classifications: school, traditional and university); d) syncretism (if any) when determining the type of subordinate clause; 4) flexible or inflexible structure; 5) single-functional or multi-functional; 6) a means of connecting parts; 7) specifics of punctuation (if any). 4. Polynomial sentence: 1) number and boundaries of predicative parts (each unit is read in order); 2) main sentence; 3) subordinate clauses (each in order): a) what question it answers; b) type (according to three classifications); c) a means of communication with the main sentence; 4) type of connection between subordinate clauses and the main one: a) consistent submission(how many degrees?); b) homogeneous subordination; c) heterogeneous subordination. 17

19 5) specifics of punctuation (if any). 5. Scheme. NON-CONJUNCTION COMPLEX SENTENCE 1. Non-union complex sentence. 2. Number and boundaries of predicative parts. Each part is read in order (parts are numbered). Binomial or polynomial. 3. Homogeneous, heterogeneous or complex composition. 4. Structural-semantic type: 1) homogeneous composition a) general meaning enumeration (simultaneity, sequence, compatibility of actions); b) the general meaning of the comparison (contrast, effectiveness); 2) heterogeneous composition a) the general value of conditionality (direct or reverse conditionality); b) the general meaning of cause-and-effect relationships (cause in the second part or effect); c) explanatory type; d) connecting type; 3) complex composition; structural and semantic relationships between all parts are determined. 4. Flexible or inflexible structure. 5. Means of communication of predicative parts: 1) intonation; 2) the order of the parts; 3) index word in the first part; 4) incompleteness of the first part; 5) aspectual and tense forms of predicate verbs; 6) structural parallelism; 7) typed lexical elements. 18

20 6. Punctuation marks. 7. Scheme. COMPLEX POLYNOMAL SENTENCE WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTION 1. Complex polynomial sentence with various types connections: 1) with composition and submission; 2) with an essay and non-union connection; 3) with subordination and non-union connection; 4) with composition, subordination and non-union connection. 2. Number and boundaries of predicative units. Each part is read. 3. Structural and semantic parts of a complex sentence, characterized by a closer semantic connection between the predicative parts. Type of sentence based on the dominant connection between parts. 4. Structural-semantic relations between simple sentences as part of a complex structure: 1) sentences with coordinating connection are analyzed according to the scheme for parsing a complex sentence; 2) sentences with a non-conjunction connection are analyzed according to the scheme for analyzing a non-conjunction complex sentence; 3) sentences with a subordinate connection are analyzed according to the scheme for parsing a complex sentence. 5. Scheme. Notes: 1. Parts of a complex sentence are numbered in order. The analysis uses serial numbers predicative units. 2. The scheme of a complex sentence indicates all the main 19

21 features of the analyzed structure. 3. In the analysis of phrases and sentence members, generally accepted graphical notations are used. EXERCISES 1. For phonetic analysis. I met you and everything that was before came to life in my obsolete heart; I remembered the golden time And my heart became so warm (F.I. Tyutchev) Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers! Along the azure steppe, along a chain of pearl, You rush, as if, like me, exiles, From the sweet north to the south. (M.Yu. Lermontov) The golden grove dissuaded with Birch, cheerful language, And the cranes, flying sadly, No longer regret anyone. (S.A. Yesenin) 2. For structural analysis. Painlessness, Prioksky, zoo, correspondence student, develop, embellish, sender, productive, get stronger, snowdrop, embroidery, foothills, quiet, delivery, dried up, delivery, fleeting, read, co-authorship, overload, crazy, to pieces, savvy, dining room, exhale, attention, ice cream, drink, apology, delinquent, retraining, sign, adding, evergreen, run-up, schedule, water, predawn, count, calculation, reality, charming, transform, find, covered, 20

22 form, concentrate, listen, army, agreement, truthful, achieve, reddish, rejoice. 3. For morphological analysis. The secret of character is also the secret of behavior, the key to that complex that influences us in another person, inspires trust and respect for him, a desire to follow him; and this is not born by the mind, it is deeper than the mind, and it is somehow connected with what you yourself should now strive to be (M. Shaginyan). 1) Determine the conjugation, voice, class: fight, live, hold, sleep, pour, dress, shave, detain, roll, make friends, want, run away, build, draw, melt, dress, end, succeed, dream, achieve, stop , speak, squeal, slander, weave, lay, stab, catch up, draw, get smarter, turn. 2) Form participles and gerunds from verbs: to restrain, to restrain, to restrain, to restrain; read, read; limit, restrict; burn, burn out; decide, decide; teach, train. 3) Decline the numerals: three hundred eighty-five, five hundred and sixty-seven. 4) Give an analysis of the words of the state category: Now it’s hard for me to fall in love, It’s awkward and funny to sigh, It’s foolish to believe in hope, It’s a sin to deceive husbands. (A.S. Pushkin) 5) Give an analysis of modal words: You will guess, of course, 21

23 Who was this unexpected guest? A little, perhaps hastily, the bold lover acted; But, however, taking into account His past patience and judging, you will easily understand why young people take risks. (M. Lermontov) 6) Give an analysis of interjections: Farewell, free elements! (A. Pushkin); Well, follow me (A. Pushkin); Oh, if only the day would come sooner (I. Krylov); Oh, children, children! (A. Pushkin); Yeah, now I understand (F. Krivin); Alas, she is no longer there (A. Pushkin); Guard! Catch, catch (A. Pushkin); Hey, comrade, don’t hesitate too long (V. Mayakovsky); Ah, youth does not come again (A. Pushkin). 7) Use and analyze the words “difficult”, “quiet”, “good” as an adverb, short adjective, state category word. 4. For a general analysis. It was still winter, but the sun began to rise higher and at noon, when the detachment that had set out early in the morning had already walked about ten miles, it warmed up so much that it became hot, and its rays were so bright that it was painful to look at the steel of the bayonets and the sparkles that suddenly flashed on the copper of the guns like little suns (L. Tolstoy). The outskirts of Ryazan villages often merge with each other, the villages are scattered densely, and there is no place from which one, or even two or three still surviving bell towers are not visible on the horizon (K. Paustovsky). Lisa admitted that her action seemed frivolous to her, that she repented of it, that this time she did not want to break her word, but that this meeting would be the last and that she asked him to end the acquaintance, which 22

24 cannot lead them to anything good (A. Pushkin). SUGGESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 1. If you want to be argued with and understood as you should be, then you yourself must be conscientiously attentive to your opponent and accept his words and evidence exactly in the meaning in which he addresses them to you (B . Belinsky). 2. Lermontov, no matter where he turns his thoughts, always remains on the solid ground of reality, and this is what we owe to the exceptional accuracy, freshness and truthfulness of his epic poems, as well as the merciless sincerity of his lyrics, which is always a true mirror of his soul (A. Herzen). 3. When I see people around me, not knowing what to do with theirs free time, they look for the most miserable activities and entertainment, I look for a book and say internally: this alone is enough for a whole life (F. Dostoevsky). 4. When I first had to deal with the work of actors, I did not understand why the actor playing a minor character (in the play he is given two or three phrases) pestered me with questions about what environment this hero came from, who his parents were, what his character, what his habits and tastes are and why he has a hoarse voice (K. Paustovsky). 5. No matter how powerful Chekhov’s talent was, his works would never have reached such perfection of the classical form if by the mid-eighties he had not become the owner of a subtle, sophisticated taste, which none of his contemporaries possessed (K. Chukovsky) . 6. Zhenya liked me as an artist, I won her heart with my talent, and I passionately wanted to write only for her, and I dreamed of her as my little queen, who, together with me, would own these trees, fields, fog, dawn , this nature, charming, but among which I still felt hopelessly lonely and unnecessary. 23

25 7. My dear Jim, among your guests there were so many different things. But the one who is the most silent and saddest of all, did not suddenly come here by chance? 24

FEDERAL STATE AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION "MOSCOW STATE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (UNIVERSITY) OF THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA" Odintsovo

რუსული ენის საგამოცდო პროგრამა დაწყებითი, საბაზო და საშუალო საფეხური შესავალი საგამოცდო პროგრამა ეყრდნობა საქართველოს განათლებისა და მეცნიერების სამინისტროს მიერ 2008 წლის 21 ნოემბერს დამტკიცებულ `მასწავლებლის

MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FEDERAL AGENCY OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION SAMARA STATE

Phonetics Sound as a unit of language. Pronunciation rules. Vowels and consonants. Classification of vowels and consonants. The relationship between sounds and letters. Designation of sounds in writing. Syllable. Accent and rhythm.

External independent assessment 2014 of the Russian language (additional session) 1 Substitution of assignment and correct type of assignment of the Program of external independent assessment of Russian what languages

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION State educational institution higher professional education "Ural state university them. A.M. Gorky" IONC "Russian Language" Philological

The word is the basic unit of language. The difference between a word and other linguistic units. Lexical meaning of the word. The main ways to convey the lexical meanings of words. Interpretation lexical meaning words using

APPROVED Order of the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus 11/10/2006 670 (as amended by order of the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus 02/08/2008 81) ENTRANCE TEST PROGRAM

ANNOTATION work program academic discipline "Practical Grammar" foreign language(German)" in the field of training 03.44.05 Pedagogical education (with two profiles of training) in the field

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF RUSSIA Federal state budgetary educational institution higher education"Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering" (NNGASU) Entrance program

Federal State Autonomous Institution of Higher Education National Research University Higher School of Economics Entrance test program in Russian language 2017 Program

FEDERAL STATE BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION "ALL-RUSSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF JUSTICE (RPA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)" ST. PETERSBURG INSTITUTE (BRANCH) PROGRAM

Dagestan State University of National Economy Department English language Toktarova Naima Kamalovna List of theoretical questions in the discipline “Russian language” Direction of training 03/38/01

PROGRAM FOR ENTRANCE TEST IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE Explanatory note The program is compiled on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standard, Model program of the basic general

The program of the entrance test in the Russian language, conducted by the North Caucasus Institute-branch of RANEPA independently for certain categories of citizens in accordance with the Admission Rules I. General

Municipal educational institution "Secondary school with in-depth study of the English language 1 of the city of Budyonnovsk, Budyonnovsky district" of the Stavropol Territory Considered Agreed:

Russian language. 10th grade. Contents (topics) Quantity hour. Time frame (months) Content elements General information about language 7 1 Russian language in the modern world. 1 September Functions of the Russian language. Russian language in modern times

MIS TERS TV ABOUT ISTUTET" (VHUTE) Page 1 of 6 Adopted by: VHUTE Academic Council Protocol 02-17 dated May 22, 2017. I approve: Order 02/05-17 dated May 23, 2017 PROGRAM OF ENTRANCE TESTS conducted by VHUTE independently,

Program of entrance exams in the Russian language 1 Spelling of unstressed vowels in the root. Tested unstressed vowels in the root. Unverifiable unstressed vowels in the root. Alternating vowels in the root.

Appendix to the work program in the Russian language Approved at a meeting of the Moscow Region Calendar-thematic planning in the Russian language protocol class from 0. Number of hours: total 70, hours per week. Supervisor

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCIPLINE “RUSSIAN LANGUAGE” The purpose of the discipline is to familiarize students with the conceptual foundations of modern linguistics, its ideological and general cultural significance, its role in the study of the environment

Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "St. Petersburg state institute culture" Entrance program

WORKING PROGRAM in the Russian language for grades 7-9 (advanced level) Explanatory note The work program is based on the program for general education institutions with in-depth study

Thematic planning in Russian language 3rd grade. Section Topic Content element 1 Speech development Text. Text features. Title of the text. Sequence of sentences in the text. Introduction to the textbook

1 I. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LEVEL OF GRADUATE TRAINING As a result of studying the Russian language, the student must know/understand the functions of the language; basic information about linguistics as a science, the role of the Old Church Slavonic language in

NON-GOVERNMENT PRIVATE NON-PROFIT EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION ARMAVIR HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL INSTITUTE Adopted at a meeting of the Academic Council Protocol 8 of September 6, 20 17

This program is an entrance test program in the Russian language at the Moscow State University food production" It is compiled in accordance with the program for

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FEDERAL STATE BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION "ST. PETERSBURG STATE ARTS AND INDUSTRIAL

2.2.2. The main content of academic subjects of primary general education 2.2.2.1. Russian language Types of speech activity Listening. Awareness of the purpose and situation of oral communication. Adequate perception of sound

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION federal state budgetary educational institution of higher education 14>lya1 State University ADMISSION PROGRAM

Calendar-thematic planning lesson a Content (section, topic) Number of hours Dates equipment Functions of the Russian language in the modern world Repetition of what has been covered in grades 5-7 6+2r.r 2

MUNICIPAL BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION "SECONDARY SCHOOL 2 of the city of Gvardeysk" 238210, Kaliningrad region, tel/fax: 8-401-59-3-16-96 city. Gvardeysk, st. Telmana 30-a, E mail: [email protected]

Federal State Treasury Educational Institution of Higher Education "Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation" APPROVED Chairman admissions committee

2 1. Duration of the entrance test: 90 minutes 2. Evaluation criteria, grading scale: Practical work is assessed in accordance with the content and objectives of the work on a 100-point basis

SEPARATING DEFINITIONS 1. Are there any words in the sentence that are an agreed upon definition? 2.What defined word do they refer to and what part of speech is the defined word expressed? If the pronoun

Content Basic level in Russian for grades 7-8 3 Profile level in Russian for grades 7-8....7 Basic level in Russian for grades 9-10....12 Profile level in Russian

Demo version work on the Russian language for entrance examinations to grade 5. Task 1. Write down the text from dictation. Sailboat. There was a large painting hanging in the dining room. She looked like a wide window

Russian language. Explanatory note. This program complies with the Federal State Educational Standard for Basic General Education and is compiled using materials from the Approximate

Work program on the subject “Russian language” for grade 10 for 2016/2017 academic year Compiled by: Petrenko Irina Anatolyevna, teacher of Russian language and literature Sevastopol 2016 1 Work program

Municipal educational institution “Suburban secondary school” “APPROVED”: Director / Smirnova O. N. / Order of 2015 Appendix to the Russian language work program for

WORK PROGRAM in the Russian language (profile level) for grade 11B for the 2016-2017 academic year Teacher: Glumova S.A. The Russian language work program for grade 11 (profile level) has been developed

PROGRAM IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ENTRANCE TEST IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE (test) Entrance tests in the Russian language (in the form of a test) are taken by applicants

Explanatory note The program is compiled on the basis of the federal component of the state standard of secondary (complete) general education, the author’s program of N.G. Goltsova (textbook: N. G. Goltsova,

Thematic planning in the Russian language, grade 8 (36) Topic, lesson content Qty. Russian language in the modern world. Functions of the Russian language in the modern world. Repetition of what was learned in grades 5-7

The federal basic (educational) curriculum for general educational institutions of the Russian Federation (option 1) provides for the compulsory study of the Russian (native) language at the basic stage

P/n Calendar-thematic planning Russian language 3rd grade 70 hours Date Calendar-thematic planning Number of hours Listening. Awareness of the purpose and situation of oral communication. Adequate perception of sound

RUSSIAN LANGUAGE (5 HOURS PER WEEK, 170 HOURS PER YEAR) Planned subject results 1. Formation of initial ideas about the unity and diversity of the linguistic and cultural space of Russia, about

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE LUTSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY FIRM Head of the Primal Committee of Lutsk NTU P.P. Savchuk born 2017 PROGRAM of entrance testing with Russian language for

P/p 1 01.09. 2 05.09. 3 06.09. 4-5 08.09. 12.09. 6 13.09. 7 15.09. 8-9 19.09. 20.09. 10 22.09. 11-12 26.09. 27.09. 13 29.09. Calendar and thematic planning in the Russian language. 9th grade Lesson type Topic

Program of entrance tests in the Russian language for applicants entering the Ural State Medical Academy Entrance tests in the Russian language are carried out in written form

Program of entrance tests in the Russian language for applicants entering the Ural State Medical University Entrance tests in the Russian language are carried out in written form

Calendar and thematic planning in the Russian language, grade 9 Legend: Complex sentences of the SSP Complex sentences of the SSP Unconjunct complex sentences BSP Date 9s Cor. 9s

Material and technical base of the Russian language and literature classroom Name Quantity 1 Board 1 2 Teacher's table 1 3 Teacher's chair 1 4 Student's table 6 5 Student's chair 12 6 Bookcase

P/n Calendar-thematic planning Russian language 2nd grade 70 hours Date Calendar-thematic planning Number of hours Awareness of the purpose and situation of oral communication. Adequate perception of spoken speech.

Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia Department of Social Humanitarian Disciplines APPROVED Head of the Department of Social Humanitarian Disciplines, Police Major N.M. Savitsky 2016 Additional entrance program

Explanatory note The work program in the Russian language for grade 7 is compiled on the basis of an approximate work program in the Russian language, developed in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard LLC, the program

Russian Federation EURASIAN LINGUISTIC UNIVERSITY Autonomous non-profit organization higher professional education Vladimir, Lenin Avenue, 73 Beautiful Russian: blitz trainings on

Calendar-thematic planning in the Russian language 5th grade lesson Lesson topic Control 1 Language and people 2 Language and speech. Language and its units 3 Speech development. Speech styles Speech development 4 Dictation Dictation 5

Analysis used to implement epidigmatic, paradigmatic and syntagmatic analysis.

- See: marginalists...
Dictionary of business terms
- compared to the material-graphic level, information means have a more complex nature. Information is contained in the lexical, morphological and syntactic elements of the text...
Explanatory translation dictionary
- 1) epidigmatic analysis; 2) paradigmatic; 3) syntagmatic analysis...
Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography
- 1) Epidigmatic analysis; 2) paradigmatic; 3) syntagmatic analysis...
Dictionary linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- ...
- ...
Spelling dictionary of the Russian language
- le/xiko- - first part compound adjectives, written through...
- ...
Together. Separately. Hyphenated. Dictionary-reference book
- GRAMMAR, -and...
Dictionary Ozhegova
- GRAMMARICAL, grammatical, grammatical. adj. to grammar. Grammar rules. ❖ Grammar error - spelling error, spelling error...
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
- grammatical adj. 1. ratio with noun grammar, associated with it 2. Characteristic of grammar, characteristic of it. 3. Relating to grammar. 4. Having a mandatory formal expression in the language...
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
- seminal adj. 1. ratio with noun sema associated with it 2...
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
- ...
Spelling dictionary-reference book
- grammar "...
- l "exico-grammat"...
Russian spelling dictionary
- With"...
Russian spelling dictionary

"lexico-grammatical complete seme analysis" in books

Mentality and grammatical structure

From the book Fundamentals of Cultural Linguistics [ training manual] author Khrolenko Alexander Timofeevich

COMPLETE ANALYSIS OF THE CONDITION OF THE BODY FROM BIRTH ACCORDING TO HEALTH SCHEME

From the book Date of birth is the key to understanding a person author Alexandrov Alexander Fedorovich

COMPLETE ANALYSIS OF THE CONDITION OF THE BODY FROM BIRTH ACCORDING TO HEALTH SCHEME We will write out the psychomatrix again specific person and conduct a full analysis of the state of his body after birth: Fig. 27Let's write down all the available numbers in the health diagram (Fig. 26) and carry out an analysis. Let's consider

Grammatical analysis

From the book Logic Textbook author Chelpanov Georgy Ivanovich

Grammatical analysis Sentences consist of a subject, a predicate and a bunch of other things. Judgments also have their own elements. There are three of these elements: subject, predicate and connective. The subject is the one who acts, in the broad sense of the word. In the judgment “Rodion finished off

2. A grammatical treatise or an anti-religious pamphlet? (1910-1912)

From the book Above Arabic Manuscripts author Krachkovsky Ignatius Yulianovich

2. A grammatical treatise or an anti-religious pamphlet? (1910-1912) My stay in Cairo was coming to an end, but I still did not want to tear myself away from the manuscripts of the library of al-Azhar, the highest school of the entire Muslim world. If in the Khedive Library I could advance

Appendix 1 Grammatical analysis of the description of the eclipse in Thucydides’ “History”

From the author's book

§ 180. Grammatical word order

From the book Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

§ 180. Grammatical word order Every sentence consists of phrases organized in one of the following ways: agreement - morning dawn, control - read a letter, adjunction - laughed merrily; within the phrase the grammatical

Alexander Levin: grammatical theater

From the book Languages of Modern Poetry author Zubova Lyudmila Vladimirovna

Full legal analysis and defense

From the book Anatomy of a Brand author Perzia Valentin

Full legal analysis and protection The last stage before the name is born is legal clearance. It is required so that the owner of the future masterpiece is confident that he is truly its only and rightful owner. You certainly don't have to

G. Lexico-syntactic analysis

author

D. Lexico-syntactic analysis The ultimate goal of the Bible student is to establish a clear, direct meaning Scriptures. Based on the principle of clarity of Scripture (see P. C. 3), one should take the text in its obvious meaning, unless it contains clear indications that

D. Hermeneutics in the era of the Reformation and the historical-grammatical method

From the book Board book in theology. SDA Bible Commentary Volume 12 author Seventh Day Adventist Church

D. Hermeneutics in the era of the Reformation and the historical-grammatical method During the era of the Reformation in the 16th century, interpreters broke with the allegorical interpretation of Scripture. Gradually, Martin Luther refused to “run” the quadriga through the Bible and called for an understanding of its obvious meaning. IN