Antonyms(Greek αντί- - against + όνομα - name) - these are words of the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings, for example: “truth” - “lie”, “good” - “evil”, “ speak" - "be silent".
Lexical units of the vocabulary of a language turn out to be closely related not only on the basis of their associative connection by similarity or contiguity as lexical-semantic variants of a polysemantic word. Most words of the language do not contain a feature capable of opposition, therefore, antonymic relationships are impossible for them, however, in a figurative meaning they can acquire an antonym. Thus, in contextual antonymy, antonymic relationships between words with a direct meaning are possible, and then these pairs of words carry an emphatic load and perform a special stylistic function.
Antonyms are possible for words whose meanings contain opposite qualitative shades, but the meanings are always based on a common feature (weight, height, feeling, time of day, etc.). Also, only words belonging to the same grammatical or stylistic category can be contrasted. Consequently, words related to different parts speech or lexical levels.
Proper names, pronouns, and numerals do not have antonyms.
1Typology of antonymic relations
2Antonyms in poetry
3Sm. Also
4Notes
5Literature
Typology of antonymic relations
Antonyms according to the type of concepts expressed:
contradictory correlates - such opposites that mutually complement each other to the whole, without transitional links; they are in a relation of private opposition. Examples: bad - good, lie - truth, living - dead.
contrarian correlates - antonyms expressing polar opposites within one entity in the presence of transitional links - internal gradation; they are in a relation of gradual opposition. Examples: black (- gray -) white, old (- elderly - middle-aged -) young, large (- average -) small.
vector correlates are antonyms expressing different directions of actions, signs, social phenomena, etc. Examples: enter - exit, descend - rise, light - extinguish, revolution - counter-revolution.
Conversions are words that describe the same situation from the point of view of different participants. Examples: buy - sell, husband - wife, teach - study, lose - win, lose - find, young - old.
enantiosemy - the presence of opposite meanings in the structure of a word. Examples: lend someone money - borrow money from someone, surround someone with tea - treat and not treat.
pragmatic - words that are regularly contrasted in the practice of their use, in contexts (pragmatics - “action”). Examples: soul - body, mind - heart, earth - sky.
According to the structure, antonyms are:
different roots (forward - back);
single-root - formed using prefixes that are opposite in meaning: enter - exit, or using a prefix added to original word(monopoly - antimonopoly).
From the point of view of language and speech, antonyms are divided into:
linguistic (usual) - antonyms that exist in the language system (rich - poor);
contextual (contextual, speech, occasional) - antonyms that arise in a certain context (to check the presence of this type, you need to reduce them to a language pair) - (golden - half copper, that is, expensive - cheap). They are often found in proverbs.
In terms of action, antonyms are:
proportionate - action and reaction (get up - go to bed, get rich - get poor);
disproportionate - action and lack of action (in a broad sense) (light - extinguish, think - change your mind).
Antonyms- these are words of the same part of speech with opposite lexical meanings.
Word antonym came from the Greek. anti- against + onyma- Name.
Antonyms allow you to see objects, phenomena, signs by contrast.
Example:
hot ↔ cold, loud ↔ quiet, walk ↔ stand, far ↔ close
Not all words have antonyms. Words that denote specific objects (table, desk, goat) usually do not have antonyms.
Different meanings of a polysemantic word can have different antonyms.
Example:
soft (fresh) bread ↔ stale bread; soft (smooth) movements ↔ sudden movements; mild (warm) climate ↔ harsh climate.
Most antonyms are words of different roots. But they also meet single-root antonyms.
The opposite meaning in such cases is created using negative prefixes Not-,without-,anti-,counter- etc.
Example:
experienced - inexperienced, familiar - unfamiliar, tasty - tasteless, military - anti-war, revolution - counter-revolution
Antonyms are widely used by writers and poets to enhance the expressiveness of speech.
Example:
You rich, I'm very poor; You prose writer, I poet; You blushI am like the color of poppies, I am like death, and skinny and pale. (A. Pushkin)
This technique (the use of antonyms in a literary text) is called antithesis.
Phoneme(ancient Greek φώνημα - “sound”) - the minimum meaningful unit of language - (Linguistic unit of speech). The phoneme does not have an independent lexical or grammatical meaning, but serves to distinguish and identify significant units of language (morphemes and words):
when replacing one phoneme with another, you get a different word (<д>om -<т>ohm);
changing the order of phonemes will also result in a different word (<сон> - <нос>);
when you remove a phoneme, you will also get another word (i.e.<р>he is the tone).
The term “phoneme” in a close modern sense was introduced by the Polish-Russian linguists N.V. Krushevsky and I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay who worked in Kazan (after Krushevsky’s early death, Baudouin de Courtenay pointed out its priority).
The phoneme as an abstract unit of language corresponds to the sound of speech as a concrete unit in which the phoneme is materially realized. Strictly speaking, speech sounds are infinitely varied; a sufficiently accurate physical analysis can show that one person never pronounces the same sound in the same way (for example, stressed [á]). However, while all these pronunciation options allow you to correctly recognize and distinguish words, the sound [á] in all its variants will be a realization of the same phoneme<а>.
Phoneme is the object of study of phonology. This concept plays an important role in solving such practical problems as developing alphabets, spelling principles, etc.
The minimal unit of sign languages was previously called a chireme.
(from the Greek anti - against, ónyma - name) - these are words with the opposite meaning when used in pairs. Those words enter into antonymic relationships which reveal from opposite sides correlated concepts associated with one circle of objects and phenomena. Words form antonymous pairs based on their lexical meaning. The same word, if it is polysemantic, can have several antonyms.
occur within all parts of speech, but the words of the antonymous pair must belong to the same part of speech.
The following do not enter into antonymic relationships:
– nouns with a specific meaning (house, book, school), proper names;
– numerals, most pronouns;
– words denoting gender (man and woman, son and daughter);
– words with different stylistic connotations;
- words with increasing or diminutive accents (hand - hands, house - house).
In their structure, antonyms are not homogeneous. Among them are:
– single-root antonyms: happiness - misfortune, open - close;
– antonyms with different roots: black - white, good - bad.
The phenomenon of antonymy is closely related to the polysemy of a word. Each meaning of a word can have its own antonyms. Yes, word fresh will have different antonymic pairs in different meanings: fresh wind - sultry wind, fresh bread - stale bread, fresh shirt - dirty shirt.
Antonymic relationships can also arise between different meanings of the same word. For example, to review means “to get acquainted with something, check, quickly examining, looking through, reading” and “to skip, not to notice, to miss.” The combination of opposite meanings in one word is called enantiosemy.
Depending on the distinctive features that words with opposite meanings have, two types of antonyms can be distinguished general language(or just linguistic) And contextual speech(copyright or individual).
General language antonyms are regularly reproduced in speech and enshrined in the vocabulary (day - night, poor - rich).
Contextual speech antonyms- these are words that enter into antonymic relationships only in a certain context: Sing better with a goldfinch than with a nightingale.
The use of antonyms makes speech more vivid and expressive. Antonyms are used in colloquial and artistic speech, in many proverbs and sayings, in the titles of many literary works.
One of the stylistic figures is built on the sharp opposition of antonym words - antithesis(contrast) – characterization by comparing two opposing phenomena or signs: Long live the sun, may the darkness hide! (A.S. Pushkin). Writers often construct titles of works using this technique: “War and Peace” (L.N. Tolstoy), “Fathers and Sons” (I.S. Turgenev), “Fat and Thin” (A.P. Chekhov), etc. .
Another stylistic device that is based on a comparison of antonymic meanings is oxymoron, or oxymoron(gr. oxymoron - lit. witty-stupid) - a figure of speech in which they connect logically incompatible concepts: living corpse, dead souls, ringing silence.
Antonym dictionaries will help you find an antonym for a word.Antonym dictionaries– linguistic reference dictionaries, which provide descriptions of antonyms. For example, in the dictionary L.A. Vvedenskaya An interpretation of more than 1000 antonymic pairs is given (their synonymous correspondences are also taken into account), and contexts of use are given. A in the dictionary N.P. Kolesnikova Antonyms and paronyms are recorded. The book contains approximately 3,000 paronyms and more than 1,300 pairs of antonyms. There are no illustrations of the use of antonyms in the dictionary.
In addition to general antonym dictionaries, there are also private dictionaries that record polar relations in some narrow areas of vocabulary. This includes, for example, dictionaries of antonyms-phraseological units, dictionaries of antonyms-dialecticisms, etc.
Let us once again pay attention to the most common examples of antonyms: good - evil; good - bad; friend - enemy; day - night; heat - cold; peace - war, quarrel; truth is a lie; success - failure; benefit - harm; rich - poor; difficult - easy; generous - stingy; thick – thin; hard – soft; brave - cowardly; white – black; fast – slow; high – low; bitter - sweet; hot – cold; wet – dry; full - hungry; new - old; big - small; laugh - cry; speak - remain silent; love - hate.
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" is of Greek origin and is translated as "countername".
Antonyms are words with opposite meanings that express it using paradigmatic connections.
Antonyms are very interesting phenomenon language, because in the human mind are stored in the form of an antonymous pair.
Despite the fact that antonyms are opposed to each other with all their content, their semantic structure is highest degree homogeneous. As a rule, antonyms differ in one differential feature.
For example, a pair of antonyms “-” has common semantic features (quality, mood) and only one differential one (positive and negative mood).
Due to the homogeneity of the semantic structure, antonyms have almost completely identical combinability.
Types of antonyms
There are 2 types of antonyms:
1) multi-rooted and single-rooted.
Single-root antonyms usually form unprefixed and prefixed words. Examples: friend - foe; bad - not bad; enter - exit; approach - move away.
Antonyms with different roots are completely different in their spring appearance. Examples: stale - fresh; life is death.
2) gradual, non-gradual and vector antonyms.
Gradual antonyms express opposition, which presupposes the existence of intermediate stages between two extreme points. Examples: brilliant - talented - gifted - average abilities - mediocre - mediocre; - capable - intelligent - intelligent - average abilities - stupid - limited - stupid - stupid.
Non-gradual antonyms name concepts between which there is not and cannot be an intermediate degree. Examples: true - false; alive - dead; free - busy; married - single.
Vector antonyms denote the opposite direction of actions, signs, qualities and properties. Examples: forget - remember; increase - decrease; supporter - opponent.
Antonyms are words that sound different and have opposite meanings: lie - truth, evil - good, remain silent - speak. Examples of antonyms show that they refer to the same part of speech.
Antonymy in the Russian language is represented much narrower than synonymy. This is explained by the fact that only words that are correlated qualitatively (good - bad, native - alien, smart - stupid, thick - sparse, high - low), temporal (day - night, early - late), quantitative (single - multiple, many - few), spatial (spacious - cramped, large - small, wide - narrow, high - low) characteristics.
There are antonymous pairs denoting the names of states and actions. Examples of antonyms of this kind: rejoice - grieve, cry - laugh.
Types and examples of antonyms in Russian
Antonyms according to their structure are divided into multi-rooted (morning - evening) and single-rooted (come in - go out). The opposite meaning of antonyms with the same root is caused by prefixes. However, it should be remembered that adding prefixes to adverbs without-, Not- in most cases, gives them the meaning of a weakened opposite (tall - short), so the contrast of their meanings turns out to be “muted” (short - this does not mean “low”). Based on this, not all prefix formations can be classified as antonyms, but only those that are the extreme points of the lexical paradigm: strong - powerless, harmful - harmless, successful - unsuccessful.
Antonyms, as well as synonyms, are in close connection with polysemy: empty - serious (conversation); empty - full (cup); empty - expressive (look); empty - meaningful (story). Examples of antonyms show that different meanings the words "empty" appear in various antonymic pairs. Unambiguous words, as well as words with specific meanings (iamb, pencil, desk, notebook, etc.) cannot have antonyms.
Among antonyms, there is also the phenomenon of enantiosemy - this is the development of mutually exclusive, opposite meanings of some polysemantic words: carry (into the room, bring) - carry (from the room, take away); abandoned (phrase just spoken) - abandoned (abandoned, forgotten). The meaning in such cases is clarified in context. Enantiosemy is often the cause of ambiguity in certain expressions. Examples of antonyms of this kind: he listened to the report; the director looked at these lines.
Contextual antonyms are words that are contrasted in a specific context: moonlight - sunlight; not a mother, but a daughter; one day - a whole life; wolves are sheep. The polarity of the meanings of such words is not fixed in the language, and their opposition is an individual author’s decision. The writer in such cases reveals opposite qualities various concepts and contrasts them in speech. However, such pairs of words are not antonyms.
Hello, dear readers of the blog site. You often hear arguments about which language is more difficult, but you don’t have to be a philologist to understand that learning Russian is a real feat.
Especially considering the presence large quantities words comparable in meaning, but often completely different in spelling (). Or, conversely, different in meaning, but identical in spelling (). But there are also words that sound the same, but differ in spelling ().
In this regard, we only have to find out what antonyms are, what role they play in the Russian language and whether we can do without them, in principle.
Looking ahead, I will say that without them, the lexical beauty of the Russian language would have suffered significant damage. To understand this, it is enough to turn to our classics, who often used this technique in their work.
What is an antonym?
In short, this is the opposite of synonyms ( different words, meaning approximately the same thing, such as “cheerful - joyful”, “traveler - traveler”). In the case of an antonym, the definition will sound like this:
these are the words that have opposite meanings(opposed to each other), but necessarily belonging to the same part of speech. For example, “day - night”, “bright - dark”, “walk - stand”, “cold - warm”.
The word itself is a derivative of the ancient Greek words ἀντί, meaning “against” and ὄνομα, meaning “name”:
It turns out that antonyms are most often two words (lexical oppositions), belonging to the same part of speech, which can be:
Numerals, pronouns and proper names, as well as words related to different parts of speech. There are many words in the Russian language that cannot be contrasted, but in this case it can be found figuratively.
Please note that figurative meaning of the same word may differ in different contexts.
For example, we can say about an animal different ages“old” and “young” (wolf, goose, ram), but we cannot describe a car, a machine tool, a sofa in exactly the same way. They can also be old, but there is no such expression as a “young” car (sofa, machine). In this case would be better suited another antonym is “new”.
And there are quite a lot of such examples, so it’s impossible to explain in a nutshell what this is (as well as about synonyms, paronyms and homonyms). I’m not talking about foreigners - for them this is a direct path to the “yellow house”.
Types of antonyms, according to what criteria they are divided
Speaking about the types of autonomous entities, we can highlight:
Now let’s consolidate the learned material by reviewing short video on the topic without missing anything interesting:
Examples of various antonyms
The lexical set of the Russian language is so rich that it takes foreigners a lifetime to understand what synonyms, antonyms and homonyms are. In this regard, it is incomparably easier for native speakers.
There are the following types of antonymic words and expressions:
It is obvious that without these lexical embellishments our language would be boring and uninteresting. Without them, how could you describe a person who has the complete opposite of another personality or convey experiences and feelings.
Thus, several concepts can be contrasted at once, as in the example of “loving good and hating evil.”
Antonyms in Russian proverbs
We can talk a lot about how useful antonyms are, and how difficult it is without them, but it’s better to look at examples. In this regard, Russian proverbs and sayings illustrate the material well.
Everyone, for example, understands the meaning of the proverb, which says that “a sleigh must be prepared in the summer, and a cart in the winter.” Antonyms enhance the effect. Each of us knows that “the well-fed is no companion to the hungry,” “the morning is wiser than the evening,” and “the bins of a bad owner are sometimes thick and sometimes empty.”
Sometimes the opposite is indicated by entire phrases. For example, about a rich person you can say that “he has no money,” but a poor person has it “like a cat crying.” You can also “keep your eyes open”, or you can “count crows”, “live on your own hump” or “sit on someone else’s neck”.
The Russian language is truly rich, and you won’t envy those who have to learn it “from scratch,” because how can you explain to a foreigner what “seven spans in the forehead” is and how the expression “without a king in the head” is different.
And in conclusion, check how correctly you have mastered the material and understood what an antonym is:
Good luck to you! See you soon on the pages of the blog site
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