Everyone knows how mysterious and difficult our Russian language is to learn. It contains a huge number of parts of speech and their various forms. Short and full participles are particularly complex. Let's look at the distinctive features of these verb forms in more detail.
Peculiarities
Linguists have not yet decided what place to give participles in morphology. The authors of textbooks on the Russian language have completely different attitudes to this issue. Some argue that it is only a verb form that expresses not only an action, but also its attribute. Others say that it is completely independent and classify it as parts of speech. But one thing is known: short and full participles are simply irreplaceable for our speech. Without them, we will endlessly use the word “which.” For example:
A singing person is a person who sings.
A sick child is a child who is sick.
A job done is a job that has been done.
Having various dependent words with it, the participle is part of participial phrase decorating our speech.
For example: The wind blowing from the sea refreshed my face.
Full form
One of the features of this part of speech is the ability to form forms. Apart from adjectives, it is not subject to any part of speech.
The full and short forms of participles differ both grammatically and syntactically. How not to confuse them? The full form is called passive participles, which usually answer the question “which”. They are called passive because in their meaning they imply an action performed by someone.
It is impossible to form short ones.
Example: Acquired - acquired, resolved - resolved.
Short and long ones perform different syntactic functions. This is because they have different goals. The full form, answering the question "which", is a definition. This is its main similarity with an adjective.
Therefore, a participle that is part of a phrase is usually called a separate definition.
Don't forget about punctuation marks. If only full forms are included and it comes after the word being defined, then in this case commas must be placed on both sides.
The forest, shrouded in haze, is very beautiful.
If the phrase comes after the main word, then in this situation commas are not placed under any circumstances: Work done on time was approved.
Short form
As we found out, short and full participles are similar in many ways, but they play different roles in sentences.
This form is formed by cutting off the endings from the complete one and adding other endings: carried out - carried out(removed -aya and part of the suffix, adding -a).
Let's consider the proposal: The trip was paid for. The short form of the full participle “paid” is no longer a characteristic of the attribute by action. Now she herself shows the process, being part of the predicate. Thus, the short form serves as the main member of the sentence.
The main feature is that short and full participles can change according to gender. Written - written, put - put, lost - lost.
It's not that difficult to distinguish them. A correctly asked question for communion will help you easily distinguish short form from full.
The meaning of the participle, its morphological features and syntactic function
Communion - a special (unconjugated) form of the verb, which denotes the attribute of an object by action, answers the question which one? (what kind?) and combines the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. In a sentence Communion can be a definition or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: Exhausted by the poisonous night, insomnia and wine, I stand, breathe in front of the brightening window opened into the fog (G. Ivanov); Nice started a glorious thing... (A. Akhmatova).(Together with dependent words, the participle forms participial phrase, which in school practice is usually considered one member of a sentence: exhausted by the poisonous night; into the fog with a brightening window.)
Signs of verb and adjective in participle
Verb signs | Signs of an adjective |
1.View (imperfect and perfect): burning(nesov.v.) forest(from burn)- burnt(Soviet) forest(from burn). | 1. General meaning (like an adjective, a participle names attribute of an object and answers the question Which?). |
2. Transitivity/intransitivity: singing(who?/what?) song- running. | 2. Gender, number, case (like an adjective, the participle changes by gender, number and case, and the gender, number and case of the participle depend on the gender, number and case of the noun with which the participle is associated, i.e. participle agrees with a noun): ripened ear, ripened berry, ripened apple, ripened fruit. |
3.Returnability/non-refundability: lifter- rising smoke. | 3. Declension (participles are declined in the same way as adjectives), cf.: evening- burning, evening- burning, evening- burning etc. |
4. Active and passive meaning (voice): attacking enemy battalion- battalion attacked by the enemy. | 4. Syntactic function (both participles and adjectives in a sentence are definitions or the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate). |
5. Time (present and past): reading(present tense) - read(past tense). | 5. Short forms (a participle, like an adjective, can have short forms): built- built, closed- closed. |
Note . Active/passive meaning and tense are expressed in participles using special suffixes.
Participle ranks
Participles are divided into active and passive.
Valid participles denote a sign of an object by the action that the object itself performs: running boy- sign boy by action run, which the boy himself does.
Passive participles denote the attribute of one object by the action performed by another object (i.e., the attribute of the object on which the action has been performed or is being performed): glass broken (by a boy)- sign glasses by action break, which commits boy.
AND valid, And passive participles can be present or past tense (participles have no future tense).
Formation of participles
1. Participles present tense (both active and passive) are formed only from imperfective verbs (verbs do not have perfective form participles present tense).
2. Passives participles are formed only from transitive verbs (in intransitive verbs no passive participles).
3. Participles present tense (both active and passive) are formed from the base of the present tense.
4. Participles past tense (both active and passive) are formed from the stem of the infinitive.
5. Passives participles past tense are mainly formed from perfective verbs.
Valid participles present time -ush-/-yush-(from verbs of I conjugation), and -ash-/-box-(from verbs of II conjugation): pish-ut - writer, numaj- ym- reading(from verbs of I conjugation); shout - shouting, speak - speaking(from verbs of II conjugation).
Valid participles past tense formed using suffixes -vsh-, -sh-: write- writing, shouting- shouting, carrying - carrying.
Passive participles present time formed using suffixes -eat-, -om-(from verbs of I conjugation) and -them-(from verbs of II conjugation): chita jut- readable (readable), ved-ut- driven, loved - beloved.
Some transitive imperfective passive verbs participles present tense do not form: wait, prick, take, crush, rub, dig, wash, pour, write, build, chop etc.
Passive participles past tense formed using suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-: read- read, build - built, open- open.
Suffix -enn- joins stems with a consonant (p rines you- brought) or on -i (note - noticed).
Participles Verbs | Valid | Passive |
||
Present tense | Past tense | Present tense | Past tense |
|
-ushch (-yushch) from verbs of I conjugation; asch (box) from verbs II conjugation | -vsh ■ш | -om, -eat from verbs of I conjugation; -them from verbs of II conjugation | -nn, -enn, -t |
|
Imperfective transitives | Reading | + read | Readable | + read |
Perfective transitives | Read | Read |
||
Imperfective intransitives | Sitting | sitting | - | |
Perfective intransitives | Blooming | |||
Note. Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive form. participles past tense.
Short form of participles
Passive participles can have short form: I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)
IN short form participles (as well as short adjectives) change only in numbers and in the singular by gender (short forms do not change in cases).
Short form of participles, like the short form of adjectives, is formed from the base of the full participle forms using endings: zero - form masculine, A- female, o - average, s- plural: solved, solvable, solvable, solvable; built, built, built, built.
In a sentence short form of participle is the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: And the sailboat is lit up with a copper-red sunset (G. Ivanov).Short Communion can sometimes serve as a definition, but only isolated and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning , Tatyana is waiting: when will the answer be? (A. Pushkin)
Participles and verbal adjectives
Participles differ from adjectives not only by the presence of morphological features of the verb, but also by their meaning. Adjectives denote permanent characteristics of objects, and participles- signs that develop over time. Wed, for example: red- blushing, flushed; old- aging, aged.
Participles may lose the meaning and characteristics of the verb and turn into adjectives. In this case Communion denotes a permanent attribute of an object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to have subordinate (dependent) words, to control nouns: an out-of-tune piano, a defiant look, an aspiring poet, a brilliant answer. Wed: He also liked Titus Nikonich... beloved by everyone(Communion) and loving everyone (I. Goncharov) And When she played the piano my favorite(adjective) plays... I listened with pleasure (A. Chekhov).
Passive adjectives are most easily converted to participles: reserved character, high spirits, strained relationships, confused appearance.
Participles are used mainly in bookish speech styles and are almost never found in everyday speech.
Morphological analysis of the participle includes the identification of three constant features (real or passive, aspect, tense) and four non-constant ones (full or short form, gender, number and case). Participles, like the verbs from which they are formed, are characterized by transitivity - intransitivity, reflexivity - irrevocability. These constant signs are not included in the generally accepted analysis scheme, but can be noted.
Scheme of morphological analysis of the participle. I. Part of speech (special form of a verb). II. Morphological characteristics. 1. Initial form (nominative singular masculine). 2. Permanent signs: 1) active or passive; 3. Variable signs: 1) full or short form (for passive participles); 4) case (for participles in full form). Sh. Syntactic function. The secluded monastery, illuminated by the rays of the sun, seemed to float in the air, carried by the clouds. (A. Pushkin) | A sample of morphological analysis of a participle. I. Illuminated(monastery) - participle, a special form of the verb, denotes the attribute of an object by action, derived from the verb illuminate. II. Morphological characteristics. 1. Initial form - illuminated - 2. Permanent signs: 2) past tense; 3) perfect appearance. 3. Variable signs: 1) full form; 2) singular; 3) masculine; 4) nominative case. III. Syntactic function. In a sentence it is an agreed definition (or: it is part of a separate agreed definition, expressed by a participial phrase). |
Since a participle is a special form of a verb that contains the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective, one of its features is the ability to form a short form. During the lesson you will learn about the grammatical, syntactic and stylistic features of short participles.
Topic: Communion
Lesson: Short Participles
Unlike full participles, which are used mainly in book speech, short participles are widely used in everyday speech and are even used in dialects.
Homework
Exercise No. 87, 88.Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. “Russian language. 7th grade." Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
Exercise. Read the text of a comic letter that was written by one fairy-tale hero. Write out short passive participles from the text, highlight the ending, determine the number, gender, indicate the verb from which this participle is formed.
We live very well. The house is always tidy, the clothes are washed and ironed. The room is very cozy: the floor is carpeted, the curtains are starched and trimmed with frills, the walls are decorated with paintings. Flowers are watered and fed on time. The books are arranged on shelves. Toys can be scattered, but in the evening they are always collected and hidden in special boxes.
Our children are washed, washed, combed. Their noses are always wiped, bows and laces are tied. The girls are dressed up and wearing makeup. The boys are dressed and wearing shoes.
Russian language in diagrams and tables. Short participles.
Didactic materials. Section "Communion"
3. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().
Spelling participles. Exercises.
Literature
1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others “Russian language. 7th grade." Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. “Russian language. 7th grade." Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. “Russian language. Practice. 7th grade." Ed. Pimenova S.N. 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. "Russian language. 7th grade. At 3 o'clock." 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
In the section on the question, give 10 examples with short participles given by the author Dmitry Moshkov the best answer is Participle (Latin participium, Greek μετοχή) is an independent part of speech, or (depending on the point of view) a special form of the verb, which has the properties of both a verb and an adjective. Indicates the attribute of an object by action and answers the questions: what? , what? What's he doing? what did you do? who did what? The verb features of the participle are the category of aspect, voice, as well as a special predicative form of tense. Adjectival (associated with the adjective) features of a participle are the categories of gender, number and case, the possibility of forming short forms for passive participles, and the syntactic function of an agreed definition.
Passive participles, as a rule, have full (verified) and short (verified) forms. Short forms vary by gender and number. However, not all present passive participles have a short form. Since passive present participles (led, read) relate primarily to book speech, there are some stylistic restrictions on the formation of such forms. Therefore, colloquial and some neutral verbs (for example, beat, cover, feed, and so on) often do not form passive present participles. Also, not all verbs form passive past participles in Russian.
Examples:
Built
Done
Read
Heard
Passed
Eaten
Decorated
Removed
Disassembled
Butchered
Decorated
wow)
Reply from Rhinoceros[newbie]
Thank you
Reply from Natalia Shumskikh[newbie]
Thank you
Reply from Enlighten[newbie]
A
Reply from Neuropathologist[newbie]
Thank you!
Reply from Yunis Kuryaev[newbie]
356464464664
Reply from Volya Titov[newbie]
guys 10 examples of participles? then I’ll tell you right now, I’ll tell you everything. I advise you to first read etc. In short, we begin
examples: built, done, read, etc.!
Good luck, don’t worry, study well, have fun, relax, and most importantly, don’t sleep through school. School is the most important thing, it teaches you everything you didn’t know, and then you finish school with 5 or 4 grades, go to college, then get a job, ETC. GOOD LUCK
Since a participle is a special form of a verb that contains the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective, one of its features is the ability to form a short form. During the lesson you will learn about the grammatical, syntactic and stylistic features of short participles.
Topic: Communion
Lesson: Short Participles
Unlike full participles, which are used mainly in book speech, short participles are widely used in everyday speech and are even used in dialects.
Homework
Exercise No. 87, 88.Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. “Russian language. 7th grade." Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
Exercise. Read the text of a comic letter that was written by one fairy-tale character. Write out short passive participles from the text, highlight the ending, determine the number, gender, indicate the verb from which this participle is formed.
We live very well. The house is always tidy, the clothes are washed and ironed. The room is very cozy: the floor is carpeted, the curtains are starched and trimmed with frills, the walls are decorated with paintings. Flowers are watered and fed on time. The books are arranged on shelves. Toys can be scattered, but in the evening they are always collected and hidden in special boxes.
Our children are washed, washed, combed. Their noses are always wiped, bows and laces are tied. The girls are dressed up and wearing makeup. The boys are dressed and wearing shoes.
Russian language in diagrams and tables. Short participles.
Didactic materials. Section "Communion"
3. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().
Spelling participles. Exercises.
Literature
1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others “Russian language. 7th grade." Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. “Russian language. 7th grade." Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. “Russian language. Practice. 7th grade." Ed. Pimenova S.N. 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. "Russian language. 7th grade. At 3 o'clock." 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
