Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern: biography, travels and discoveries. Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern: biography, travels and discoveries of the navigator, interesting facts

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1864) - Russian navigator, head of the first Russian round the world expedition, one of the founders of Russian oceanology, admiral (1842), corresponding member (1803), honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1806). Founding member of the Russian Geographical Society. Head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition of 1803-1806 on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”. I. Kruzenshtern was the first to map about a thousand km of the eastern, northern and northwestern coast of Sakhalin Island. Author of the Atlas of the South Sea (vols. 1-2, 1823-1826).

Ivan (Adam) Krusenstern was born November 19 (November 8, old style) 1770, at the Hagudis estate, Estonia.

Beginning of a naval career

Coming from a poor noble family, Ivan Krusenstern studied in the Naval Cadet Corps in 1785-88, in the year of graduation he participated in the Battle of Hogland, and in 1789 and 1790 - in three more naval battles; promoted to lieutenant. In 1793-99 he served as a volunteer on English ships in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, as well as in the South China Sea; promoted to lieutenant commander. In 1799 and 1802, Kruzenshtern presented projects for circumnavigation of the world for direct trade communications between Russian ports in the Baltic and Alaska. In 1802 he was appointed head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

First circumnavigation of the world

In early August 1803, with a large crowd of people, Ivan Kruzenshtern’s expedition left Kronstadt on two sailing sloops - “Nadezhda” (on board which was a mission to Japan led by Nikolai Rezanov) and “Neva” (which was commanded by Kruzenshtern’s classmate and assistant Captain Yuri Lisyansky) . The main purpose of the voyage was to explore the mouth of the Amur and neighboring territories to identify convenient places and routes for supplying goods to the Russian Pacific Fleet. After a long stay near the island of Santa Catarina (the coast of Brazil), when two masts had to be replaced on the Neva, the ships crossed the equator for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet and headed south. On March 3, they rounded Cape Horn and separated three weeks later in the Pacific Ocean.

From the island of Nuku Hiva (Marquesas Islands), the sloops proceeded together to the Hawaiian Islands, where they separated again: the Neva went to the shores of Alaska, and the Nadezhda arrived in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in July 1804. Then Kruzenshtern delivered Rezanov to Nagasaki and back, along the way, describing the northern and eastern shores of Terpeniya Bay. In the summer of 1805, Ivan Kruzenshtern for the first time photographed about 1000 km of the coast of Sakhalin, tried to pass in the south between the island and the mainland, but could not and mistakenly decided that Sakhalin was not an island and was connected to the mainland by an isthmus. From Petropavlovsk in the fall of the same year, Kruzenshtern moved to Canton, and at the end of the summer of 1806 - to Kronstadt.

The participants of the first Russian round-the-world expedition made a significant contribution to geographical science by erasing a number of non-existent islands from the map and clarifying the position of existing ones. They discovered inter-trade countercurrents in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, measured water temperature at depths of up to 400 m and determined its specific gravity, transparency and color; found out the reason for the glow of the sea, collected numerous data on atmospheric pressure, ebbs and flows in a number of areas of the World Ocean.

Scientific and organizational activities

Upon his return, Ivan Fedorovich was assigned to the port of St. Petersburg to create a work on circumnavigation of the world. In 1811 he was appointed teacher of the Naval Cadet Corps. At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Kruzenshtern donated a third of his fortune (1000 rubles) to the people's militia; about a year as a member diplomatic mission traveled around England and outlined his impressions in notes left in the manuscript.

During 1809-12, Ivan Kruzenshtern published the three-volume “Journey Around the World...”, translated in seven European countries, and “Atlas for Travel...”, and in 1813 he was elected a member of the academies and scientific societies of England, France, Germany and Denmark. A developing eye disease and an unsettled relationship with the Minister of the Navy forced Krusenstern to ask for release from work; in December 1815 he was sent on indefinite leave.

Before 1836, Kruzenshtern compiled and published the “Atlas of the South Sea” with extensive hydrographic notes. In 1827-42, gradually rising in rank to full admiral, he was the director of the Naval Cadet Corps, the initiator of the creation of a higher officer class at this institution, which was later transformed into the Naval Academy. Many outstanding navigators and travelers turned to Krusenstern for support and advice. He was the organizer of the expeditions of Otto Kotzebue (1815-18), Mikhail Vaviliev-Gleb Shishmarev (1819-22), Thaddeus Bellingshausen - Mikhail Lazarev (1819-21), Mikhail Stanyukovich - Fyodor Litke (1826-29).

Kruzenshter is known as one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society. In St. Petersburg in 1873, a monument was erected to Krusenstern (sculptor Ivan Nikolaevich Schroeder, architect Ippolit Monighetti Monighetti).

Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern died died on August 24 (August 12, Old Style) 1846, at the Ass dacha, near Tallinn.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern - quotes

At sea I am my own master, and no Japanese can dictate to me.

During the circumnavigation of the world, when Russian sailors first crossed the equator, according to an ancient maritime tradition, a traditional celebration was held with the participation of Neptune. The sea lord, appearing on the deck, where the entire crew had already gathered, approached the captain and sternly asked: “I have never seen the Russian flag in these places before.” Why did you come here with your ships? “For the glory of science and our fatherland,” Kruzenshtern answered him and respectfully brought a glass of wine...

(1770-1846)

Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, an outstanding navigator and organizer of the first Russian circumnavigation of the world, carried out under his command, was also a prominent hydrographer and teacher. He was born in Estland, near Tallinn (Revel), on November 19, 1770. He received his primary education at home, and from the age of twelve he studied at the Revel Cathedral School. At the age of fifteen, in 1785, I. F. Kruzenshtern was sent to the Naval Corps, which was then located in Kronstadt. Due to his relatively late age in entering the Naval Corps, he had to complete the general, so-called “cadet” course within a short two-year period. After this, I.F. Kruzenshtern was promoted to midshipman and began to undergo predominantly special naval subjects. While still in the corps, I. F. Kruzenshtern became close to his fellow graduate Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, a future companion on a round-the-world trip

At this time, Russia was simultaneously fighting two wars at sea: with Sweden in the Baltic and with Turkey in the Black Sea, which required an urgent appointment large number officers to ships. Together with their comrades I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky were released from the corps ahead of schedule in the spring of 1788, but without promotion to officers, but with the designation “for midshipman.” I. F. Kruzenshtern was assigned to the battleship "Mstislav", commanded by captain of brigadier rank G. I. Mulovsky, a brilliant, combative, experienced sailor and a very cultured and educated officer.

All the first years of service of the young Kruzenshtern were spent in a combat situation and were marked by military exploits: in the period 1788-1790. On the ship "Mstislav" he took part in four battles with the Swedish fleet - Hogland, Eland, Revel and Vyborg, and all the time his ship was in the forefront. In these battles, I. F. Kruzenshtern showed great courage and management and was rewarded by being promoted first to midshipman (1789), and then to lieutenant for distinction in the capture of a Swedish rear admiral's ship (1790). In the Battle of Eland, G.I. Mulovsky, the commander of the Mstislav, who was intended to be the commander of an already prepared round-the-world expedition that was not sent due to the war, was killed. He had a great influence on I.F. Krusenstern and instilled in his soul the desire to achieve the organization of the first Russian circumnavigation in the future. After the conclusion of peace, I. F. Kruzenshtern spent two years ashore in Tallinn (Revel), and his relatively small official employment allowed him to improve his maritime theoretical knowledge.

At that time, the Russian navy, busy defending its maritime borders, could not allocate warships for long overseas training voyages. Therefore, it was practiced to send young officers as volunteers on English ships. navy who went on long voyages. Among the twelve distinguished young officers sent to England for 6 years (from 1793 to 1799) were I. F. Kruzenshtern, as well as his friend Yu. F. Lisyansky.

I. F. Krusenstern sailed on various English ships off the coast of North America, visited the seaside cities of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Norfolk, etc., visited the West Indies and the islands of Bermuda and Barbados, and the Netherlands Guiana, Africa, India and China, after which he returned to England. During these voyages, he repeatedly participated in battles with the French. Having conceived in the future to organize a round-the-world expedition and pave the way for Russian maritime trade to India and China, I. F. Kruzenshteon decided to visit those waters himself and study the progress of trade on the spot. On an English warship, he first reached the Cape of Good Hope, and then further, to the Indian ports of Madras and Calcutta, from where he headed to Malacca and Canton. Here he personally became convinced of the possibility of establishing trade relations between Russian possessions in North America and China. He made his way back to England on a merchant ship of the English East India Company, and visited the Cape of Good Hope a second time and visited the island of St. Helena. Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern returned to his homeland after a six-year absence as an experienced and knowledgeable navigator.

Returning to Russia, I. F. Krusenstern, who during his absence was promoted to captain-lieutenant, in 1800 was appointed to the post of commander of the brig Neptune, on which he sailed in the Gulf of Finland. Soon he decided to take steps to realize his long-standing dream - organizing the first Russian trip around the world, the project of which he drew up while returning by ship from China to Europe. The idea of ​​establishing round-the-world communications with the eastern outskirts of Russia was not new. There were several plans for such expeditions in 1732, 1761, 1781 and 1786, but for various reasons these plans were not implemented. The closest to implementation was a round-the-world expedition organized as part of four warships in 1786 under the command of Captain 1st Rank G.I. Mulovsky. For this expedition, ships manned by personnel had already been allocated, and the official purpose of the expedition was to support the intended government application for the annexation of territories discovered by Russian people in North America to Russia, delivery of goods to Okhotsk, establishment of trade relations with China and Japan and the discovery of new ones along the way lands.

The Russian government, however, was then forced to refuse sending the expedition in view of the outbreak of Russian-Swedish and Russian-Turkish war and complications of the general political situation in Europe.

IN early XIX V. political and economic conditions were more favorable for organizing a round-the-world expedition. Already from the end of the 18th century. in tsarist Russia, capitalist relations begin to develop, destroying the closed natural economy, the number of manufactories increases, and marketability increases agriculture, trade is expanding. For the delivery of goods and the export of furs from Russian possessions in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, more convenient communication routes were required. Transporting goods by land across the entire Asian continent in conditions of almost complete roadlessness was long and difficult. Russian circumnavigations were also a natural stage in the progress of intensively developing Russian science. According to the project of I.F. Kruzenshtern, after the end of the first circumnavigation of the world, it was planned to organize proper sea communication between Russian European ports and Russian possessions in America on Russian ships. At the same time, the planned voyages were supposed to be of a scientific nature, to contribute to new geographical discoveries and the exploration of little-known seas and oceans.

However, initially I.F. Kruzenshtern’s project, despite the fact that it was based on careful calculations, did not meet with sympathy among the leaders of the Naval Ministry. But after the palace coup of 1801, the leadership of the naval department passed to a more enlightened, cultured sailor, Admiral N. S. Mordvinov, who, together with the new Minister of Commerce N. P. Rumyantsev, became interested in the project of I. F. Kruzenshtern. On the initiative of Rumyantsev, the Russian-American company also took part in the implementation of the expedition. According to the decision of the government, the expedition was to include two ships, and all expenses for the maintenance of one of them were accepted at the government expense, and for the second - at the expense of the Russian-American company. I.F. Kruzenshtern was appointed head of the expedition and commander of one of the ships, and both ships were allowed to sail under military flags. I. F. Kruzenshtern’s dreams gradually came true. Naturally, he thought about his comrade Yu. F. Lisyansky, with whom in his youth he was accustomed to share these dreams. Yu. F. Lisyansky willingly agreed to this proposal.

I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky insisted on building ships for the expedition at Russian shipyards, but representatives of the Russian-American company decided to purchase them abroad. For this purpose, Yu. F. Lisyansky was sent to England in September 1802, where he bought two small ships that needed repairs. These ships, which received the new names “Nadezhda” (with a displacement of 450 tons) and “Neva” (with a displacement of 370 tons), arrived in Kronstadt in early June 1803, where their careful preparation for the upcoming responsible voyage began. I. F. Kruzenshtern took command of the ship “Nadezhda”, and Yu. F. Lisyansky took command of the ship “Neva”. The preparations for the expedition were carried out extremely thoughtfully, and the instructions drawn up for it and the selection of seafaring instruments and supplies served for a long time as a model for subsequent expeditions.

The ships had complete collections of nautical charts and a well-chosen library. The expedition had among its supplies many antiscorbutic drugs. The ship's provisions were purchased best quality. The Academy of Sciences took an active part in equipping the expedition, taking upon itself the testing of some instruments, drawing up instructions (on mineralogy, botany, zoology); On May 8, 1803, the head of the expedition, I. F. Kruzenshtern, was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences. The personnel of the expedition was selected especially carefully by the commander of each ship, and all sailors and non-commissioned officers went as volunteers. The crew of the ship "Nadezhda" consisted of eight officers, two doctors and 52 non-commissioned officers and sailors; in addition, there were three scientists (an astronomer and two naturalists) and three volunteers on board. On the ship "Nadezhda" the Russian ambassador N.P. Rezanov and his retinue were traveling to Japan, so that the total number of personnel on board reached 76 people. Among the officers was the experienced senior officer Lieutenant M. Ratmanov and the future famous navigator F. F. Bellingshausen, and among the volunteers was O. E. Kotzebue, also later known for his scientific expeditions around the world. The ship "Neva" consisted of six officers, one doctor, two people from the ambassador's retinue and 44 non-commissioned officers and sailors, for a total of 53 people. About the selection of personnel, I. F. Kruzenshtern subsequently wrote: “I was advised to accept several foreign sailors, but I, knowing the advantageous properties of the Russian ones, whom I even prefer to the English ones, did not agree to follow this advice. On both ships, except Messrs. Horner, Tilesius, Langsdorff and Liband, there was not a single foreigner on our journey.”

The route of the expedition was preliminary planned as follows: both ships proceed together from Kronstadt around Cape Horn to the Pacific Ocean and at the Hawaiian (Sandwich) Islands they separate: “Nadezhda” goes further to Japan with Ambassador Rezanov and, upon fulfilling a diplomatic mission, for wintering to o. Kodiak; "Neva" follows from the Hawaiian Islands directly to the shores of North America and also winters near the island. Kodiak; the following summer, both ships carried goods to Canton, from where they returned together to Russia, around the Cape of Good Hope.

On June 26, 1803, the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva” left Kronstadt and, after short visits to Copenhagen, Falmouth and Canary Islands headed to the shores of Brazil, where on the roadstead of Fr. St. Catherine's was delayed for over a month for necessary repairs. This was the first time Russian ships crossed into the southern hemisphere. During the expedition, the expedition personnel and scientific specialists continuously made various oceanographic, meteorological and zoological observations, which were subsequently published and made a valuable contribution to geographical science. During the ships' moorings in tropical ports, scientists collected ethnographic, zoological and botanical collections, which upon the expedition's return to their homeland were transferred to various museums, where they are kept to this day. On February 20, 1804, both ships together rounded Cape Horn, but after a storm they separated: I. F. Kruzenshtern went to the Marquesas Islands, and Yu. F. Lisyansky - to the island. Easter, after which both ships reunited at Fr. Nukagiwa, belonging to the group of Marquesas Islands.

Already at this first stage of navigation in the Pacific Ocean, Russian navigators carried out (in addition to systematically carried out meteorological and oceanographic observations) a number of scientific geographical works: Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky compiled detailed geographical descriptions how about. Nukagiva, and the entire group of the Marquesas Islands, and Lisyansky compiled a dictionary of the local dialect; Lisyansky, in addition, being in close proximity to Fr. Easter, corrected an error in defining it geographical coordinates, admitted by Cook.

Following the previously established route, both ships then headed to the Hawaiian Islands, in view of which on June 7, 1804 they separated: I. F. Kruzenshtern proceeded without stopping directly to Kamchatka, and Yu. F. Lisyansky stopped by to replenish before departing for the Aleutian Islands provisions for one of the Hawaiian Islands. "Nadezhda" arrived on July 14, 1804 at Peter and Paul Harbor, where cargo was delivered to the Russian-American Company and regular repairs were made. After a six-week stay, on August 27, I.F. Kruzenshtern left Petropavlovsk for Nagasaki to deliver the Russian ambassador to Japan. The ship "Nadezhda" sailed along the eastern shores of the islands of Hokkaido and Honshu and rounded the island from the south. Kyushu. Along the way, I.F. Kruzenshtern, together with officers and scientists, checked existing maps and described the southern coast of the island. Kyushu. At the last stage of the passage, Nadezhda withstood a typhoon of exceptional strength and almost lost her masts. During this transition, I. F. Kruzenshtern corrected the position of the Van Diemen's Strait, which was incorrectly marked on English and French maps.

For six whole months, from October 8 to April 17, 1805, the ship "Nadezhda" stood in Nagasaki, waiting for the end of diplomatic negotiations, which ultimately ended in failure: the Japanese government refused to accept the embassy. Now I.F. Kruzenshtern had to transport Rezanov to Petropavlovsk and then proceed to Canton to join Yu.F. Lisyansky for the subsequent return to his homeland. For this period of his voyage, Kruzenshtern outlined a whole program of geographical research and decided: 1) first of all, to study the Sea of ​​Japan, which was almost unknown to sailors in that era, and describe its coasts, 2) to describe the southern and eastern coasts of Sakhalin, 3) to find out whether there is a a strait between this island and the mainland, and 4) pass through some new strait between the Kuril Islands located north of the Bussol Strait. He completed almost this entire program, partly during the transition to Petropavlovsk, partly a little later.

I. F. Kruzenshtern entered the Sea of ​​Japan through the eastern passage of the Tsushima Strait, which was later named after him. Next, he examined certain sections of the western coast of the island. Honshu and the entire western and northwestern shores of the island. Hokkaido with access to them. He gave Russian names to a number of coastal points and bays. Next, I. F. Kruzenshtern left the Sea of ​​Japan through the La Perouse Strait and described in detail and studied (with access to the shore) the shores of Aniva Bay and part of the eastern coast of Sakhalin, and made an important geographical discovery at that time, establishing the identity of the names “Sakhalin” and “Karafuto” "

Along the eastern coast, the shores of Terpeniya Bay were described and mapped (also with a visit to the shore). Upon leaving Terpeniya Bay, Nadezhda encountered ice, which is why I. F. Kruzenshtern decided to immediately proceed to Petropavlovsk and return to Cape Terpeniya at a more favorable time. On the southern and eastern coasts of Sakhalin, a number of geographical features, capes, bays, rivers and mountains were given Russian names.

After this, I.F. Kruzenshtern headed to the Kuril Islands to describe them, but fog, poor visibility and stormy weather prevented him. Nevertheless, to the north of the strait that now bears his name, I. F. Kruzenshtern discovered a group of dangerous low islands, which he called “Stone Traps.” From the Sea of ​​Okhotsk to the Pacific Ocean, Nadezhda passed through the strait between the islands of Onekotan and Kharimhotan, now named after Krenitsyn. Finally, on June 5, 1805, “Nadezhda” arrived in Petropavlovsk.

After the departure of Rezanov with his retinue, with whom the naturalist Langsdorf also went, the unloading of Japanese cargo and the necessary supplies, the Nadezhda again went to sea on June 5 and headed directly to Cape Terpeniya, entering the Sea of ​​Okhotsk through a strait named after Krusenstern’s ship - the Nadezhda Strait " Having arrived at Cape Terpeniya and determining its exact location, I. F. Kruzenshtern went north along the eastern coast of Sakhalin, describing it (in places with sending officers to the shore), plotting it on a map, determining the location of the capes, many of which were named by him in Honor their officers (Capes Ratmanov, Bellingshausen). Having reached the northernmost tip of Sakhalin and calling it Cape Elizabeth, Kruzenshtern rounded this cape from the north, as well as the neighboring Cape Maria to the west, and headed to Sakhalin Bay. Here he only approached the northern entrance to the Amur Estuary, where his ship began to drift, and one of the officers on a rowboat was sent south to determine the depth and width of the “canal” leading to the mouth of the Amur. I. F. Kruzenshtern’s major mistake was a superficial study of the very important question of whether Sakhalin is an island or a peninsula. Based on the very vague data reported by his officer about the strong current from the south, the presence of shallow depths and, finally, the fresh nature of the water, he concluded that there was no through passage between the island and the mainland. It is possible that Kruzenshtern’s conclusions were influenced by the opinions of such authorities as La Perouse and Broughton. This mistake could have been fatal and stopped further searches for access to the Pacific Ocean, if not for the courage and perseverance of another Russian navigator G.I. Nevelsky, who in 1850 refuted the opinion of his predecessor with the discovery of the strait (named after him) connecting the Amur Estuary with the Tatar Strait, who found a deep-sea entrance to the mouth of the Amur and established that Sakhalin is an island.

The northwestern coast of Sakhalin was examined in detail with landfall. Not daring to “dare,” as I. F. Kruzenshtern writes in the description of his journey, to follow his relatively deep-seated ship further south and trying to connect with Yu. F. Lisyansky in Canton at the appointed time, he decided to turn north and follow to Petropavlovsk along the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. Despite I. F. Kruzenshtern’s failure to survey the entrance to the Amur, his biographer, the famous Russian naval historian F. F. Veselago, correctly assessed the merits of the navigator, pointing out that what Kruzenshtern had already done was enough to give Kruzenshtern’s name one one of the most honorable places in the history of hydrography. “All this was done, with the exception of the month spent in the port of Petropavlovsk, in only 87 days, and this in places visited for the first time, in seas where fog reigns all summer. Suffice it to say that in these 87 days, more than 100 points were identified by astronomical determinations alone, and a coastline of at least 1,500 miles was explored and surveyed for the most part.” In the Sea of ​​Okhotsk "Nadezhda" passed nearby about. Jonah and clarified it geographical location. The Nadezhda left the Sea of ​​Okhotsk through the Fourth Kuril Strait and anchored in the port of Petropavlovsk on August 30. At the beginning of October 1805, I. F. Krusenstern left Petropavlovsk and, on his way to China, intended to clarify the location of a number of islands shown on foreign maps, the existence of which seemed doubtful to him. Unsuccessfully searching for these islands, which turned out to be non-existent, I. F. Kruzenshtern circled Japan, the Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan from the east and arrived at the port of Macau on November 20.

On December 1, 1805, the Neva, led by Yu. F. Lisyansky, arrived there. In Canton (or rather, in the Whampoa roadstead), the expedition ships were accepted for a large amount Chinese goods and on February 9, 1806, they set out together on their way back to their homeland. In the Indian Ocean, during fog, both ships separated and continued on their own. I.F. Kruzenshtern, after a 79-day journey, went to the island. St. Helena, where he received news of the war between Russia and France. Fearing a meeting with the enemy, he headed home in a roundabout way around the Shetland Islands and, after making an 86-day journey, came to Copenhagen, where he stayed for four days. On August 19, 1805, he anchored in the Kronstadt roadstead. Thus ended the first Russian circumnavigation of the world, which lasted three years and twelve days.

The three-year circumnavigation of I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky constituted an entire era in the history of Russian geographical science and the Russian navy.

Scientific results of the expedition, in addition to those already mentioned geographical discoveries and plotting the surveyed coasts and ports on maps also consist of a new method of oceanographic research. I. F. Kruzenshtern observed deep temperatures on the Nadezhda, using the recently invented Six thermometer for the highest and lowest temperatures. He and his companion astronomer Horner made vertical rows of temperature observations in seven places, and in total deep-sea observations were carried out in nine places. The famous Soviet oceanographer and geographer Yu. M. Shokalsky believed that, in terms of time, these were generally the first observations of vertical temperature series at depths in the ocean. I. F. Kruzenshtern paid great attention to the study of tidal phenomena and was personally involved in observations of the ebb and flow of the tides during the long stay of his ship in Nagasaki. Throughout their voyage, Russian sailors and scientists determined the direction and speed of currents, the magnitude of compass declination, and made meteorological observations. I. F. Kruzenshtern personally owns a summary of all observations of the elements of currents, which were derived from a comparison of the numberable places of the ship with those determined by astronomical observations. Astronomer Horner summarized hydrological and meteorological observations and investigated specific gravity water in different areas. It is interesting to note that the expedition was the first to establish that “sea water glows not from the movement and friction of its particles, but that the real reason for this is organic substances.”

One can rightfully say that the first Russian circumnavigation of the world laid the foundation and created the basis for a new branch of geographical science - oceanography.

It should be noted that Russian navigators determined their coordinates with an accuracy twice as great as their immediate predecessors - foreign navigators (for example, Vancouver). The voyage of I. F. Krusenstern and Yu. F. Lisyansky was not only the first Russian circumnavigation, but also the first Russian voyage in general, in which longitudes were determined no less often than latitudes and with a fairly high level, even according to ours. modern concepts, accuracy. Latitude on the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" was determined by the midday altitudes of the Sun whenever weather conditions permitted, on average 20-23 times per month of sailing at sea, and longitude - by the altitudes of the Sun measured at the first vertical and by chronometers, 19-20 times. Thus, longitudes were determined based on the joint use of solar altitude data, taking into account the movements of chronometers and measuring lunar distances (chronometer corrections were derived from them 2-3 times a month).

Therefore, large scientific results expeditions are explained not only by the art and courage of Russian sailors, but also by their skillful use of the most advanced methods and techniques of navigation and the latest precision instruments.

The expedition members compiled detailed geographical and statistical descriptions of Kamchatka, the Marquesas Islands, the coastal regions of southeastern China and Russian possessions in North America, brief dictionaries in several languages, and collected materials about religious beliefs, morals and other features of various nationalities.

Thanks to the excellent organization of the expedition, good supplies and care for the personnel on the part of the command, for all three years on both ships there was not only a single death, but not even a single serious illness; There were also no losses in materiel.

The expedition was greeted at home with great triumph. I. F. Kruzenshtern was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences and a member of the Admiralty Department and promoted to captain of the 2nd rank.

From 1807 to 1809, he was stationed at the St. Petersburg port on the shore and was engaged in processing the materials of his expedition. The three-volume work of I. F. Kruzenshtern “Travel around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806” with the addition of a beautiful engraved atlas of maps and drawings was published in 1809-1812. and has been translated into most European languages. The first two volumes contain it detailed description voyages, and the third volume contains scientific articles by I. F. Kruzenshtern and scientific specialists of the expedition on issues of oceanography, meteorology, ethnography, etc.

In 1809, I. F. Kruzenshtern was promoted to captain of the 1st rank and appointed commander of the battleship "Grace". This was his last combat assignment and sailing on a warship (subsequently, he repeatedly commanded the training squadron of the Naval Corps in the summer). In 1811, he was appointed inspector of classes of the Naval Corps, but he served in this position for a very short time and was dismissed due to eye disease on long-term leave. This vacation, which he spent on his estate near the city of Rakvere (formerly Wesenberg) in Estonia, was entirely devoted to scientific studies, the fruit of which was the publication of the major publication “Atlas of the South Sea” with the appendix of two volumes of hydrographic explanations. From his vacation, he was called several times to carry out various assignments. So, in 1814, he was involved in organizing the round-the-world expedition of O. E. Kotzebue on the brig “Rurik”, for which, while in England, he ordered astronomical and nautical instruments, and in 1918 he wrote a special note on the organization of the first Russian Antarctic expedition . In 1818, he was appointed to be present in the procurement of ship timber. In 1819, I. F. Kruzenshtern was promoted to captain-commander.

The remarkable work of I. F. Kruzenshtern “Atlas of the South Sea” with two volumes of explanations in Russian and French was published in 1824-1826. In this work he used the results of all Russian and foreign voyages and his own personal experience and compiled the most detailed and authoritative maps of the Pacific Ocean, which have earned recognition throughout the world. Work on maps of the Pacific Ocean did not end with the publication of the Atlas: until the end of his life, I. F. Kruzenshtern continued to monitor all new voyages in the Pacific Ocean and made corrections to his maps (in 1835 he published additions to his Explanations "). There was not a single head of a Russian or foreign expedition who would not consider it his moral duty to inform the author of the Atlas of certain comments and additions to his maps. The Atlas of the South Sea was awarded the full Demidov Prize of the Academy of Sciences.

In 1826, I. F. Krusenstern’s long vacation ended. After promotion to rear admiral, he was appointed inspector of classes and assistant director of the Naval Corps, and already in the next one. 1827 - director of this corps and member of the Admiralty Board. From that time on, his fifteen-year teaching and educational work began as director of the Naval Corps. In it, he showed his progressive ideas in educating the younger generation of sailors, significantly improved pedagogical process, organized laboratories and classrooms, an astronomical observatory and a museum, selected qualified teachers, and paid great attention to teaching foreign languages. He was an ardent advocate of the need for higher specialized education for sailors and organized the so-called Officer Classes with a three-year course of study at the Naval Corps, which were later renamed the Naval Academy. At the invitation of the director, lectures in these classes were given by such outstanding scientists as academicians M. V. Ostrogradsky, V. Ya. Bunyakovsky, E. X. Lenz and A. Ya. Kupfer. The progressive reforms of I. F. Krusenstern met with opposition among the reactionary officers, and one of the reasons for his resignation should be considered the contradiction of these reforms with the spirit and morals of the Nicholas regime. In 1829, Krusenstern was promoted to vice admiral, in 1841 to admiral, and in the same year he was expelled from the post of director of the Naval Corps, but until his death he was listed in active naval service.

I. F. Kruzenshtern spent the entire period of his life after returning from a circumnavigation of the world intensively scientific activity and maintained scientific contacts with the most prominent Russian and foreign scientists. He was an excellent linguist and corresponded with Humboldt, Murchison, the famous Spanish cartographer Espinosa and other major scientific authorities in the field of cartography and hydrography. His scientific merits received high praise: he was an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences, an honorary Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Dorpat and a corresponding member of many foreign scientific societies and institutions. I. F. Kruzenshtern was one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society.

The anniversary of I. F. Kruzenshtern, celebrated with great solemnity at the beginning of 1839, turned into his true triumph, but the hero of the day especially valued the presence at the celebration of two old sailors, former participants in his voyage around the world, who reached St. Petersburg from the most remote outskirts of Russia .

I. F. Kruzenshtern died on August 24, 1846 in his estate Ass, near Rakvere (Wesenberg), and was buried in Tallinn (Revel) in the Vyshgorod church. On the embankment of Vasilyevsky Island opposite the Marine Corps in St. Petersburg, a monument was erected to him using funds raised among his students and teachers.

The name of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern went down in the history of Russian science as the name of a brave navigator, organizer of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, as an ardent patriot, as a major hydrographer scientist and as a charming, humane, progressive figure.

References

1. Shwede E. E. Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern / E. E. Shvede // People of Russian Science. Essays on outstanding figures of natural science and technology. Geology and geography. – Moscow: State Publishing House of Physical and Mathematical Literature, 1962. – P. 382-393.

Born on November 19, 1770 on the Hagudis estate, Estonia, into a poor noble family. He entered the naval cadet corps in Kronstadt.

The training went well, but during the development of hostilities with Sweden, the Russian state carried out mobilization, so they began to graduate from the corps earlier. Ivan Krusenstern was also subject to this fate, and in January 1789, with the rank of midshipman, he was sent to serve on sailing ship« Mstislav" He took part in several naval battles, including the Gogland one. Then he served in the naval service on English ships, where he received further military ranks.

During sea voyages, while in the waters of the South China Sea, Ivan Krusenstern showed interest in trade relations between England and China. He realized that the Russian side might also be interested in them. From Russia goods could go through sea ​​route from Kamchatka to China and India. At that time, goods were delivered by carts through Yakutsk to the city of Okhotsk, and then by sea. This was not an entirely acceptable trade route, which was subject to many inconveniences and dangers: the possibility of robbery along the way, damage to the goods, and finally an increase in its value. All these accumulated problems have shown a desire in Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern provide a project for a new sea trade route in East Asia and India.

Ivan Krusenstern

Upon returning to Russia in 1802, his plan was approved by Emperor Alexander I and Ivan Kruzenshtern led his first Russian round-the-world expedition, which consisted of two glorious “ Hope"(on board which was a mission to Japan led by Nikolai Rezvanov) and the sloop "Neva". The second ship was commanded by his comrade-in-arms and classmate Yuri Lisyansky. Purpose Krusenstern expedition There was a study of the mouth of the Amur to identify convenient places for supplying goods to the Russian Pacific Fleet. On August 7, 1802, two sailing ships left their home port of Kronstadt and headed on a given course. After some time, the sloops crossed the equator and headed further to the southwest. In March 1802 sailing ships« Hope" And " Neva Having safely rounded the ever-rumbling Cape Horn, a few weeks later they separated into the Pacific Ocean for more extensive exploration. During the voyage, he described the islands of Nuku Hiva (Marquesas Islands) and the Hawaiian Islands. In April 1805, the sloop " Hope"reached the shores of Japan, where research was carried out on the islands of Hondo (Nipon) and Iezo (Hokkaido). From there, the sailors headed to the southern shores of Sakhalin, where supplies of food and water were replenished.

Ivan Krusenstern

map of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern's circumnavigation

sloop "Nadezhda"

In the summer of 1805 he applied geographical map about a thousand kilometers of the coast of Sakhalin Island, and trying to pass in bad weather between the mainland and the island, he considered it a peninsula. Having rounded Sakhalin from the north, the sailors explored convenient places at the mouth of the Amur River - thus completing their fascinating journey. In 1806 sailing sloop"Nadezhda" arrived in Kronstadt. Part Krusenstern expedition on a sailing ship" Neva“Under the leadership of Yu.F., she conducted a separate trip about this story in one of the articles, since it also deserves attention. From Kamchatka Kruzenshtern went to China, and from there on August 19, 1806 he returned to Kronstadt, having spent more than 3 years traveling.

sailing sloops "Nadezhda" and "Neva"

The participants of the first Russian round-the-world expedition made a very great contribution to geography. Inter-trade countercurrents were discovered in the Atlantic Ocean, many clarifications were made about the existing islands, and observations were made sea ​​water as a result of which the concept of “specific gravity of water” was derived, a lot of data was collected on the tides and a huge contribution was made to astronomy. His voyage yielded great scientific and practical results; in addition to geographical research, botanical, zoological and ethnographic collections were collected.

Admiral Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich

Works of Krusenstern

Literature

Interesting facts

(at birth Adam Johann von Krusenstern, German Adam Johann von Krusenstern; 8 (19) November 1770 - 12 (24) August 1846) - Russian navigator, admiral.

Descends from the Baltic German nobles. Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky on the sloops “Nadezhda” and “Neva” made the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

Biography

Scion of the Russian noble family of Krusenstern, great-great-grandson of the founder of the family in Russia, Philip Crusius von Kruzenstern, son of judge Johann Friedrich von Kruzenstern (1724-1791).

For three years (from the age of twelve) he studied at a church school in Reval, and then at the Naval Cadet Corps in Kronstadt.

In May 1788, due to the war with Sweden, he was released early from the corps, promoted to midshipman and assigned to the 74-gun ship Mstislav. Immediately after this, he distinguished himself in the Battle of Hogland (1788), in 1789 he participated in the Battle of Eland, and in 1790 in the naval battles of Reval, Krasnaya Gorka and Vyborg Bay, after which he was promoted to lieutenant. In 1793 he was sent to England to study maritime art; with the English fleet he sailed to the northern shores of America, where he took part in battles with French ships; visited Barbados, Suriname, Bermuda; sailed in the Bay of Bengal in order to explore the East Indian waters and open a route to the East India for Russian trade. Knight of the Order of St. George, IV class Interested in the Russian fur trade with China, which went from Okhotsk by dry route to Kyakhta, Kruzenshtern came to the idea that it could more profitably go directly by sea; he also meant to establish direct relations between the metropolis and Russian possessions in America. In St. Petersburg, Krusenstern presented his ideas to the authorities in 1799, but his project was rejected. However, in 1802, the main board of the RAC made a similar proposal, Emperor Alexander I approved the project for the implementation of which it was decided to equip the first Russian round-the-world expedition. Then they remembered Ivan Fedorovich.

The expedition, which consisted of two ships (“Nadezhda” and “Neva”) under the command of Kruzenshtern, with an assistant, captain-lieutenant Lisyansky, sailed from Kronstadt on July 26 (August 7), 1803. The expedition headed across the Atlantic Ocean and on February 20 (March 3), 1804, rounded Cape Horn; from the Russians and their neighboring lands in the north of the Pacific Ocean, she paid special attention to Kamchatka, Kuril Islands and Sakhalin. The expedition returned to Kronstadt on August 7 (19), 1806.

In his notes about this journey (St. Petersburg 1809 - 13), Kruzenshtern tells a lot of interesting things about what he saw during the voyage, especially about the life and customs of savages; For its time, a magnificent atlas is replete with maps, plans and drawings. Lisyansky ruled the second ship of the expedition and sometimes sailed separately from the first; in his book about the same journey (St. Petersburg, 1812) there is a detailed description of the shores of Sitka and Kodiak.

In 1811, Kruzenshtern was appointed inspector of classes of the naval cadet corps. In 1814, having developed detailed instructions for the round-the-world expedition of 1815-1818. under the command of Kotzebue, one of the junior officers of the first circumnavigation, Krusenstern visited England to order the instruments necessary for the expedition. Having returned, he received an indefinite leave and began creating the “Atlas of the South Sea”, with the appendix of hydrographic notes, under the title: “Collected works serving as an analysis and explanation of the Atlas of the South Sea” (St. Petersburg, 1823 and 1826; French translation: “Recueil. des memoires hydrographiques...", St. Petersburg, 1824-1827; addition St. Petersburg, 1835-36; this work was awarded the full Demidov Prize).

In 1827, Krusenstern was appointed director of the naval cadet corps and a member of the admiralty council. Sixteen years of activity as director were marked by the introduction of new teaching subjects into the courses of the naval corps, the enrichment of the library and museums with many of them. teaching aids, the establishment of an officer class and other improvements.

Krusenstern was very well developed physically. According to his contemporaries, he stood out among those around him, was distinguished by his athletic physique, and in terms of the impressiveness of his shoulder girdle and heroic chest, he surpassed the strongest sailors of the expedition he led. It is known for certain that on this trip, despite the bewilderment of his colleagues, he carried with him two two-pound weights and worked with them every day for 30-40 minutes, performing his favorite exercise - the press press.

Kruzenshtern was a big lover of pets. On his travels he was accompanied by a spaniel, the favorite of the whole team. Before each departure, it became a good tradition for each member of the expedition to pat the spaniel by the long hanging ears, and indeed, the journey went surprisingly smoothly. There are literally anecdotal situations where savages, who had never seen animals with such long floppy ears in their lives, ran away in horror.

Krusenstern is buried in the Dome Cathedral of Tallinn.

Memory

• In 1874, in St. Petersburg, opposite the naval building, a monument to Krusenstern was unveiled, built according to the design of the sculptor I.N. Schroeder and architect I.A. Monighetti. The monument was erected with private funds, but a small allowance was also received from the state.
• Bark "Kruzenshtern"
• Krusenstern Strait
• Krusenstern Reef
• In 1993, the Bank of Russia issued a series of commemorative coins “The First Russian trip around the world».

Works of Krusenstern

• “Wörtersammlungen aus den Sprachen einiger Völker des östlichen Asiens und der Nordwestküste von Amerika” (St. Petersburg, 1813);
• “Memoire sur une carte da detroit de la Sonde et de la rade de Batavia” (St. Petersburg, 1813);
• “Beiträge zur Hydrographie d. grösseren Oceane" (Lpc., 1819);
• articles in "Bulletin" academician. Sciences, “Notes” of the Admiralty Department (1807 - 27), “Nouvelles Annales de Geographie de Malte-Brun” and other publications.
• The work “Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”” was published in Russian three times:
• First edition. The first part was published for the first time in 1809, the second and third - in 1810 and 1812. In 1813, a large format Atlas was published, containing maps and illustrative material. The third part of the book was scientific, containing the results of observations, tables of longitudes and temperatures, etc.
• Second edition published in 1950 in modern spelling and with significant abbreviations. Highly specialized places were removed: detailed descriptions of bays and anchorages, etc., which are now placed in sailing directions. Kruzenshtern wrote in great detail about local prices, which would require a lot of economic commentary, so these places were also released. Almost the entire third part of the work was released, leaving only the musical notes of Kamchadal and Marquesan music, as well as a letter from the Minister of Commerce, Count N.P. Rumyantsev.
• Third edition(M.: Publishing house "Drofa", 2007) completely repeated the 1950 edition, only a new preface and illustrations from other sources were added.

Literature

Scientific biography

• Pasetsky V. M. Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846) / Rep. ed. Academician A.P. Okladnikov; Academy of Sciences of the USSR. - Moscow.: Nauka, 1974. - 176 p. — (Scientific biographical series). — 29,000 copies.

• Lupach. V. S., I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky, State Publishing House of Geographical Literature, Moscow, 1953, 46 p.
• Gennadi G. N. Reference dictionary about Russian writers and scientists who died in the 18th and 19th centuries. M., 1876—1908. T. 1-36.
• “Military Encyclopedic Lexicon” (vol. VII, art. A. I. Zeleny)
• "St. Petersburger Zeitung" (1839, No. 23-37, et seq.; article by Academician Behr)
• Litke, “Notes” hydrograph. total (1847, book II)
• Sokolov “Notes” hydrogr. department (VIII, 1850)
• "Sea Collection." (1869, no. 6)
• A. N. Pypin, “History of Russian ethnography” (vol. IV)
• Venyukov, “Apercu hisi des decouvertes geographiques etc.”
• Ivashintsev N. A., “Review of Russian. travels around the world" (St. Petersburg, 1850)
• "Memoir of the celebrated admiral A. J. K. etc." (1856, London)
• Military Encyclopedia / Ed. V.F. Novitsky, A.V. von Schwartz, V. A. Apushkin, G. K. von Schultz. - St. Petersburg: T-vo I. D. Sytin, 1911. - T. 13. - P. 318-319.
• Around the world with Krusenstern. - St. Petersburg: Kriga Publishing House, 2005. - P. 288. - ISBN 5-901805-16-X

• Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern enjoys special respect from the cat Matroskin - a literary and cartoon character from “Three from Prostokvashino” - since his grandmother “served” on the ship “Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern”.
• Fyodor Tolstoy (“American”) took part in Krusenstern’s voyage.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern is a famous man who was destined to leave a significant mark on the development of maritime affairs in Russia. The name of Krusenstern is widely known, and, thank God, not only from the phrase of the dog Sharik from the cartoon about Uncle Fyodor.

Ivan Krusenstern was born in early November 1770. His parents were nobles. At the age of 14, Kruzenshtern began training in the Naval Cadet Corps. First sea ​​voyage midshipman Krusenstern took place in 1787. Ivan Fedorovich walked along the Baltic Sea. A year later, Kruzenshtern already participated in his first naval battle.

In 1793, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern left. As a volunteer, Ivan’s path leads to the UK. Here, in service, he manages to visit the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans. Six years later, having grown stronger and gained experience, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern will return to his homeland.

The Russian Admiralty deservedly highly appreciated the knowledge and skills of the “returnee”. In 1802, Ivan Krusenstern was appointed commander of the first Russian round-the-world expedition. The circumnavigation of the world under the command of Ivan Krusenstern began on August 7, 1803. It was on that day, in a solemn atmosphere, that the Russian sailing ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva” set off on a difficult voyage.

The members of the expedition faced serious tasks. It was necessary to study the Pacific coast of the Far East. This was necessary to do in order to establish communications with remote areas. Another important task of the Kruzenshtern expedition was the delivery of the Russian embassy to Japan. The expedition's route lay across the Atlantic, around America. The crossing of the equator by the Russian expedition was symbolic; it was a great success. In Brazil, Russian ships were parked, they were waiting for repairs, and the crew was waiting for rest. In March 1804, Russian ships rounded the Horn and set off for the northern latitudes. In the Pacific Ocean, Nadezhda and Neva separated. They met only near the Hawaiian Islands. The ships left them again different sides. “Neva” to the shores of Alaska, and “Nadezhda” to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, from there to Japan. At the end of 1806, the ships returned to Kronstadt. Kruzenshtern's expedition was greeted solemnly in the capital - there were both members of the imperial family and representatives of the Academy of Sciences.

The first Russian trip around the world under the leadership of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern had great value. Russian ships visited the most remote corners of the ocean and showed themselves in all their glory. Wherever they talked about the Russian fleet and its brave sailors. New maps were drawn up and routes were laid out.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern made a huge contribution to world science. The navigator was appreciated by his descendants; 12 were named after him. settlements, one of the atolls of the Marshall Islands, those in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, and one of the mountains in Antarctica.