What antihistamines are is best known to people suffering from various types and types of diseases. Sometimes only antihistamines taken in time can save you from a coughing attack, terribly itchy rashes, redness and swelling. Antihistamines 4 generations are the newest medications that act almost instantly, and the effect of taking them lasts for a long time. In the article we will talk about which drugs are usually classified as fourth generation and what their features are.
Modern antihistamines 4 generations
Until recently, allergy sufferers could cope with their problems using drugs from three main groups (commonly called generations):
- First generation drugs are sedatives. This characteristic is based on the main side effect of all drugs in this category.
- The second generation is non-sedating drugs.
- Third generation antihistamines combine best qualities the first two groups. They act more actively on the body, but do not have unpleasant sedatives. side effects.
- 4th generation antihistamines are the latest drugs. Medicines in this group act quickly and for a long time, effectively blocking H1 receptors and eliminating all symptoms of an allergic disease.
One of the main advantages of fourth-generation antihistamines is that their use does not harm the functioning of the cardiovascular system, and therefore they can be considered completely safe.
The best 4th generation antihistamines
The fact is that the fourth generation of antihistamines was identified by specialists not so long ago. Therefore, today there are not many new antiallergic medications. And accordingly, it is impossible to select the best 4th generation antihistamines from a small list. All products are good in their own way, and we will talk about each of the drugs in more detail later in the article.
Levocetirizine
One of three 4th generation antihistamines, its name is popularly known as Suprastinex or Cesera. Most often, this drug is prescribed to people suffering from pollen allergies (hay fever). Levocetirizine helps with both seasonal and year-round allergic reactions. This remedy is also great for conjunctivitis and allergic rhinitis. Levocetirizine should be taken either in the morning or with meals. It is not recommended to drink alcohol during treatment.
4th generation antihistamine Erius
He is also Desloratadine. Presented in the form of tablets and syrup. Erius also helps with allergic rhinitis. The syrup is suitable for children over one year old, and from the age of twelve the child can be switched to tablets.
Fexofenadine
4th generation antihistamine known as Telfast. This is one of the most popular antihistamines in the world. It is prescribed for almost any diagnosis.
As is the case with any other drugs, you should never prescribe antihistamine treatment yourself. Only a specialist, after an appropriate examination, will be able to choose the most suitable treatment method for a particular patient.
It is also important to remember that of all the 4th generation antihistamines - the list given above - not a single product is suitable for pregnant women and nursing mothers. Most likely, the fair sex will have to deal with allergies in the safest way traditional methods(which should also be discussed with a professional).
People who experience allergies regularly buy antihistamines and know what they are.
When taken in a timely manner, tablets can help relieve a debilitating cough, swelling, rash, itching and redness of the skin. The pharmaceutical industry has been producing such drugs for many years, and each new batch is issued as a separate generation.
Today we will talk about the latest generation of antihistamines and look at the most effective of them.
General concept of antihistamines
To everyone who wants to understand in depth the question of what antihistamines are, doctors explain that these drugs are created to counteract histamine, an allergic mediator.
When the human body comes into contact with an irritant, specific substances are produced, among which histamine exhibits increased activity. U healthy person it resides in mast cells and remains inactive. When exposed to an allergen, histamine enters active phase and provokes allergy symptoms.
To relieve negative reactions, medications were invented at different times that could reduce the amount of histamine and neutralize it harmful influence per person. Thus, antihistamines are general definition all drugs that have the indicated effectiveness. To date, their classification includes 4 generations.
The advantages of the drugs in question are a gentle effect on the body, in particular on the cardiovascular system, rapid relief of symptoms and a prolonged effect.
Review of new generation antihistamines
Antihistamines are also called H1 receptor blockers. They are quite safe for the body, but still have some contraindications. For example, during pregnancy and childhood, a doctor has the right not to prescribe anti-allergy pills if their instructions list these conditions as contraindications.
All new generation antihistamines - list of new drugs:
- Erius.
- Xizal.
- Bamipin.
- Cetirizine.
- Ebastine.
- Fenspiride.
- Levocetirizine.
- Fexofenadine.
- Desloratadine.
It is difficult to single out the most effective 4th generation antihistamines from this list, since some of them appeared relatively recently and have not yet proven themselves 100%. Phenoxofenadine is considered a popular allergy treatment option. Taking tablets containing this substance does not have a hypnotic or cardiotoxic effect on the patient.
Medicines containing cetirizine are good at removing skin manifestations of allergosis. One tablet brings significant relief within 2 hours from the moment of use. The result lasts for a long time.
The drug Erius is an improved analogue of Loratadine. But its efficiency is approximately 2.5 times higher. Erius is suitable for children over 1 year of age who are prone to allergies. They are given the drug in liquid form at a dosage of 2.5 ml once a day. From 5 years of age, the dosage of Erius is increased to 5 ml. From the age of 12, the child is given 10 ml of medication per day.
The medicine Xyzal is also in high demand today. It prevents the release of inflammatory mediators. Effectiveness is determined by the reliable elimination of allergic reactions.
Feksadin (Allegra, Telfast)
The drug with fexofenadine reduces the production of histamine and completely blocks histamine receptors. Suitable for the treatment of seasonal allergies and chronic urticaria. The product is not addictive. The body is affected for 24 hours.
Fexadin should not be taken during pregnancy, breastfeeding or children under 12 years of age.
Zodak (Cetrin, Zyrtec, Cetirizine)
Efficiency taken pills is felt within 20 minutes, and after discontinuation of the drug persists for another 72 hours. Zodak and its synonyms are used for the treatment and prevention of allergosis. Allowed long-term use. The release form is not only tablets, but also syrup and drops.
In pediatrics, Zodak drops are used from 6 months. After 1 year, syrup is prescribed. Children can take tablets from 6 years of age. Dosages for each type of medication are selected individually.
Cetirizine should not be taken by pregnant women. If there is a need to treat allergies during lactation, the baby is temporarily weaned.
Xyzal (Suprastinex, Levocetirizine)
Xyzal drops and tablets work 40 minutes after administration.
The medication is indicated for the treatment of urticaria, allergies, and skin itching. For children, fourth-generation antihistamines for allergies called Xyzal are prescribed from 2 years and 6 years (drops and tablets, respectively). The pediatrician calculates the dosage based on the child’s age and weight.
Xyzal is prohibited during pregnancy. But it can be taken during breastfeeding.
Suprastinex helps well with seasonal allergies, when the body reacts to pollen flowering plants. As the main medicine, it is used in the treatment of conjunctivitis and rhinitis of an allergic nature. Take Suprastinex with food.
Desloratadine (Erius, Lordestin, Dezal)
Desloratadine and its synonyms have antihistamine and anti-inflammatory properties.
They quickly treat seasonal allergies and recurrent hives, but sometimes cause side effects such as headaches and dry mouth. Desloratadine is sold in the form of tablets and syrup.
Doctors prescribe syrup for children 2–6 years old. Tablets are allowed to be used only from 6 years of age. Desloratadine is completely contraindicated for pregnant and lactating women. But for angioedema and bronchospasm, a specialist can choose a gentle option for using this medicine.
Antihistamines for babies
It is not recommended for newborns to take antihistamines. But sometimes situations arise when it is impossible to do without medication, for example, if the baby is stung by an insect. From 1 month of life, the child can be given Fenistil in drops.
Diphenhydramine, which was previously given to children different cases, pediatricians today prescribe only from the 7th month of life.
Suprastin is considered the most gentle option for the little ones. He quickly manifests medicinal properties without causing the slightest harm to the body. Children are also prescribed Fenkarol and Tavegil. For urticaria, drug-induced dermatosis and food allergies, it is better to give Tavegil to the child. The tablets relieve swelling, restore skin color and work as an antipruritic agent.
Analogues of Tavegil are Donormil, Diphenhydramine, Bravegil and Clemastine. The child takes them if there are contraindications to the use of Tavegil.
From 2 to 5 years, the child’s body gradually strengthens and can normally tolerate stronger medications. For itchy skin, the names of antihistamines for this age group of patients, the specialist will consider the following:
Erius was mentioned above, now let’s focus on Tsetrin. These tablets can be used to prevent allergies in children prone to negative reactions. In case of individual intolerance to the constituent components, Cetrin is replaced with analogues - Letizen, Cetirinax, Zodak, Zetrinal. After 2 years, the child can take Astemizole.
From 6 years of age, the list of antihistamines is expanded, since medications are suitable for such children different generations– from 1 to 4. Younger schoolchildren can take Zyrtec, Terfenadine, Clemastine, Glencet, Suprastinex, Cesera tablets.
What Komarovsky says
Famous pediatrician E.O. Komarovsky does not advise parents to give antihistamines to young children unless absolutely necessary and without medical prescription. If a pediatrician or allergist considers it necessary to prescribe an antiallergic drug to a child, it can be taken for no more than 7 days.
Evgeniy Olegovich also prohibits combining antihistamines with antibiotics and says that it is not at all necessary to give a child an antihistamine tablet on the eve of vaccination or after vaccination.
Some parents, based on their own considerations, try to give their child Suprastin to drink before DPT, but Komarovsky does not see any point in this. The children's doctor explains that the body's reaction to the vaccine has nothing to do with allergies.
Women with allergies planning to have children are always interested in what antihistamines can be taken during pregnancy and preferably during lactation, or whether it is worth enduring the inconvenience associated with hay fever, rash and swelling. Doctors say that it is better for women not to take any medications during gestation, as they are potentially dangerous to the mother and fetus.
There are several groups of medications used for allergic diseases. This:
- antihistamines;
- membrane-stabilizing drugs - cromoglycic acid preparations () and ketotifen;
- topical and systemic glucocorticosteroids;
- intranasal decongestants.
In this article we will talk only about the first group - antihistamines. These are drugs that block H1-histamine receptors and, as a result, reduce the severity of allergic reactions. Today there are more than 60 antihistamines for systemic use. Depending on the chemical structure and the effects they have on the human body, these drugs are combined into groups, which we will discuss below.
What are histamine and histamine receptors, the principle of action of antihistamines
There are several types of histamine receptors in the human body.Histamine is a biogenic compound formed as a result of a number of biochemical processes, and is one of the mediators involved in the regulation of vital functions. important functions organism and play a leading role in the development of many diseases.
IN normal conditions this substance is in the body in an inactive, bound state, however, during various pathological processes (hay fever, hay fever, and so on), the amount of free histamine increases many times, which is manifested by a number of specific and nonspecific symptoms.
Free histamine has the following effects on the human body:
- causes spasm of smooth muscles (including bronchial muscles);
- dilates capillaries and reduces blood pressure;
- causes stagnation of blood in the capillaries and increased permeability of their walls, which entails thickening of the blood and swelling of the tissues surrounding the affected vessel;
- reflexively excites the cells of the adrenal medulla - as a result, adrenaline is released, which contributes to the narrowing of arterioles and an increase in heart rate;
- increases the secretion of gastric juice;
- plays the role of a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
Externally, these effects manifest themselves as follows:
- bronchospasm occurs;
- the nasal mucosa swells - nasal congestion and mucus discharge appear;
- itching, redness of the skin appears, all kinds of rash elements form on it - from spots to blisters;
- the digestive tract responds to an increase in the level of histamine in the blood with a spasm of the smooth muscles of the organs - there are pronounced cramping pains throughout the abdomen, as well as an increase in the secretion of digestive enzymes;
- on the part of the cardiovascular system, and may be observed.
There are special receptors in the body for which histamine has an affinity - H1, H2 and H3 histamine receptors. H1-histamine receptors located in smooth muscles play a role in the development of allergic reactions. internal organs, in particular, the bronchi, in the inner lining - endothelium - of blood vessels, in the skin, as well as in the central nervous system.
Antihistamines act specifically on this group of receptors, blocking the action of histamine through competitive inhibition. That is, the drug does not displace histamine already bound to the receptor, but occupies a free receptor, preventing histamine from attaching to it.
If all receptors are occupied, the body recognizes this and gives a signal to reduce histamine production. Thus, antihistamines prevent the release of new portions of histamine, and are also a means of preventing the occurrence of allergic reactions.
Classification of antihistamines
Several classifications of drugs in this group have been developed, but none of them is generally accepted.
Depending on the characteristics of the chemical structure, antihistamines are divided into the following groups:
- ethylenediamines;
- ethanolamines;
- alkylamines;
- quinuclidine derivatives;
- alphacarboline derivatives;
- phenothiazine derivatives;
- piperidine derivatives;
- piperazine derivatives.
In clinical practice, the classification of antihistamines by generation has become more widely used, of which today there are 3:
- 1st generation antihistamines:
- diphenhydramine (diphenhydramine);
- doxylamine (donormil);
- clemastine (tavegil);
- chloropyramine (suprastin);
- mebhydrolin (diazolin);
- promethazine (pipolfen);
- quifenadine (fencarol);
- cyproheptadine (peritol) and others.
- 2nd generation antihistamines:
- acrivastine (Semprex);
- dimethindene (fenistil);
- terfenadine (histadine);
- azelastine (allergodil);
- loratadine (lorano);
- cetirizine (cetrin);
- bamipin (Soventol).
- 3rd generation antihistamines:
- fexofenadine (Telfast);
- desloratodine (Erius);
- Levocetirizine.
1st generation antihistamines
First generation antihistamines have a pronounced sedative effect. Based on the predominant side effect, drugs in this group are also called sedatives. They interact not only with histamine receptors, but also with a number of other receptors, which determines their individual effects. They act for a short time, which is why they require multiple doses throughout the day. The effect comes quickly. Available in different dosage forms– for oral administration (in the form of tablets, drops) and parenteral administration (in the form of an injection solution). Affordable.
With prolonged use of these drugs, their antihistamine effectiveness is significantly reduced, which necessitates the need for periodic - once every 2-3 weeks - drug changes.
Some 1st generation antihistamines are included in combination medications for the treatment of colds, as well as sleeping pills and sedatives.
The main effects of 1st generation antihistamines are:
- local anesthetic – associated with a decrease in membrane permeability to sodium; the most powerful local anesthetics from the drugs in this group are promethazine and diphenhydramine;
- sedative – caused high degree penetration of drugs of this group through the blood-brain barrier (that is, into the brain); the degree of severity of this effect varies between drugs; it is most pronounced in doxylamine (it is often used as a hypnotic); the sedative effect increases with the simultaneous consumption of alcoholic beverages or taking psychotropic drugs; when taking extremely high doses of the drug, instead of the effect of sedation, pronounced agitation is observed;
- anti-anxiety, calming effect is also associated with the penetration of the active substance into the central nervous system; most expressed in hydroxyzine;
- anti-sickness and anti-emetic - some representatives of the drugs in this group inhibit the function of the labyrinth of the inner ear and reduce the stimulation of receptors of the vestibular apparatus - they are sometimes used for Meniere's disease and motion sickness in transport; This effect is most pronounced in drugs such as diphenhydramine and promethazine;
- atropine-like effect - causes dryness of the mucous membranes of the oral and nasal cavities, increased heart rate, visual impairment, urinary retention, constipation; may increase bronchial obstruction, lead to exacerbation of glaucoma and obstruction in cases of – not used for these diseases; These effects are most pronounced in ethylenediamines and ethanolamines;
- antitussive - drugs of this group, in particular diphenhydramine, act directly on the cough center located in the medulla oblongata;
- the antiparkinsonian effect occurs by inhibiting the effects of acetylcholine by the antihistamine;
- antiserotonin effect - the drug binds to serotonin receptors, alleviating the condition of patients suffering from migraines; especially pronounced in cyproheptadine;
- dilatation of peripheral vessels - leads to a decrease in blood pressure; is maximally expressed in phenothiazine preparations.
Since drugs in this group have a number of undesirable effects, they are not the drugs of choice for the treatment of allergies, but are still often used for it.
Below are some of the most commonly used representatives of the drugs in this group.
Diphenhydramine (diphenhydramine)
One of the first antihistamines. It has pronounced antihistamine activity, in addition, it has a local anesthetic effect, and also relaxes the smooth muscles of internal organs and is a weak antiemetic. Its sedative effect is similar in strength to the effects of neuroleptics. In high doses it also has a hypnotic effect.
It is quickly absorbed when taken orally and penetrates the blood-brain barrier. Its half-life is about 7 hours. It undergoes biotransformation in the liver and is excreted by the kidneys.
It is used for all kinds of allergic diseases, as a sedative and hypnotic, as well as in complex therapy for radiation sickness. Less commonly used for pregnancy vomiting and seasickness.
Orally prescribed in the form of tablets of 0.03-0.05 g 1-3 times a day for 10-14 days, or one tablet before bed (as a sleeping pill).
1-5 ml of 1% solution are administered intramuscularly, 0.02-0.05 g of the drug in 100 ml of 0.9% sodium chloride solution is administered intravenously.
Can be used as eye drops, rectal suppositories or creams and ointments.
Side effects of this drug are: short-term numbness of the mucous membranes, headache, dizziness, nausea, dry mouth, weakness, drowsiness. Side effects go away on their own, after reducing the dose or completely stopping the drug.
Contraindications are pregnancy, lactation, prostate hypertrophy, and angle-closure glaucoma.
Chloropyramine (suprastin)
It has antihistamine, anticholinergic, myotropic antispasmodic activity. It also has antipruritic and sedative effects.
It is quickly and completely absorbed when taken orally, the maximum concentration in the blood is observed 2 hours after administration. Penetrates the blood-brain barrier. Biotransformed in the liver, excreted by the kidneys and feces.
Prescribed for all kinds of allergic reactions.
It is used orally, intravenously and intramuscularly.
Orally, take 1 tablet (0.025 g) 2-3 times a day, with meals. The daily dose can be increased to a maximum of 6 tablets.
In severe cases, the drug is administered parenterally - intramuscularly or intravenously, 1-2 ml of a 2% solution.
When taking the drug, side effects such as general weakness, drowsiness, decreased reaction speed, impaired coordination of movements, nausea, and dry mouth are possible.
Strengthens the effect of sleeping pills and sedatives, as well as narcotic analgesics and alcohol.
Contraindications are similar to those of diphenhydramine.
Clemastine (tavegil)
By structure and pharmacological properties very close to diphenhydramine, but it lasts longer (within 8-12 hours after administration) and is more active.
The sedative effect is moderate.
Take 1 tablet (0.001 g) orally before meals with a drink. a large number water, 2 times a day. In severe cases, the daily dose can be increased by 2, maximum 3 times. The course of treatment is 10-14 days.
Can be used intramuscularly or intravenously (within 2-3 minutes) - 2 ml of 0.1% solution per dose, 2 times a day.
Side effects are rare when taking this drug. Possible headache, drowsiness, nausea and vomiting, constipation.
Prescribe with caution to persons whose profession requires intense mental and physical activity.
Contraindications are standard.
Mebhydrolin (diazolin)
In addition to the antihistamine, it has anticholinergic and. Sedative and hypnotic effects are extremely weak.
When taken orally, it is slowly absorbed. The half-life is only 4 hours. Biotransformed in the liver and excreted in the urine.
Used orally, after meals, in a single dose of 0.05-0.2 g, 1-2 times a day for 10-14 days. The maximum single dose for an adult is 0.3 g, the daily dose is 0.6 g.
Generally well tolerated. Sometimes it can cause dizziness, irritation of the gastric mucosa, blurred vision, and urinary retention. In especially rare cases - when taking a large dose of the drug - a slowdown in the reaction rate and drowsiness.
Contraindications are inflammatory diseases gastrointestinal tract, angle-closure glaucoma and prostatic hypertrophy.
2nd generation antihistamines
Second generation antihistamines are characterized by high efficiency, rapid onset of action and a minimum of side effects, however, some of their representatives can cause life-threatening arrhythmias. The goal of developing drugs in this group was to minimize sedation and other side effects while maintaining or even stronger antiallergic activity. And it was a success! Antihistamines of the 2nd generation have a high affinity specifically for H1-histamine receptors, with virtually no effect on choline and serotonin receptors. The advantages of these drugs are:
- rapid onset of action;
- long duration of action ( active substance binds to protein, which ensures longer circulation in the body; in addition, it accumulates in organs and tissues, and is also slowly excreted);
- additional mechanisms of antiallergic effects (suppress the accumulation in respiratory tract eosinophils, and also stabilize mast cell membranes), providing a wider range of indications for their use (,);
- with long-term use, the effectiveness of these drugs does not decrease, that is, there is no tachyphylaxis effect - there is no need to periodically change the drug;
- since these drugs do not penetrate or penetrate in extremely small quantities through the blood-brain barrier, their sedative effect is minimal and is observed only in patients who are particularly sensitive in this regard;
- do not interact with psychotropic drugs and ethyl alcohol.
One of the most adverse effects of 2nd generation antihistamines is their ability to cause fatal arrhythmias. The mechanism of their occurrence is associated with the blocking of potassium channels of the heart muscle by an antiallergic drug, which leads to a prolongation of the QT interval and the occurrence of arrhythmia (usually ventricular fibrillation or flutter). Most pronounced this effect in drugs such as terfenadine, astemizole and ebastine. The risk of its development increases significantly with an overdose of these drugs, as well as in the case of combining their use with antidepressants (paroxetine, fluoxetine), antifungals (intraconazole and ketoconazole) and some antibacterial agents (antibiotics from the macrolide group - clarithromycin, oleandomycin, erythromycin), some antiarrhythmics (disopyramide, quinidine), when the patient consumes grapefruit juice and severe.
The main form of release of 2nd generation antihistamines is tablets, but parenteral ones are not available. Some drugs (such as levocabastine, azelastine) are available in the form of creams and ointments and are intended for topical administration.
Let's take a closer look at the main drugs in this group.
Acrivastine (Semprex)
It is well absorbed when taken orally and begins to act within 20-30 minutes after administration. The half-life is 2-5.5 hours, it penetrates the blood-brain barrier in small quantities and is excreted unchanged in the urine.
It blocks H1-histamine receptors and has a small sedative and anticholinergic effect.
It is used for all kinds of allergic diseases.
Against the background of admission to in some cases drowsiness and decreased reaction speed are possible.
The drug is contraindicated during pregnancy, lactation, severe, severe coronary heart disease, and children under 12 years of age.
Dimetindene (fenistil)
In addition to antihistamine, it has weak anticholinergic, antibradykinin and sedative effects.
It is quickly and completely absorbed when taken orally, the bioavailability (degree of digestibility) is about 70% (in comparison, when using cutaneous forms of the drug this figure is much lower - 10%). The maximum concentration of the substance in the blood is observed 2 hours after administration, the half-life is 6 hours for the regular form and 11 hours for the retard form. It penetrates the blood-brain barrier and is excreted in bile and urine in the form of metabolic products.
The drug is used orally and topically.
Adults take 1 capsule of retard orally at night or 20-40 drops 3 times a day. The course of treatment is 10-15 days.
The gel is applied to the affected areas of the skin 3-4 times a day.
Side effects are rare.
Contraindication is only the 1st trimester of pregnancy.
Strengthens the impact on the central nervous system alcohol, sleeping pills and tranquilizers.
Terfenadine (histadine)
In addition to antiallergic, it has a weak anticholinergic effect. It does not have a pronounced sedative effect.
Well absorbed when taken orally (bioavailability is 70%). The maximum concentration of the active substance in the blood is observed after 60 minutes. Does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Biotransformed in the liver to form fexofenadine, excreted in feces and urine.
The antihistamine effect develops after 1-2 hours, reaches its maximum after 4-5 hours, and lasts for 12 hours.
The indications are the same as for other drugs in this group.
Prescribe 60 mg 2 times a day or 120 mg 1 time a day in the morning. The maximum daily dose is 480 mg.
In some cases, when taking this drug, the patient develops side effects such as erythema, fatigue, headache, drowsiness, dizziness, dry mucous membranes, galactorrhea (leakage of milk from the mammary glands), increased appetite, nausea, vomiting, in case of overdose - ventricular arrhythmias.
Contraindications include pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Azelastine (allergodil)
Blocks H1-histamine receptors and also prevents the release of histamine and other allergy mediators from mast cells.
It is quickly absorbed in the digestive tract and from the mucous membranes, the half-life is as much as 20 hours. Excreted in the form of metabolites in the urine.
Used, as a rule, for allergic rhinitis and.
When taking the drug, side effects are possible such as dryness and irritation of the nasal mucosa, bleeding from it and taste disorders when administered intranasally; irritation of the conjunctiva and a feeling of bitterness in the mouth - when using eye drops.
Contraindications: pregnancy, lactation, childhood up to 6 years old.
Loratadine (lorano, claritin, lorizal)
Long-acting H1-histamine receptor blocker. The effect after a single dose of the drug continues throughout the day.
There is no pronounced sedative effect.
When taken orally, it is absorbed quickly and completely, reaches maximum concentration in the blood after 1.3-2.5 hours, and is half eliminated from the body after 8 hours. Biotransformed in the liver.
Indications include any allergic diseases.
It is generally well tolerated. In some cases, dry mouth, increased appetite, nausea, vomiting, sweating, pain in joints and muscles, and hyperkinesis may occur.
Contraindications include hypersensitivity to loratadine and lactation.
Prescribed with caution to pregnant women.
Bamipin (Soventol)
H1-histamine receptor blocker for local application. Prescribed for allergic skin lesions (urticaria), contact allergies, as well as frostbite and burns.
The gel is applied in a thin layer to the affected areas of the skin. After half an hour, the drug can be reapplied.
Cetirizine (Cetrin)
Metabolite of hydroxyzine.
It has the ability to easily penetrate the skin and quickly accumulate in it - this determines the rapid onset of action and high antihistamine activity of this drug. There is no arrhythmogenic effect.
It is rapidly absorbed when taken orally, its maximum concentration in the blood is observed 1 hour after administration. The half-life is 7-10 hours, but if renal function is impaired, it extends to 20 hours.
The range of indications for use is the same as for other antihistamines. However, due to the characteristics of cetirizine, it is the drug of choice in the treatment of diseases manifested by skin rashes - urticaria and allergic dermatitis.
Take 0.01 g in the evening or 0.005 g twice a day.
Side effects are rare. These are drowsiness, dizziness and headache, dry mouth, nausea.
3rd generation antihistamines
Third generation antihistamines have high antiallergic activity and are devoid of arrhythmogenic effect. These drugs are active metabolites (metabolic products) of previous generation drugs. They are devoid of cardiotoxic (arrhythmogenic) effect, but retain the advantages of their predecessors. In addition, 3rd generation antihistamines have a number of effects that enhance their antiallergic activity, which is why their effectiveness in treating allergies is often higher than that of the substances from which they are produced.
Fexofenadine (Telfast, Allegra)
It is a metabolite of terfenadine.
Blocks H1-histamine receptors, prevents the release of allergy mediators from mast cells, does not interact with cholinergic receptors, and does not depress the central nervous system. It is excreted unchanged in feces.
The antihistamine effect develops within 60 minutes after a single dose of the drug, reaches its maximum after 2-3 hours, and lasts for 12 hours.
Side effects such as dizziness, headache, weakness are rare.
Desloratadine (erius, eden)
It is an active metabolite of loratadine.
Has anti-allergic, anti-edematous and antipruritic effects. When taken in therapeutic doses, it has virtually no sedative effect.
The maximum concentration of the drug in the blood is achieved 2-6 hours after oral administration. The half-life is 20-30 hours. Does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Metabolized in the liver, excreted in urine and feces.
In 2% of cases, while taking the drug, headaches, increased fatigue and dry mouth may occur.
In case of renal failure, prescribe with caution.
Contraindications include hypersensitivity to desloratadine. As well as periods of pregnancy and lactation.
Levocetirizine (aleron, L-cet)
Cetirizine derivative.
The affinity for H1-histamine receptors of this drug is 2 times higher than that of its predecessor.
Facilitates the course of allergic reactions, has a decongestant, anti-inflammatory, antipruritic effect. Practically does not interact with serotonin and cholinergic receptors, does not have a sedative effect.
When taken orally, it is quickly absorbed, its bioavailability tends to 100%. The effect of the drug develops 12 minutes after a single dose. The maximum concentration in blood plasma is observed after 50 minutes. It is excreted primarily by the kidneys. Excreted in breast milk.
Contraindicated in cases of hypersensitivity to levocetirizine, severe renal failure, severe galactose intolerance, deficiency of the lactase enzyme or impaired absorption of glucose and galactose, as well as during pregnancy and lactation.
Side effects are rare: headache, drowsiness, weakness, fatigue, nausea, dry mouth, muscle pain, palpitations.
Antihistamines and pregnancy, lactation
Therapy for allergic diseases in pregnant women is limited, since many drugs are dangerous to the fetus, especially in the first 12-16 weeks of pregnancy.
When prescribing antihistamines to pregnant women, the degree of their teratogenicity should be taken into account. All medicinal substances, in particular antiallergic ones, are divided into 5 groups depending on how dangerous they are to the fetus:
A – special studies have shown that there is no harmful effect of the drug on the fetus;
B – experiments on animals did not reveal any negative effects on the fetus; no special studies were conducted on humans;
C – animal experiments have revealed negative impact medicines for the fetus, but it has not been proven in humans; drugs of this group are prescribed to a pregnant woman only when the expected effect exceeds the risk of its harmful effects;
D – the negative effect of this drug on the human fetus has been proven, but its use is justified in certain situations that threaten the life of the mother, when more safe drugs turned out to be ineffective;
X – the drug is certainly dangerous for the fetus, and its harm exceeds any theoretical one possible benefit for the mother's body. These drugs are absolutely contraindicated in pregnant women.
Systemic antihistamines during pregnancy are used only when the expected benefit exceeds possible risk for the fetus.
None of the drugs in this group are included in category A. Category B includes 1st generation drugs - tavegil, diphenhydramine, peritol; 2nd generation – loratadine, cetirizine. Category C includes Allergodil, Pipolfen.
The drug of choice for the treatment of allergic diseases during pregnancy is cetirizine. Loratadine and fexofenadine are also recommended.
The use of astemizole and terfenadine is unacceptable due to their pronounced arrhythmogenic and embryotoxic effects.
Desloratadine, suprastin, levocetirizine cross the placenta and are therefore strictly contraindicated for use by pregnant women.
Regarding the lactation period, we can say the following... Again, uncontrolled use of these drugs by a nursing mother is unacceptable, since no human studies have been conducted on the extent of their penetration into breast milk. If these medications are needed, the young mother is allowed to take the one that is approved for her child to take (depending on age).
In conclusion, I would like to note that even though this article describes in detail the drugs most commonly used in therapeutic practice and their dosages are indicated, the patient should start taking them only after consulting a doctor!
Which doctor should I contact?
When acute symptoms If you have allergies, you can contact your general practitioner or pediatrician, and then an allergist. If necessary, a consultation with an ophthalmologist, dermatologist, ENT doctor, or pulmonologist is scheduled.
Every year the number of allergic reactions, including dermatitis, is steadily growing, which is associated with deteriorating environmental conditions and “unloading” immune system in conditions of civilization.
Allergy is a reaction of increased sensitivity of the body to a foreign chemical substance - an allergen. It can serve as food products, pet hair, dust, medications, bacteria, viruses, vaccines and much more.
In response to an allergen, the organs and cells of the immune system begin to intensively produce a special substance – histamine. This substance binds to H1 - histamine receptors and causes signs of allergies.
If the provoking factor is removed, the manifestations of the allergy will go away over time, but cells that store the memory of this substance will remain in the blood. The next time you meet him, the allergic reaction may manifest itself with greater force.
How do antihistamines work?
These drugs bind to histamine H1 receptors and block them. Thus, histamine cannot bind to receptors. Allergy symptoms subside: the rash turns pale, swelling and itching of the skin decreases, nasal breathing becomes easier and the symptoms of conjunctivitis decrease.
The first antihistamine medications appeared in the 1930s. As science and medicine developed, a second and then a third generation of antihistamines were created. All three generations are used in medicine. The list of antihistamines is constantly updated. Analogues are produced, new forms of release appear.
Let's look at the most popular drugs, starting with the latest generation.
To be fair, the division into first, second and third generations makes sense, because substances differ in properties and side effects.
The division into the third and fourth generations is very arbitrary, and often carries nothing more than a beautiful marketing slogan.
Sometimes these drugs are classified as both third and fourth generations at the same time. We won’t confuse you even more and will call it all simpler:
Latest generation - metabolites
The most modern leks 
rstva. Distinctive feature this generation is that the drugs are prodrugs. When they enter the body, they are metabolized - activated in the liver. In medicines no sedative effect, also they do not affect the functioning of the heart.
New generation antihistamines are successfully used to treat all types of allergies and allergic types of dermatitis in children and people suffering from cardiovascular diseases. Also, these drugs are prescribed to people whose profession involves increased attention (drivers, surgeons, pilots).
Allegra (Telfast)
The active ingredient is fexofenadine. The medicine not only blocks histamine receptors, but also reduces its production. Used for chronic urticaria and seasonal allergies. The antiallergic effect lasts up to 24 hours after the end of the course of treatment. Not addictive.
Available only in tablet form. Previously, the tablets were called Telfast, now they are Allegra. They are contraindicated for children under 12 years of age, pregnant and lactating women.
Cetirizine
The effect after administration develops within 20 minutes and persists for 3 days after discontinuation of the drug. Used for the treatment and prevention of allergies. Cetirizine does not cause drowsiness or decreased attention. Long-term use is possible. The drug is available in the form of drops (trade names “Zirtec”, “Zodak”), syrup (“Cetrin”, “Zodak”) and tablets.
In children's practice it is used from 6 months in the form of drops, from 1 year in the form of syrup. From 6 years of age, taking tablets is allowed. The dosage is determined by the doctor individually.
Cetirizine is strictly contraindicated for pregnant women. During the period of use, it is advisable to stop breastfeeding.
The medicine is prescribed for the treatment of year-round and seasonal allergies, urticaria and skin itching. The effect occurs 40 minutes after administration. Available in the form of drops and tablets.
In children's practice, drops are used from 2 years of age and tablets from 6 years of age. The dosage is determined by the doctor in accordance with the weight and age of the child.
The drug is contraindicated for pregnant women. Can be taken during breastfeeding.
Desloratadine
Synonyms: Lordestin, Desal, Erius.
The drug has an antihistamine and anti-inflammatory effect. Well eliminates the signs of seasonal allergies and chronic urticaria. When taken in therapeutic doses, dry mouth and headache may occur. Available in the form of syrup and tablets.
It is prescribed to children from 2 years of age in the form of syrup. Tablets are approved for children over 6 years of age.
Desloratadine is contraindicated for pregnant and lactating women. It can be used in life-threatening conditions: Quincke's edema, suffocation (bronchospasm).
3rd generation antihistamines effectively eliminate allergy symptoms. In therapeutic doses they do not cause drowsiness or decreased attention. However, if recommended dosages are exceeded, dizziness, headache, and increased heart rate may occur.
If you have used any of their products, do not forget to leave a review in the comments.
Second generation – non-sedative
Drugs in this group have a pronounced antihistamine effect, which lasts up to 24 hours. This allows you to take them once a day. Medicines do not cause drowsiness or impairment of attention, so they are called non-sedating.
Non-sedative drugs are actively used to treat:
- hives;
- hay fever;
- eczema;
These remedies are also used to relieve severe itching due to chickenpox. There is no addiction to 2nd generation antiallergic drugs. They are quickly absorbed from the digestive tract. They can be taken at any time, even during meals.
Loratadine
The active ingredient is loratadine. The medicine selectively acts on H1 histamine receptors, which allows you to quickly eliminate allergies and reduce the number of side effects:
- anxiety, sleep disorders, depression;
- frequent urination;
- constipation;
- possible attacks of suffocation;
- increase in body weight.
Available in the form of tablets and syrup (trade names “Claritin”, “Lomilan”). The syrup (suspension) is convenient to dose and give to small children. The action develops 1 hour after administration.
In children, Loratadine is used from 2 years of age in the form of a suspension. The dosage is selected by the doctor depending on the body weight and age of the child.
Loratadine is prohibited for use in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. As a last resort, it is prescribed under the strict supervision of a doctor.
Synonym: Ebastine
This drug selectively blocks H1 histamine receptors. Does not cause drowsiness. The effect occurs 1 hour after administration. The antihistamine effect lasts for 48 hours.
Used in children from 12 years of age. Kestin provides toxic effect on the liver, causes rhythm disturbances, reduces heart rate. Contraindicated for pregnant women.
Synonym: Rupatadin
The medicine is used in the treatment of urticaria. After oral administration, it is quickly absorbed. Simultaneous ingestion of food enhances the effect of Rupafin. It is not used in children under 12 years of age or in pregnant women. Use during breastfeeding is only possible under strict medical supervision.
2nd generation antihistamines meet all modern requirements for medicines: high efficiency, safety, long-lasting action, ease of use.
However, it should be remembered that exceeding the therapeutic dosage leads to the opposite effect: drowsiness appears and side effects increase.
First generation - sedatives
Sedatives are called sedatives because they cause a sedative, hypnotic, and consciousness-suppressing effect. Each representative of this group has a sedative effect expressed in to varying degrees.
In addition, the first generation of drugs has a short-term antiallergic effect - from 4 to 8 hours. They may become addictive.
However, the drugs are time-tested and often inexpensive. This explains their popularity.
First generation antihistamines are prescribed to treat allergic reactions, relieve skin itching in infectious rash diseases, and to reduce the risk of post-vaccination complications.
Along with a good antiallergic effect, they cause a number of side effects. To reduce their risk, treatment is prescribed for 7–10 days. Side effects:
- dry mucous membranes, thirst;
- increased heart rate;
- drop in blood pressure;
- nausea, vomiting, stomach discomfort;
- increased appetite.
First generation drugs are not prescribed to people whose activities require increased attention: pilots, drivers, because they can impair attention and muscle tone.
Suprastin
Synonyms: Chloropyramine
Available both in the form of tablets and ampoules. Active ingredient: chloropyramine. One of the most commonly used antiallergic drugs. Suprastin has a pronounced antihistamine effect. Prescribed for the treatment of seasonal and chronic runny nose, urticaria, atopic dermatitis, eczema, Quincke's edema.
Suprastin relieves itching well, including after an insect bite. It is used in the complex treatment of rash diseases accompanied by skin itching and scratching. Available in the form of tablets and injection solutions.
Suprastin is approved for the treatment of infants starting from one month. The dosage is selected individually depending on the age and body weight of the child. These drugs are used in the complex therapy of chickenpox: to relieve skin itching and as a sedative. Suprastin is also included in the lytic mixture (“troika”), which is prescribed at a high and constant temperature.
Suprastin is contraindicated for use during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Tavegil
Synonym: Clemastine
It is used in the same cases as suprastin. The drug has a strong antihistamine effect lasting up to 12 hours. Tavegil does not lower blood pressure, the hypnotic effect is less pronounced than that of Suprastin. The medicine is available in several forms: tablets and injection solution.
Use in children. Tavegil is used from 1 year. The syrup is prescribed to children from 1 year of age, tablets can be used from 6 years of age. The dosage is determined individually depending on the age and body weight of the child. The doctor selects the dose.
Tavegil is prohibited for use during pregnancy.
Synonym: Quifenadine
Fenkarol blocks H-1 histamine receptors and triggers an enzyme that utilizes histamine, so the effect of the drug is more stable and long-lasting. Fenkarol practically does not cause a sedative and hypnotic effect. In addition, there are indications that this medicine has an antiarrhythmic effect. Fenkarol is available in the form of tablets and powder for suspension.
Quifenadine (Fenkarol) is used to treat all types of allergic reactions, especially seasonal allergies. This remedy is included in the complex treatment of parkinsonism. In surgery, it is used as part of drug preparation for anesthesia (premedication). Fenkarol is used to prevent host-foreign reactions (when the body rejects foreign cells) during transfusions of blood components.
In pediatric practice, the drug is prescribed from 1 year of age. For children, the suspension is preferable; it has an orange flavor. If the child refuses to take the syrup, a tablet form may be prescribed. The dosage is determined by the doctor taking into account the weight and age of the child.
Fenkarol is contraindicated in the 1st trimester of pregnancy. In the 2nd and 3rd trimester, its use is possible under medical supervision.
Fenistil
Synonym: Dimetinden
The drug is used to treat all types of allergies, itchy skin with chickenpox, rubella, and the prevention of allergic reactions. Fenistil causes drowsiness only at the beginning of treatment. After a few days, the sedative effect disappears. The medicine has a number of other side effects: dizziness, muscle spasms, dry mouth.
Fenistil is available in the form of tablets, drops for children, gel and emulsion. Gel and emulsion are used externally after insect bites, contact dermatitis, sunburn. There is also a cream, but this is a completely different drug based on a different substance and it is used for “colds on the lips.”
In pediatric practice, Fenistil in the form of drops is used from 1 meat. Drops are prescribed for children under 12 years of age; capsules are allowed for children over 12 years of age. The gel is used in children from birth. The dosage of drops and capsules is selected by the doctor.
Pregnant women are allowed to use the drug in the form of gel and drops from 12 weeks of pregnancy. From the second trimester, Fenistil is prescribed only for life-threatening conditions: Quincke's edema and acute food allergies.
Diazolin
Synonym: Mebhydrolin
The medicine has low antihistamine activity. Diazolin has quite a large number of side effects. When taking it, dizziness, stomach pain, nausea and vomiting, increased heart rate, frequent urination. But at the same time, Diazolin does not cause drowsiness. It is approved for long-term treatment in drivers and pilots.
Available in the form of tablets, powder for suspension and dragees. Duration of antiallergic effect is up to 8 hours. Taken 1-3 times a day.
In children, the medicine is prescribed from 2 years of age. Up to 5 years of age, Diazolin in the form of a suspension is preferable; over 5 years of age, tablets are allowed. The dosage is selected by the doctor individually.
Diazolin is contraindicated in the first trimester of pregnancy.
Despite all the shortcomings, first-generation drugs are widely used in medical practice. They have been well studied and approved for the treatment of children. early age. Medicines are produced in different forms: solutions for injections, suspensions, tablets, which makes their use and selection of individual dosage convenient.
Antihistamines work well against allergic dermatitis, and (in most cases) atopic dermatitis too.
It should be remembered that medications must be taken in a strictly defined dose, according to the instructions. Otherwise, undesirable effects may occur, even (!) an increase in the allergic reaction.
The selection of the medicine and its dose should be carried out by a doctor. Antiallergic treatment, especially for children and pregnant women, should be carried out under strict medical supervision.
10 comments
There are a lot of drugs, something different suits everyone better. Try other drugs from the list, newer ones.
Well, it’s best to consult a doctor, maybe you will be prescribed an injection form.
I have a severe allergy to ragweed (but the list of allergens is not limited to this): my eyes were itchy, runny nose, sneezing. In addition to Avamis (nasal spray), I started taking levocitemeresin. But it doesn’t help me well, because... A severe cough has already begun, especially at night. I didn't sleep at all one night. Now I don’t know what to drink anymore :(
Hello! My daughter (16 years old) has frequent relapses of allergic rhinitis. The last time the doctor prescribed a course of Desal (4 weeks), not even 2 weeks later nasal congestion, fever, and this time severe headaches appeared again. They thought it was low blood pressure. When they took the test, it turned out to be an allergy again. They started taking Dezal again. Tell me, is it possible to use antihistamines so often, and what alternative or better ones would you recommend? effective treatment?
If one drug from at least the second generation does not help, then you need to try another active ingredient. For example, loratadine does not help my child at all. And doctors automatically prescribe it. :(They used cetrin, drank almost the entire package - everything was fine while the weather was damp and cold. As soon as the sun came out and all the alder-birch trees began to bloom, cetrin did not help. It is not clear where the promised effect was for three days after the course of treatment.
We took 2 courses of ASIT - it didn’t help yet, alas. And drugs for ASIT are very, very expensive.
Friends say that acupuncture helps. But it is also very expensive. We need to study the issue.
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All information is presented for educational purposes. Do not self-medicate, it is dangerous! Only a doctor can make an accurate diagnosis.
Registered trade names
| Alerza Allertek Desloratadine canon Diphenhydramine-vial Clallergin Claritin Clemastine-eskom Levocetirizine Sandoz Loratadine Loratadine OBL Lordestin Pipolfen Suprastin Telfadin Fexofast Fenkarol Chloropyramine-escom Cetirizine hexal Cetirizine Teva | Alerpriv Allergodil Allerfex Visin-allergies Desloratadine-teva Diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine-UBF Zodak express Claridol Clarifer Levocetirizine-teva Lomilan solo Loratadine Teva Loratadine-verte Nalorius Primalan Suprastinex Tizin allergies Fenistil Chloropyramine Cetirizine DS Cetirinax | Alerset-L Allergodil S Beksist-sanovel Histaphene Desloratadine Diazolin Diphenhydramine Bufus Diphenhydramine tablets Clarisens Clarotadine Levofloxacin-lexwm Loragexal Loratadine stada Loratadine-hemofarm Parlazin Psilo-balm Fexadine Fenistil 24 Chloropyramine-ferein Cetirizine Cetirizine OBL |
Description of the drug
Antihistamines are used to relieve or prevent symptoms and other types of allergies. They have an effect by preventing action chemical substance histamine produced by the body. Histamine can cause itching, sneezing, runny nose and watery eyes. In some people, histamine causes constriction of the bronchi and difficulty breathing.
Some antihistamines are also used to prevent motion sickness, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. In the case of reducing rigidity and trembling, it can be used diphenhydramine . Diphenhydramine in syrup form is also used to relieve coughs caused by colds or. In addition, since some antihistamines can cause drowsiness as a side effect, some of them can be used as a sleep aid.
Hydroxyzine used to treat neurological and psychiatric diseases as it helps control anxiety. It can also be used to control anxiety and sedation before surgery.
Some antihistamines are used to treat chronic hives, which appear as a persistent rash of blisters.
Antihistamines can also be used to treat other diseases, based on the doctor's recommendations.
Antihistamines are available both prescription and over-the-counter.
Do not give over-the-counter cold medicines to children under 4 years of age. Using these drugs at this age can cause serious and even life-threatening side effects.
Once a drug is approved for a specific medical purpose, experience may show that it is also beneficial for other health problems. Although such cases are not included in the instructions for the medicine, some antihistamines are used, for certain patients, in the following situations:
Stimulates appetite in children and adults ( cyproheptadine)
When, together with other anti-asthmatic drugs, before or during contact with substances that cause a reaction, in order to prevent or weaken bronchospasm - shortness of breath or difficulty breathing ( cetirizine And loratadine)
· Treatment of vascular headache ( cyproheptadine)
The importance of diet
Be sure to tell your doctor if you are on a low-sodium, low-sugar, or other special diet. Many medications contain more than one active ingredient, and many liquid medications contain alcohol.
Antihistamines are sold in the following forms:
· Pills
· Syrup
· Slow-release tablets
· Solution
· Slow-release capsules
· Elixir
Capsules
Liquid
Chewable tablets
· Sustained release suspension
· Suspension
Suppository
Powder for preparing suspension
· Soluble tablets
Liquid capsules
· Film
What do you need to know before use?
When deciding whether to take a drug, you need to weigh the risks and benefits of the drug. This decision is made not only by you, but also by the doctor. For this drug, the following factors should be considered:
Allergic reactions
Tell your doctor if you have had any form of allergic reaction to this drug or to any other drugs. Also be sure to disclose any other allergies, including those to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals. Before taking over-the-counter medications, carefully read the instructions and list of ingredients.
Prescription of the drug for children
The younger the patient, the higher the risk of serious complications such as seizures, the highest risk in children under one year of age. In general, the effect of antihistamines in children is stronger. Children are also more likely to have nightmares, unusual agitation, nervousness, tiredness, or irritability.
Do not give children under 4 years of age any over-the-counter cough and cold medications. In very young children, these medications can cause severe and even life-threatening side effects.
Prescription of the drug for elderly people
Older people are more sensitive to the effects of antihistamines. More often, they experience partial clouding of consciousness, difficulty or pain when urinating, dizziness, drowsiness, lightheadedness, dryness of the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose and throat. Older adults are also more likely to have nightmares, unusual agitation, nervousness, fatigue, or irritability.
Pregnancy
It is not recommended to take during the first months of pregnancy hydroxyzine, since in animal experiments it has been shown that in doses many times higher than the usual dose, it causes developmental defects. Be sure to discuss this point with your doctor.
Effect desloratadine And fexofenadine has not been studied in pregnant women. But animal studies have demonstrated that these drugs cause birth defects or other problems at doses higher than the usual human dose. Before taking these medications, be sure to tell your doctor that you are pregnant or may become pregnant in the near future.
The effect of azatadine, brompheniramine, cetirizine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine , cyproheptadine, dexchlorpheniramine, dimenhydrinate , diphenhydramine , doxylamine And loratadine has not been studied in pregnant women. In animal studies, these drugs did not cause birth defects or other pregnancy-related problems.
Breastfeeding
Small amounts of antihistamines pass into breast milk. Because infants are more prone to developing side effects (such as unusual agitation or irritability), taking antihistamines while breastfeeding is not recommended. In addition, since antihistamines reduce the secretion of various glands, it is assumed that they reduce the production breast milk in some patients. It is not yet known whether they have such an effect cetirizine , desloratadine or loratadine .
Interaction with others medicines
Antihistamines should not be taken at the same time as certain medications; in some other cases, concomitant use is possible, even though they may interact. In such cases, your doctor may change the dose or take other precautions. If you are taking antihistamines, be sure to tell your doctor if you are taking any of the following medications. The most important points are listed below; this list is not exhaustive.
Taking antihistamines with these medications is not recommended. The doctor may refuse to prescribe the drug or select another, more suitable one:
| Azithromycin Amifampridine Aripipazole Atazanavir Buserelin Venlafaxine Vorinostat Gatifloxacin Gonadorelin Dabrafenib Deslorelin Doxepin Dofetilide Ibutilide Imipramine Quetiapine Clomipramine Lapatinib Linezolid Mefloquin Moclobemide Sodium phosphate dibasic Nefazodone Octreotide Pasireotide Pargilin Perfluthrene lipid microspheres Posaconazole Promethazine Ranolazine Ritonavir Selegilin Tamoxifen Terfenadine Tipranavir Trazodone Triptorelin Phenelzine Fluconazole Foscarnet Cisapride Citalopram Escitalopram | Alfuzosin Amprenavir Artemether Bedaquiline Vandetanib Vilanterol Galantamine Gemifloxacin Goserelin Darunavir Delavirdine Dolasetron Dronedaron Ivabradin Indinavir Ketoconazole Clorgyline Levomethadil Lopinavir Methylene blue Mibefradil Moxifloxacin Sodium phosphate monobasic Nialamid Olanzapine Pazopanib Paroxetine Probucol Propaphenone Rasagiline Saquinavir Sertindole Sparfloxacin Telavantzin Tetrabenazine Toloxatone Tranylcypromine Troleandomycin Fingolimod Fluoxetine Fosphenytoin Cyclobenzaprine | Amiodarone Anagrelide Asenapin Bepridil Vardenafil Vinflunine Haloperidol Hydroquinidine Granisetron Degarelix Delamanid Domperidone Droperidol Isocarboxazid Iproniazid Clarithromycin Crizotinib Levofloxacin Lumefantrine Metoclopramide Mizolastine Sodium oxybate Nafarelin Nilotinib Ondansetron Paliperidone Pentamidine Pipamperon Procainamide Protriptyline Rilpivirine Safinamide Solifenacin Sunitinib Telaprevir Tizanidine Tolterodine Trimipramine Famotidine Flecainide Formoterol Furazolidone Chloroquine Cyprasidone Eribulin | Amitriptyline Apomorphine Astemizole Brofaromine Vemurafenib Voriconazole Halofantrine Histrelin Grepafloxacin Desipramine Disopyramide Donepezil Zolmitriptan Iloperidone Itraconazole Clozapine Lazabemide Leuprolide Mesoridazine Metronidazole Mifepristone Sodium phosphate Nelfinavir Norfloxacin Ofloxacin Panobinostat Perphenazine Piperakin Procarbazine Prochlorperazine Risperidone Sevoflurane Sorafenib Tacrolimus Telithromycin Thioridazine Toremifene Arsenic trioxide Felbamate Fluvoxamine Fosaprepitant Hydroxychloroquine Chloropromazine Ciproflox Erythromycin |
Taking antihistamines with the following medications is usually not recommended, but may be possible in some cases. If both drugs are prescribed, your doctor may change the dose or how often you take one or both drugs:
| Adenosine Opium alkaloids Alfuzosin Amobarbital Apomorphine Asenapin Bretilium Buserelin Vasopressin Vilazodone Galazepam Gatifloxacin Hydroxytri Histrelin Granisetron Dantrolene Desvenlafaxine Diacetylmorphine Diphenhydramine Doxylamine Dofetilide Zolpidem Ivabradin Imipramine Carbinoxamine Ketobemidon Clozapine Lapatinib Leuprolide Lomitapide Lorcaserin Meprobamate Metronidazole Mifepristone Nalbuphine Sodium phosphate monobasic Nitrazepam Oxycodone Paliperidone Pentamidine Pirmenol Probucol Propaphenone Prochlorperazine Remifentanil Sevoflurane | Sertraline Sulfametok Tapentadol Temazepam Thioridazine Trazodone Arsenic trioxide Fentanyl Fluconazole Fospropofol Chloral hydrate Ceritinib Eliglustat Eszopiclone Ethchlorovinol Azithromycin Almotriptan Amiodarone Amoxapine Aprinidine Astemizole Bromazepam Buspirone Vandetanib Vinflunine Haloperidol Gemifloxacin Hydroxychloro Golimumab Dabrafenib Degarelix Deslorelin Dibenzepine Diphenoxylate Dolasetron Droperidol Zopiclone Idelalisib Isradipin Quazepam Ketoconazole Clomipramine Crizotinib Levomilnacipran Lidoflazin Lopinavir Lumefantrine | Methadone Mefloquin Moxifloxacin Sodium oxybate Nafarelin Nortriptyline Oxymorphone Ofloxacin Palonosetron Pentobarbital Posaconazole Procainamide Propoxyphene Ramelteon Risperidone Secobarbital Siltuximab Spiramycin Sunitinib Tedisamil Tetrabenazine Tocofersolan Tramadol Triptorelin Fingolimod Fluoxetine Chlordiazeposkid Cyprasidone Enkainid Esquitalopram Alprazolam Amisulpride Anagrelide Aripiprazole Acecainidin Buprenorphine Butabarbital Vardenafil Voriconazole Hydrocodone Hydromorphone Gonadorelin Dasatinib Dexmedetonidine Josamycin | Dihydrocodeine Difenoxin Domperidone Zaleplon Isoflurane Camphor tincture of opium Quetiapine Clarithromycin Clonazepam Lacosamide Levorphanol Linezolid Lorazepam Meclizine Methotrimepra Midazolam Sodium phosphate Nicomorphine Norfloxacin Octreotide Pasireotide Panobinostat Perflutren, liposomal microspheres Prazepam Procarbazine Propofol Ranolazine Roxithromycin Secukinumab Simeprevir Suvorexant Sufentanil Telavantzin Tizanidine Topiramate Triazolam Trifluoperazine Flecainidin Flurazepam Chloroquine Ciproflox Enflurane Estazolam |
Other interactions
Some drugs can interact with certain foods, so it is not recommended to use them together; it is better to abstain from these products for the entire period of taking the drug. Alcohol and tobacco can also interact with medications. Talk to your doctor about whether you should take precautions when consuming certain foods, alcohol, or tobacco.
Concomitant use of antihistamines and the following products or substances is not recommended, but in some cases is unavoidable. If you have to use them together, your doctor may change the dosage or how often you take it, or give other instructions:
· Ethyl alcohol
Grapefruit juice
Health restrictions
Your other medical conditions may also affect your use of antihistamines. Be sure to tell your doctor if you have any other medical conditions, especially one of the following:
Antihistamines may worsen urinary problems due to the following conditions:
·
Narrowing or blockage urinary tract or difficulty urinating
Antihistamines may slightly increase the pressure inside the eyeballs, which can worsen the condition of the following diseases:
·
These diseases slow down the elimination of desloratadine, so its effect may be enhanced by:
Liver diseases
· Kidney diseases
Application
When taken orally:
· Antihistamines can be taken with food or with a glass of water or milk to reduce stomach irritation
· If you are taking extended-release tablets, swallow the tablets whole. Do not break, crush or chew the tablets before swallowing.
