Secondary parts of speech in Russian. What are the minor members of a sentence? Definition, addition, circumstance

Members of the sentence that are in subordinating connection with the main members or among themselves and serving to clarify, clarify, and supplement the meanings of the dominant words.

Ranks of minor members:

1) definition, a type of which is an application,

2) addition

3) circumstances

This classification, which is generally suitable for syntactic parsing by sentence members, in in some cases may turn out to be overly schematic, since it does not take into account the possibility of transitional phenomena in the area of ​​minor members and the combination of meanings of different syntactic categories ( cm. adverbial addition, adverbial definition, attributive addition).

The question of minor members of a sentence has been and is being resolved differently in Russian grammatical science. Some researchers denied the legitimacy of including the theory of minor members in the field of grammar, noting the predominance in this theory of logical-semantic concepts over grammatical ones and pointing out that in order to clarify the relationships between the members of a sentence, one can limit oneself to establishing the nature of the syntactic connection between words in a sentence (coordination, control, adjacency) . Other scientists included the theory of minor members in grammar, but their classification was based on on different grounds: minor members were distinguished either by meaning or by the type of syntactic connection with other words. This is how two directions were formed in the study of minor members of a sentence: logical (classification by meaning) and formal-grammatical (classification by type of syntactic connection).

The beginning of the logical direction was laid by A. Kh. Vostokov, who in his “Russian Grammar” (1831) identified “definitive” and “additional” words in a sentence (members of the sentence, which in modern grammar are considered as circumstances, were included in the category definitions). Vostokov’s point of view received support from N. I. Grech and I. I. Davydov.

A detailed doctrine of the minor members of a sentence, which in its main features has been used to a greater or lesser extent in the practice of teaching the Russian language for over a hundred years, is found in the “Historical Grammar of the Russian Language” by F. I. Buslaev. He considers secondary members in two ways: 1) by syntactic use and 2) by meaning. In the first classification, definitions (consistent words), additions (controllable words) and circumstances (inconsistent and uncontrollable words, in modern terminology - adjacent) are distinguished. In the second classification, the definition may be a controlled word (modern inconsistent definition), circumstance-controlled word (prepositional-case combination), etc., which led to an internal contradiction in the logical-grammatical system of minor members created by Buslaev.

A. A. Potebnya, who gave a detailed criticism of Buslaev’s theory, built his system of minor members of a sentence on their full correspondence with parts of speech: the complement is expressed by a noun in the indirect case, the definition is expressed by an adjective (also pronominal adjective, ordinal number, participle), circumstance - adverb. These statements laid the foundation for the formal-grammatical direction in the doctrine of minor members, which received further development in the works of D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, A. M. Peshkovsky, A. A. Shakhmatov and others. The concept of morphologized members of a sentence, embedded in Pstebnya’s teaching, has found wide application in theoretical research.

D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky introduced an important proposition for the theory of minor terms about the possibility of transitional phenomena among them.

F. F. Fortunatov, the largest representative of the formal trend in linguistics, considered the method of expressing the syntactic dependence of words (coordination, control, adjacency) to be a criterion for identifying secondary members.

In the practice of modern teaching, the use of a logical classification of minor members, built taking into account both grammatical and lexical meanings subordinate and subordinating words and syntactic connections between them.

Dictionary-reference book linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what “minor members of a sentence” are in other dictionaries:

SECONDARY oh, oh; enen, enna. Dictionary Ozhegova. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Word forms that extend the grammatical basis of a sentence by joining its main members. Secondary members of the sentence designate minor participants in the event (addition), their characteristics (definition and application) and place, time, ... ... Literary encyclopedia

Secondary members of the sentence- see Members of the sentence... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

minor members of the sentence- Distributors of predicative stems. V.ch. - a concept associated not with the content of the sentence, but with its grammatical side. V.ch. may be communicatively more significant than the main ones: All this will take place tomorrow. Syntactic essence of V.ch.... ...

minor members of the sentence- Distributors of predicative stems. V.ch. - a concept associated not with the content of the sentence, but with its grammatical aspect. V.ch. may be communicatively more significant than the main ones: All this will take place tomorrow. Syntactic essence of V.ch ...

Modern encyclopedia

Members of the sentence- SENTENCE MEMBERS, sentence components connected by syntactic relationships significant words and phrases considered from the point of view of their role in the sentence. Functional words, addresses, introductory words are not members of the sentence... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Significant words and groups of words connected by syntactic relationships, considered from the point of view of their role in the sentence. Functional words, addresses, introductory words and some others are not members of the sentence. The main members of the sentence... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

secondary members morphologized- Secondary members of the sentence, represented by such parts of speech, such word forms, grammatical meaning which is adequate to the categorical meaning of the member of the sentence... Syntax: Dictionary

Books

• Russian language. 8th grade. Progress monitoring. Textbook, Drabkina S.V., Subbotin D.I.. This manual is practical work in Russian for 8th grade. Nine test papers, each with two options, are proposed on the following topics:...

What question do the secondary members of the sentence answer and how are they emphasized?

• Secondary members of the sentence: 1.Definition. Answers the questions which? which? whose?. The sentence is emphasized with a wavy line. 2.Addition. Answers questions about the indirect cases of nouns: whom, what? to whom, to what? who, what? by whom, by what? about whom, about what? It is underlined with a dotted line. _ _ _ _3. Circumstance. Answers questions like? how? Where? Where? where? When? Why? why? For what? for what purpose?... The dot dash_._._._ is emphasized.
• definition (which?, which? ..-wavy line, addition - (by whom, what, to whom?, -dotted line, circumstance (where, when?, -dot, dash.
• Supplement - a minor member of a sentence that denotes the subject and relates to the predicate or other members of the sentence. Additions answer questions of indirect cases and are expressed by indirect cases of nouns and pronouns, for example: The old man was catching (what?) fish with a seine (what?). (A. Pushkin.) Additions can also be expressed by words of other parts of speech in the meaning of a noun in the indirect case, for example: Old Taras thought (about what?) about a long time ago. (N. Gogol.) Tomorrow will not be like (what?) today. Nine is divisible by (what?) three. The indefinite form of the verb can also act as an object, for example: Everyone asked her (about what?) to sing. (M. Lermontov.)
  Definition - a minor member of a sentence that denotes a feature of an object and explains the subject, object and other members of the sentence expressed by nouns. Definitions answer the questions: what? whose? Relating to nouns, definitions as dependent words are associated with them either by the method of agreement - agreed definitions, or by other means (control, adjacency) - inconsistent definitions, for example: (how am I?) The attic staircase was very steep ( agreed definition). - The staircase (how am I?) to the attic was very steep (inconsistent definition). An application is a definition expressed by a noun and agreed with the word being defined in the case, for example: A golden cloud spent the night on the chest of a giant rock. (M. Lermontov.)
  A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence that explains a word with the meaning of an action or attribute. The circumstances explain the predicate or other members of the sentence. According to their meanings, circumstances are divided into the following main groups: mode of action (how? in what way?): The cuckoo was ringing/cuckooing in the distance. (N. Nekrasov.) ; degree (how? to what extent and?): She changed to the point of familiarity; places (where? where? where from?): Corncrakes were screaming all around. (F. Tyutchev) ; time (when? how long? since when? proof?): Yesterday I arrived in Pyatigorsk. (M. Lermontov.) ; conditions (under what conditions and?): With_ diligence you can achieve great success; reasons (why? why?): In the heat of the moment, he did not feel pain; goals (why? for what?): Alexey Meresyev was sent to Moscow for treatment. (B. Polevoy.) The circumstance of the goal can be expressed in the indefinite form of the verb, for example: I came (why?) to visit you.
• Definition, underlined by a wavy line. Answers the question: Which one?
  The addition is underlined by a dotted line _ _ _ _ _. Answers the question: What? Whose? etc
  The circumstance is emphasized by _._._._. Answers the question: Where? When? Etc.
• Definition (which, which, which, underscore with a wavy line)
  Complementing answers to questions with cases (by whom, with what, etc. underline ———)
  Circumstance place (where, where...) dot dash
• An addition is a minor member of a sentence, which denotes the object with which the action is connected and answers questions about indirect cases (except for the nominative case). The complement depends on the predicate and other members of the sentence. It is most often expressed by a noun, pronoun, as well as words of other parts of speech in the meaning of a noun in indirect cases. A complement can be expressed as a syntactically indivisible phrase.
  For example: The girl admired (what?) the pansies.
  Additions can be direct or indirect.
  Direct objects belong to transitive verbs and denote the object to which the action is directed. They express themselves accusative case without pretext. All other additions are indirect.
  For example: An old man was catching fish with a seine.

  A definition is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a feature of the subject and explains the subject, complement and other members of the sentence. Mainly depends on the subject. Definitions answer the questions: which one? whose? Most often they are expressed by adjectives, participles, and nouns with and without a preposition.
  For example: We entered (what?) pine forest.

  A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence, which denotes the circumstances under which the action occurs (time, place, condition, etc.).
  The circumstances explain the predicate or other members of the sentence. Expressed as a noun with a preposition or adverb, answer the questions when? How long? since when? until when? under what condition?
  For example: One day we went on a hike.
  There was a breath of coolness from the lake.

Any sentence in the Russian language can be divided into component parts, which in science are called “members of the sentence.” Among them, major and minor ones are distinguished. Without the main ones, most of the sentences cannot exist; they form its basis, and the secondary ones make the text more informative and rich. What are the main and minor members? offers?

Main

The subject and predicate in a sentence are its main members.

• Subject means the thing that does the action. Questions that will help you detect it when parsing- this is "who?" (if the action is performed by an animate object) or “what?” (if the sentence talks about a phenomenon or an inanimate object).
• The predicate is most often expressed by a verb and means the action that the subject performs. Questions to determine - “what does it do, what will it do?”

Here's an example: Good mood helped boys overcome difficulties. The question “what” in our example is answered by the word “mood”; it is the subject and during analysis is emphasized by one feature. To find the predicate, we ask the question: “What did the mood do?” It helped. This word is the predicate, expressed by a verb, emphasized by two features. As a result, the sentence with the found main members looks like this: A good (what?) mood (underlined by a solid line) (what did?) helped (underlined by two solid horizontal stripes) the boys to overcome difficulties.

How to find out subject and predicate during parsing

To avoid making a mistake when figuring out what is the subject and what is the predicate, you should use a hint table.

First of all, you should find the actor by asking the question: “Who? What?”, this will be the subject. Next they look for the predicate.

Video on the topic

Minor

To analyze a proposal by members, you should be able to find circumstances, definitions and additions. They are the secondary members, the purpose of which is to specify and clarify the main ones (or other minor ones). How to find them?

• Definition. Questions that will help to detect it in a sentence - “which”, “whose”.
• Addition. Most often he is asked questions of indirect cases: “to whom (what)”, “with whom (with what)”, “about whom (about what)” and others. That is, questions of all cases, in addition to the nominative.
• Circumstance. It can be found by asking questions of adverbs or gerunds: “from”, “where”, “why”, “how”, “where” and the like.

Let's give an example. Let's find the main and minor terms. offers:

The little boy hurriedly walked along the path.

If you want to break down the proposal by members, it will look like this:

(what, definition) The little (who, subject) boy (how, circumstance) hurriedly (what he did, predicate) walked (by what, object) along the path.

Each major and minor member. The sentence answers its own question, carries a certain load and plays its own role in the sentence.

How to recognize

To avoid mistakes when identifying additions, definitions and circumstances, you can use this summary table-help.

To identify which member of the sentence is in front of us, we must first ask a question.

Additional tips

To find the main members of a sentence, you must follow the rules. The subject and predicate are not a phrase, they are already a sentence, albeit a very short one. The main members are independent of each other.

Syntactic analysis should begin with identifying the subject, then it becomes clear what the predicate is and how it is expressed. Then you should identify the subject group using questions, and only after that - the predicate group. Each minor member is dependent:

• from one of the main ones;
• from one of the minor ones.

One sentence can have several main and minor parts. offers. If there are several stems, then the sentence is complex - compound or complex. If there are several definitions, additions, circumstances, but the basis is the same, then the sentence is simple common.

You can often come across calls, for example: Katya, go do your homework. Despite the fact that the address “Katya” resembles the subject, it is not member of the proposal and is designated as an appeal.

Complex cases

Not all main and minor parts of a sentence look obvious. Complex but interesting cases are varied:

• In a one-part sentence there is only one main member. It was getting dark(this is a predicate, the sentence is impersonal). Today we were informed(predicate, indefinite personal sentence), that the exam has been cancelled.
• The predicate may include an adjective: The weather was rainy. In this example, the combination “it was rainy” is a compound nominal predicate.
• The predicate can include several verbs: Today Vasya started studying.“I started studying” is a compound verb predicate.

Main and secondary members. sentences must be highlighted correctly when parsing a sentence.

When studying Russian in school curriculum include topics related to the consideration of different parts of speech from which a sentence is built. When writing, each of them is highlighted with a special underline. In the process of analyzing a sentence, the teacher clarifies the location of its components and explains how they are emphasized.

According to the rules of the Russian language, a regular sentence consists of 2 types of members:

• the main ones are the subject and the predicate;
• secondary - definition, circumstance, addition.

Main members of the proposal

The subject in a text is usually expressed by a noun, and the predicate by a verb. Both of these members highlighted by straight lines. To clearly show how the subject is emphasized and how the predicate is emphasized, here is an example:

Piratehunted for treasures.

In this simple sentence, the main subject is the word “pirate,” which we underline with a single horizontal line.

The action that the subject performs is the word “hunted” and is highlighted by two parallel horizontal lines.

• communion;
• adverb;
• pronoun;
• nominal noun.

In such cases, you need to remember that the main members express the subject of the action and the action itself.

Types of offers

1. There are 2 types of sentences in Russian:

• simple - two-part and one-part;
• complex - with several main members.

In a one-part version, either a subject or a predicate may be present.

Secondary members of the sentence

Among the non-main parts of the sentence in the text are:

• Definition - highlighted by a wavy line. Clarified by the questions: whose? whose? which? which?.

The text expresses:

• adjective;
• infinitive;
• adverb;
• a noun in the non-nominative case.

For clarity, we give examples showing how the definition expressed in different parts speech.

Adjective:

Brightmorning.

where the word “bright” is a sign of the subject “morning”.

Infinitive:

Every ruler had the character trait to subjugate.

where the word “subordinate” is a sign of the subject “trait”.

Adverb:

The daughter sat quietly in the room.

where the word “quietly” describes the predicate “sat.”

Noun:

The house with a mezzanine was Chekhov's final resting place.

where the word “with a mezzanine” is the definition of the subject “house”.

The text expresses:

• indirect noun;
• adverb;
• participial phrase.

As examples, we will give phrases where we will show how the circumstance represented by the above parts of speech is emphasized.

Indirect noun:

He was an important person in the north.

where the words “in the north” denote a circumstance.

You need to know: what it is, examples of it in the literature.

Adverb:

The car went to the left so as not to roll over.

where the word "to the left" is an adverbial adverb.

Participial phrase:

Waiting for the holiday, she invited all her relatives.

where the phrase “expecting a holiday” is a circumstance.

• Addition - highlighted on the letter with a dash-dotted line. Determined by questions of indirect cases: T., P. D. In., R.

Divided into 2 types:

• direct - the subject acts directly, for example, making a dream come true; ate porridge; wrap a gift.
• indirect - the subject acts through someone or something, for example, ordered tea to be served; soul conqueror; parallel to the house.

The text expresses:

• noun;
• pronoun.

As examples, we give sentences showing how the addition expressed by the previously indicated parts of speech is emphasized.

Noun:

Everyone decorates the house with garlands for Christmas.

where the word "garlands" denotes an addition.

Pronoun:

The princess knew him like no one else.

where the word “his” is an addition.

Important! Due to the fact that some parts of speech can denote different parts of a sentence, it is necessary to ask marker questions.

For example, in order to understand how a pronoun or numeral is emphasized, it is necessary to clarify which member of the sentence it is.

To summarize, we note that the above examples not only clearly demonstrate how the adjective and other members of the sentence are emphasized, but also provide material for compiling a table, which in the future may become a “crutch” for memory.

42. Minor members of a sentence are members of a sentence that depend on the main members of the sentence or on other minor members, and clarify, clarify or supplement the dominant words. Grammatical categories of minor members:

• definition (and application as type of definition),
• addition,
• circumstance.

42.1. A definition is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign, quality or property of an object and answers the questions: what? whose?

Types of definitions:

• agreed rpirepeniv (consistent with the defined word in number, case, in singular- and in kind; expressed by adjective, pronoun-adjective, participle, ordinal number): The washed floors are not yet dry. stood on the foot beautiful vase. I live on the fifth floor. The second aria from this opera was performed.
• inconsistent definition (connected with the main word by the method of control or adjacency, the connection is devoid of formally expressed agreement; expressed by nouns in indirect cases, personal pronouns, adjectives in comparative degree, adverbs, infinitives, indecomposable phrases): The delegation is expected to arrive today. I really liked her plaid dress. He didn't keep his promise to come.

42.2. An application is a type of definition that is expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in the case (hero city, rose flower).

A special type of application - inconsistent applications. This:

• names of works of literature, press organs, ships, factories, factories, etc.: the novel “Crime and Punishment”, near the Rossiya Hotel;
• nicknames: about Vsevolod the Big Nest.

Single applications and defined words are written:

Hyphenated if

1. the application is expressed by a common noun (design engineer);
2. the application is expressed by a proper noun or geographical name and stands before the main word, which denotes a generic concept (Ivan Tsarevich, Moscow River).

Separately if

1. the application is expressed by a proper name or geographical name and comes after the main word, which denotes a generic concept (Tsarevich Ivan, the Moscow River);
2. the application that stands before the word being defined can be equated in meaning to the adjective definition (coward hare - cowardly hare);
3. in combination of two common noun the first denotes a generic concept, and the second a specific concept (rose flower);
4. the first elements in the phrase are the words comrade, master, citizen, our brother (=me and others like me): citizen policeman, our brother student.

42.3. A complement is a minor member of a sentence that denotes an object; we explain the word on which it depends and answers the questions of indirect cases.

Types of add-ons:

• direct object (expressed in the form nominative case without a preposition for transitive verbs and words of the state category and the genitive case for transitive verbs with negation or if the action that expresses transitive verb, is not aimed at the entire subject, but only at part of it): write a letter, hurt your leg, ignore nonsense, drink milk;
• indirect object (all other objects): message about the tragedy, keg of beer, director of the plant.

42.4. A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence that explains a word with the meaning of an action or attribute and denotes how or under what circumstances the action is performed. Circumstances are expressed by adverbs, gerunds, nouns in oblique cases (with and without preposition), infinitives, adverbial phraseological units.

Types of circumstances:

• circumstance of time (indicates the temporary indicators of the action being performed): come early, work from morning to evening;
• adverb of place (indicates the place of action or direction of movement): wake up in a room, move forward;
• circumstance of measure and degree (denotes a measure of space, time, quantity or degree of quality): repeat three times, weighing sixty-three kilograms, run three hundred meters:
• circumstance of the manner of action (indicates the manner of performing the action): laugh loudly, walk quickly;
• circumstance of reason (indicates the reason for the action): turning blue from the cold, not coming due to illness;
• circumstance of the goal (indicates the purpose of the action): go on vacation;
• circumstance of condition (indicates a condition that must be met to complete the action): do not go out of town in case of snowfall;
• circumstance of concession (indicates the condition contrary to which the action is performed): to happen contrary to forecasts, to go despite warnings.

42.5. Two-part and one-part sentences. By composition simple sentences are divided into:

• one-part (with one main member of the sentence),
• two-part (the sentence has both a subject and a predicate).

One-part sentences are sentences represented by one grammatical structure: either a subject or a predicate.