An appendix is, in a sense, an addition to a noun that gives “explanatory meaning.” The application acts as an explanation of the noun. There is also a second definition: Application is some kind of definition.
Let's look at an example application:
A golden cloud spent the night on the chest of a giant rock
Applications stand for
1) The application indicates the characteristics of a subject, someone’s nationality, speaks about the person’s environment of activity (Italian teacher, romantic writer, old grandmother, Syrian students);
2) Properties or qualities of living beings (Volodya the Big Nest, Moroz - the governor, fishing gulls);
3) Figurative characteristics of persons and objects
(applications-epithets) (cliff-giant, fate-villain, mischievous winter, Lake Baikal);
4) Geographical names (Volga River, Oreshek fortress, city Saint Petersburg, City of Moscow);
5) Names of flowers, trees, animals, etc. (birch tree, hare hare, violet flower, Cross spider);
6) Conventional names of objects (shop "Television", magazine "Practice and Theory", film "Night Fear");
7) Nicknames (Ivan the Terrible, Tsvetik Semitsvetik, dog Sharik, Stoletnik);
8) Names and nicknames of some animals and people (the bear Misha, the dog Bobik, a citizen nicknamed Kamashnya).
Where can the application be located?
A) Common and single applications, which often refer to a personal pronoun, regardless of where in the sentence they are:
Poor thing, she lay quietly, and her breathing could be heard almost imperceptibly.(M. Lermontov)
(The application here is the word Poor thing)
B) Common applications that appear either after the word being defined or before it, if it is common noun:
And the raven, a smart bird, flew in, sat on a tree near the fire and warmed itself.(N. Nekrasov)
(The application here is a smart bird)
An unluckily faithful sister.
(Appendix misfortune faithful sister)
Hope in a gloomy dungeon will awaken cheerfulness and fun(A. Pushkin)
C) Common and single applications that appear after the proper name.
A.S. Pushkin, the “slave of honor,” was mortally wounded in a duel in January 1837
(Attachment here is slave of honor)
D) Applications in which there is a conjunction like, if they also have causal meaning(if as = as quality, then applications are not separated)
Artyom, as the best skier of the school, won the competition.
(Here the application is as the best skier, and it is separated because it cannot be replaced as the best skier)
Artyom is known at school as the best skier.(=as the best skier).
Because here we can replace it with a combination as the best skier, then this application is not isolated.
Hyphen and appendix
Remember: A single application, expressed by a noun (common noun) and relating to a noun (common noun), is then written with a hyphen.
For example: The clock ticks monotonously.
Sometimes a common noun, merging with a proper name into one complex whole, is also written with a hyphen: For example: Volga river(but: Volga River), Ivan Tsarevich, Volga mother.
Application - this is a definition expressed by a noun in the same case as the word being defined. When characterizing an object, the application gives it a different name and asserts the presence of any additional characteristic. Applications can refer to any member of a sentence expressed by a noun, personal pronoun, substantivized participle and adjectives, as well as numerals. For example: This is how Mikhail Vlasov lived, locksmith, hairy, sullen, with small eyes (M.G.); It was herPeterhof stranger (Paust.); The first, the eldest of all, Fede, you would give fourteen years (T.); Mother and father were traveling from Siverskaya station, and we children, drove out to meet them (Eb.).
Applications can characterize the subject in relation to age, kinship, profession, specialty, occupation, national and social affiliation, etc.: Us, workers, need to study(M.G.); Here is our Zoechka, waitress in the dining room (Gran.); And he gave the money to save the mermaid’s things daughters my (P.); During the war, a concrete worker became a sapper soldier (B. Pol.); may be the name of an item: And the steamer "Turgenev" was already considered, even at that time, a vessel that was quite outdated (Cat.); can serve as a designation of quality, properties of an object: And the fisherman, and hard worker scientist, painter, and poet (Tward.); And our diver-strongman in five - took seven minutes to walk several steps on the ground with difficulty (Paust.).
Applications can be expressed by nouns that, in context, have lost their specific meaning and turned into demonstrative words (man, people, people, woman, business etc.). They must have explanatory words that contain the characteristics of the item. For example: Sometimes Nikolai Ivanovich came from the city instead of Natasha, a man with glasses, with a small light beard, a native of some distant province (M.G.); Engineer Kucherov sometimes drove through the village in a racing droshky or in a wheelchair. - bridge builder, plump, broad-shouldered, bearded man in a soft rumpled cap (Ch.).
When combining a proper noun (person's name) and a common noun, the common noun is usually used as an appendix: In half an hour graph Kosice and cornet Sevsky were already standing at the entrance to the house where Sosnovskaya lived (Boon.); It seemed to her that Rybin to an elderly person, It’s also unpleasant and offensive to listen to Paul’s speeches (M.G.). However, if it is necessary to clarify a person, to specify it, a proper name with a common noun can be used as an appendix. In this case, the sign of the face is of primary importance. For example: The rest of the brothers Martin AndProkhor, similar to Alexey to the smallest detail (Shol.).
Proper names - names used in a figurative sense (in writing enclosed in quotation marks) are always applications and are in the form nominative case, regardless case form defined word. For example: Among the seven hundred sailors who disembarked from the battleship "Potemkin" to the Romanian coast, there was Rodion Zhukov (Cat.); During tanker testing"Leningrad" shipbuilders launched another similar vessel - "Klaipeda".
There is also a lack of agreement among applications that are nicknames: At Vladimir's Red Sun, as well as for toponym applications: At the station Pushkino; On the lake Baikal.
The application can join the defined word using explanatory conjunctions that is, namely, or, as etc.: The steppe, that is, a treeless and undulating endless plain, surrounded us (Ax); Klavicek, as a baker by profession, was sent as a controller to the supply department (N. Ostr); This small courtyard, or chicken coop, was blocked by a board fence (G.); using words for example, by name, by nickname, by surname, by nickname, by profession, by title and similar: The dear chef Ivan Ivanovich, nicknamed Bear, is in charge of the kitchen. (M.G.); ... I had to become a footman for a St. Petersburg official named Orlov. (Ch.).
Applications can be common, they can be homogeneous: On my mother's side I only had one close relative - her only surviving brother Vasily Ivanovich Rukovishnikov (Nab,); But then a real savior appears, our coachman Zakhar, a tall man scarred by smallpox, a man with a black mustache, similar to Peter the Great, an eccentric, a lover of jokes, dressed in a sheepskin coat, with mittens tucked behind a red sash (Eb.).
Combinations of applications with defined words are delimited from some combinations of similar form , the components of which are not connected by attribute relations. These include the following paired combinations: combinations of synonyms (stitches-paths, grass-ant, clan-tribe, time-to-time, mind-mind, wedding-marriage, chic-shine); combinations of antonyms (export-import, purchase-sale, questions-answers, income-expense); combinations of words by association (first name and patronymic, grandfathers and great-grandfathers, viburnum-raspberries, bread and salt, mushrooms and berries, songs and dances).
In addition, components of some types are not applications (although they resemble them in the form of communication) difficult words: a) compound words that are terms (sofa-bed, crane-beam, novel-newspaper, museum-apartment, hut-reading room), b) complex words, parts of which are evaluative words (firebird, good boy, boy-woman, would-be leader, miracle fish).
12. The concept of a minor member of a sentence. Basis for the classification of minor members. The concept of definition, additions, circumstances, semantic categories of circumstances. Methods for distinguishing minor members.
The question of minor members of a sentence in the history of Russian grammar has different solutions. There are two main directions in the study of minor members of a sentence: consideration of minor members, firstly, by meaning and, secondly, by the type of syntactic connection with other words. In both cases, definitions, additions and circumstances are singled out as secondary members, but the grounds for such selection are different, and therefore the same member of the sentence is defined differently in different approaches to classification. For example: in the phrase father's house word father is a definition if it is considered by the meaning or function it performs in relation to the word house, and an addition if only the character is taken into account syntactic connection with the word house (type of communication - control).
These two directions in the doctrine of minor members of a sentence are called formal (classification according to the nature of the syntactic connection) and logical (classification by meaning).
The beginning of the logical direction in the doctrine of minor members of a sentence was laid in the works of A. Kh. Vostokov and N. I. Grech. They coin the terms “addition” and “definition”. The members of a sentence, which in modern grammar are defined as circumstances, were included by them in the category of definitions.
the concept of a minor member of a sentence is a complex of all possible ways of expressing any meaning of the dependent component in a phrase. Ways of expressing meaning are basic, leading - morphologized, and non-basic - non-morphologized.
Morphologized minor members are expressed by parts of speech that are morphologically adapted to convey a specific meaning. Thus, adjectives are adapted to express attributive meanings, nouns are adapted to convey objective meanings, adverbial meanings are expressed by adverbs, etc. Non-morphologized minor members are expressed by parts of speech that are morphologically adapted to convey other meanings. Thus, GOLDEN RING is a morphologized definition, and RING OF GOLD is non-morphologized (since it is expressed by a noun, adapted to reflect object meanings).
Traditionally, there are 3 categories of minor members of a sentence: addition, definition and circumstance.
1. Addition is minor member sentences with an objective meaning: it denotes the object to which the action or attribute is transferred, or the object through which the action is performed.
A morphologized object is a noun in oblique cases with or without prepositions, as well as substantivized parts of speech. Eg: reading a BOOK (noun); talked about THIS (local); retell what you read (adv.); I saw THREE (number).
The non-morphologized addition is expressed by the infinitive: I advise you to READ, I ask you to COME; I was ordered to FULFILL your request (P.).
The supplement may depend on:
1) verbs and verb forms. For example: DRINKING tea, TALKING about a friend, PREPARED for a competition, READING a book, READING with friends;
2) adjectives. For example: EXPERIENCED in business, DEAR to me, READY for the exam, FASTER than a bird, THE BEST of the students, LOOKING like a mother;
4) procedural nouns (see the topic “Object relations in phrases”): RECEIVING goods, WRITING a play.
The most typical are verb complements.
Among morphologized additions, direct and indirect additions are distinguished.
The direct object denotes the object to which the action is directly directed, and is expressed by a noun in V.p. without a preposition with transitive verbs and some words of the state category. For example: I’m reading a BOOK, I met a FRIEND, I see a CITY; It hurts my ARM, I feel sorry for my SON. Real nouns with transitive verbs can be in the genitive case without a preposition. For example: drink TEA, buy SUGAR, pour MILK. With transitive verbs with negation, the direct object can also appear in R.p. without pretext. For example: I didn’t see the MOVIE, I didn’t write down the PHONE.
The indirect object is expressed by nouns in other cases and has a more complex objective meaning. For example: helped MOM (object - recipient), wrote with a PENCIL (object - tool), bought for SON (object - beneficiary), be proud of SON (object - intermediary), etc.
The addition is included in the sentence based on the syntactic connection of control (less often - adjacency) and on the basis of object syntactic relations.
2. Definition - a minor member of a sentence with an attributive meaning, denoting the quality or distinctive features of objects.
A morphologized definition is a consistent definition, i.e. definition formed on the basis of the coordination connection:
1) adjective: GOOD weather, OLD magazines;
2) participles: SPEAKING parrot, READ books;
3) adjective pronouns: MY cat, OUR children, THIS house, EVERY person, SOME students;
4) ordinal numbers: FIRST grade, IN THE THIRD row;
5) cardinal numbers in oblique cases: ABOUT TWO comrades, in FIVE houses, IN BOTH hands.
Non-morphologized definitions are inconsistent definitions, among which there are 2 types: controlled and adjacent.
Controlled definitions are formed on the basis of the control connection and are expressed by nouns:
1) indicating that something belongs to someone, a part to the whole. For example: SISTER's bag, CAT's bowl, CIRCLE member, INSTITUTE students, CHESS PLAYERS' club;
2) characterizing the object in various details. For example: a boat WITH A SAIL, a girl WITH A SCYTHE, a man IN A HAT, chintz WITH POKADS, morning WITHOUT RAIN;
3) specifying, narrowing the concept. For example: PHYSICS teacher, Minister of EDUCATION, COMPUTER SCIENCE specialist, era of CLASSICISM;
4) characterizing an object by likening it to another object. For example: hairstyle like a HEDGEHOG, nose like a POTATO, beard like a WEDGE (this is the so-called Creative comparison);
5) indicating the material from which the item is made. For example: a frying pan made of ALUMINUM, a shirt made of cotton, a brooch made of GOLD;
6) indicating the purpose. For example: SUN cream, mascara, ointment FOR SKIS, flowers FOR MOM;
7) giving a qualitative description of the subject (usually in phrases). For example: a person of RARE KINDNESS (=very kind); goods FIRST GRADE (=first-class); MP of LEFT BELIEF, HIGH GREAT man;
8) characterizing the subject in terms of spatial location (if they are closely adjacent to the word being defined). Eg: The house ON THE MOUNTAIN was clearly visible.
Adjacent definitions are formed on the basis of the connection of adjacency and attributive relations and are expressed:
1) unchangeable adjectives: coat BEIGE, scarf BORDEAUX;
2) adverbs expressing the qualitative characteristics of an object: horseback ride, conversation in ENGLISH, soft-boiled eggs;
Less commonly used are adverbs that characterize an object by its location: neighbor on the LEFT, house OPPOSITE;
3) comparative degree of adjectives: the girl is SIMPLE, the boy is LOWER;
4) infinitive: the art of TELLING, the gift of PRESENTING, the need to CONVINCE.
A variation of the definition is application.
An application is a definition expressed by an agreed noun (less often a pronoun) and representing the second name of the subject. For example: student-philologist, fat man-doctor, sorceress-winter, CAPTAIN Ivanov, planet MARS, cat VASKA; Her father, IVAN SERGEEVICH, was a geologist.
The connection between the application and the defined word is a mutual agreement based on appositive relations, since the subordination of the application is not formally expressed. In this regard, difficulties arise in determining the main word and application.
This distinction is possible only at the semantic level.
Applications are considered:
1) nouns that clarify the first name and are in postposition. For example: The owner, an elderly man, stood on the threshold; He, the teacher, was respected in the village;
2) nouns that specify a concept, narrowing the scope of meaning. For example: CHEMIST teacher, PORTRAIT painter, EXCELLENCE student;
3) the previous group is adjacent to nouns indicating a species characteristic. For example: hare-BELYAK, thrush-Rowanberry, hat with earflaps;
4) nouns containing a qualitative characteristic of an object. For example: oak-HERO, QUEEN-pine, city-HERO, magpie-THIEF, singer-SUFFERER, street-SNAKE, CHATTER-starling;
5) nouns that are proper names and do not denote a person. For example: ZIMA station, MOSCOW River, Lake BAIKAL, TOMSK city. However, when combining a common noun with a person’s proper name, the appendix is the common noun, for example: COUNTESS Bezukhova, HANDSOME Anatol, KUCHER Selifan, etc. Unlike people's names, animal names are applications: the cat FILYA, the dog SHARIK, the parrot KESHA. In elementary school, it is more rational to consider combinations with proper names as one member of the sentence: CAT VASKA loved fish; He took BROTHER PETYA to school.
3. A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence with adverbial meaning, denoting a sign of an action or characteristic.
A morphologized circumstance is expressed by an adverb: it went FAST, it was dripping ON TOP, it was cooked ON TIME. A circumstance expressed by a noun correlating with an adverb is also considered morphologized. Eg: watched WITH SAD (=sad); looked with SURPRISE (=surprised); worked with TENSION (= intensely).
Non-morphologized circumstances are expressed by nouns in oblique cases, gerunds and infinitives. For example: IT WAS QUIET OUTSIDE; He nodded SILENTLY; I came to TALK to you.
The following categories of circumstances are distinguished:
1) circumstances of place, direction of movement (spatial). For example: The path led INTO THE FOREST; HERE you can get help; I walked along the MILL; The road turned LEFT;
2) circumstances of the time. For example: IN WINTER it is frosty here; It had been raining since the morning; We returned LATE; The factory hummed ALL NIGHT;
3) circumstances of the course of action. For example: Masha studies WELL; Father walked with difficulty;
4) circumstances of quantity, measure and degree. Eg: He repeated it TWICE; VERY interesting book; I'm sick and tired of everything;
5) circumstances of logical conditionality - this is a special group of circumstances denoting various types conditionality of action:
a) circumstances of the cause. Eg: We were late BECAUSE OF AN ACCIDENT; The trees turned white from frost; IN THE HURT I did not notice the signal;
b) circumstances of the condition. Expressed by gerunds, participial phrases and nouns with prepositions WITH, WITHOUT, IN CASE. Eg: IN CASE OF REFUSAL, return immediately; IN STRONG WINDS the forest makes a menacing noise; Having forgotten my native language, I become numb;
c) the circumstances of the assignment. Expressed by nouns with prepositions IN SPITE OF, DESPITE, NOTWITHSTANDING. For example: DESPITE WE ARE FATIGUE, we returned cheerful; CONTRARY TO FORECASTS, the weather was good;
d) circumstances of the goal. They are expressed by some adverbs (NAZLO, ON PURPOSE), nouns with prepositions FOR, ON and infinitives. For example: At the station we got off to have lunch; The daughter was present in the dining room TO DECORATE THE TABLE (Ch.); You did it ON PURPOSE.
Most often, conditional circumstances are expressed by nouns, which are collapsed predicative constructions. For example: IN STRONG WINDS, the forest makes a menacing noise - IF THE WIND IS STRONG, then the forest makes a menacing noise; I will help you OUT OF FRIENDSHIP - I will help you BECAUSE I AM YOUR FRIEND.
It should be noted that it is not always possible to give a clear description of the circumstance during syntactic analysis, since in the text it can combine different shades of meaning. Lately began to distinguish such categories as circumstances of the situation (situation): IN THE DARKNESS, IN THE SMOKE, IN THE WIND; modal circumstances: ACTUALLY, REALLY, USUALLY.
Application A definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in case. The application denotes the quality-property of an object (fortress city, zipper), a generic characteristic (cockatoo parrot, eucalyptus tree), characterizes a person in relation to occupation, profession, specialty, position held (woman doctor, landscape artist, girl- secretary), social and national affiliation (landowner-nobleman, Arab students), place of residence, age, kinship (Muscovite athletes, old shepherd, Dumas the father), gives a person or object a qualitative characteristic, serves as a means of emotional assessment, acts as a the role of the epithet (handsome man, rooster-fighter, winter-enchantress, victorious people). The application can also define a personal pronoun (we, artillerymen), a substantivized word (advanced workers, physicist). When combining a person's own name and a common noun, the latter acts as an appendix. Engineer Petrova drew up a project for the reconstruction of the workshop (the predicate agrees with the subject, and not with the application), Proper names of inanimate objects ( geographical names) act as an appendix to common nouns. Lake Ilmen overflowed (the predicate agrees with the subject, not with the application). When two common nouns are combined in an appositive relationship, the syntactic role of each of them is determined by the context, lexical meaning both words, sometimes their order, intonation. Yes, in a sentence The Ossetian cab driver tirelessly drove the horses(Lermontov) the syntactic function of single-case forms is determined by the context: the predicate drove as the subject is matched by the word cabman, denoting a profession and serving as a defined word, and the appendix (defining word) is the word Ossetian, which names nationality. In some cases, double interpretation is possible. In a sentence Kirila Petrovich sent a French teacher from Moscow for his little Sasha(Pushkin) the defined noun can be both the first, the word (if we assume that it was intended to write out a Frenchman for the boy, who would be a teacher), and the second (if it was important to write out a teacher who would be French). In such cases, the order of words plays a certain role: more often the first is the qualifier, and the second is the defining ( Wed wrote out a French teacher, where the appendix is the French word). Applications, as a rule, are words that can be replaced by adjective definitions: in combinations such as old watchman and watchman-old man, the role of application, regardless of the word order, is the word old man ( Wed’ old watchman). The application is inconsistent. An application that does not agree with the word being defined in case and remains unchanged initial form regardless of the case form of the word being defined. These include: a) some nicknames: Vladimir has the Red Sun, Vsevolod has the Big Nest, and Richard the Lionheart; 6) conventional names of literary works, press organs, enterprises, hotels, ships, etc.; in the novel “Eugene Onegin”, in the newspaper “Komsomolskaya Pravdam, at the factory. Red Dawn”, at the state farm “Giant”, at the hotel “Moscow”, with the motor ship “Russia”, on the icebreaker “Ermak” The application is consistent. An application that agrees with the defined noun in case and sometimes in gender and number. Excellent student. Excellent student. Excellent students. Excellent students. In some cases, there are features in app coordination. Animate nouns that act as applications to inanimate nouns usually adapt their form to the latter, i.e. accusative case have the form not of the genitive, but of the nominative case. To perpetuate the memory of hero cities. Rein in aggressor states. Provide collective farm consumers. Make the intruder plane descend. Applications expressed by geographical names are in some cases consistent with generic names, in others they are not consistent. As a rule, they agree: 1) names of cities, villages, villages. In the city of Smolensk, near the city of Tula; born in the village of Goryukhin(Pushkin); to the village of Duevka(Chekhov). Compound names do not agree, and often names whose gender and number diverge from the gender and number of generic names. In the city of Sovetskaya Gavan, near the city Mineralnye Vody; in the village of Beretiki, in the village of Uglyanets; 2) names of rivers. On the Volga River, on the Dnieper River, beyond the Moscow River. Usually compound names, as well as little-known names, are not consistent. On the Northern Donets River, a tributary of the Golaya Dolina River, near the Ptich River, beyond the Ros River. The names of cities, towns, hamlets, and rivers are often not consistent in the specialized literature so that their initial form can be easily identified. As a rule, other geographical names (names of mountains, lakes, islands, bays, straits, deserts, stations, ports, towns, etc.), astronomical names, names of foreign administrative-territorial units, etc. are not consistent. Mount Elbrus, near Lake Baikal, behind the island New Earth, on the Taimyr Peninsula, near Cape Chelyuskin, in the Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay, in the Skager-rak Strait, in the Sahara Desert, at the Kursk station, in the port of Nakhodka, in the town of Yelsk, the orbit of the planet Mars, in the state of Michigan, in the Tuscany region , in the high mountain resort of Davos, in the department of Seine-et-Oise, in the Principality of Liechtenstein, in the county of Sussex.
Dictionary-reference book linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
Synonyms:See what an “application” is in other dictionaries:
May mean: Applied computer program see Applied software. A web application is a client-server application in which the client is the browser and the server is the web server. Application (linguistics) ... ... Wikipedia
See appendix... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian Dictionaries, 1999. application addition, addition, addition; use, application, use; addition, addenda, ... ... Dictionary of synonyms
APPENDIX, appendices, cf. 1. units only Action under Ch. attach attach attach. Point of application of force. Application of theoretical calculations in practice. Print application. 2. That which is attached is an addition. Magazine with free... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Application- additional to the main text reference materials, document. or of another nature, usually enriching the publication. P. should not be attributed to the publishing apparatus, since P. has a fundamentally different task - not to help more effectively use and explain the basics. text, and... ... Publishing dictionary-reference book
APPENDIX, I, Wed. 1. see attached. 2. That which is an addition to something, that is attached to something. Magazine with applications. 3. In grammar: a definition expressed by a noun. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
Table 1 BASIC AND ADDITIONAL UNITS IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS, SI (Systéme International, SI) Table 2 SI PRESCRIPTIONS AND FACTORS FOR FORMING DECIMAL MULTIPLES AND FRAME UNITS AND THEIR NAMES Table 3 IMPORTANT DERIVATIVES... ... Encyclopedia of technology
Animals, plants and microorganisms are the most common objects of genetic research.1 Acetabularia acetabularia. A genus of unicellular green algae of the siphon class, characterized by a giant (up to 2 mm in diameter) nucleus... ... Molecular biology and genetics. Explanatory dictionary.
Application- APPLICATION. A noun, understood in this phrase, as a sign or set of signs of an object given in thought, designated in the same combination by another noun, and not denoting at the same time another object,... ... Dictionary of literary terms
application- An application system or program designed to solve problems in a specific field of technology. See horizontal, kilt. [L.M. Nevdyaev. Telecommunication technologies. English Russian explanatory dictionary directory. Edited by Yu.M. Gornostaeva... ... Technical Translator's Guide
APPLICATION- a computer program that runs under a specific operating system (see) and provides work with disks and files... Big Polytechnic Encyclopedia
What is an application in Russian, you ask? In one word, this is something like an explanatory note. It summarizes, explains, describes, gives basic definitions. Only an explanatory note is a document that accompanies another document that is more significant in volume, and an appendix (examples follow) is a small addition that offers its own explanatory meaning to another word - a noun. But that's it briefly. Now let's look at the question deeper...
Application in Russian
So let's get down to business! And any business begins with defining the subject of study. In our case, this is an application. In Russian, it is a special type of definition, which is intended to convey another name, an additional characteristic to a person or thing - the defined noun.
The application can be expressed by a single noun or a noun phrase in the same case as the word being defined. It characterizes the subject in relation to kinship, national and social affiliation, age, specialty, profession or occupation: “But five days ago, a certain Ivanov, a teacher, died in our city German language, my old acquaintance,” “I think that his wife, an ordinary average housewife, had to endure a lot.”
Standalone application
Applications can be single, undistributed, or widespread. How do they stand out in a sentence? Using commas, hyphens, dashes. It all depends on the type of separate application - common or uncommon, proper name or common noun, where it is located in relation to the word being defined and what part of speech the main (defined) word is. A little confusing? Now, in order.
Punctuation marks
The application in the statement is separated by a comma or commas in the following cases:
1) When the application is a part of speech, widespread, presented as a common noun with dependent words, and follows the defined lexical unit. Rarely, but it happens in the future. For example: “My uncle, a sea captain, served in the Black Sea Fleet” or “A sea captain, my uncle served in the Black Sea Fleet.”
2) If a single application, not widespread, is “crowded” behind the defined noun, a common noun, with explanatory words with it: “One nice girl, a Polish woman, looked after him.”
3) If the application is located after the qualifying noun, a proper name: “By the way, they talked a lot about the fact that the truck driver’s wife Ksenia, a beautiful and not stupid woman, in her entire life had never been anywhere further than her hometown" “My great-grandmother Avdotya was born under serfdom.” In the second case, the application “my great-grandmother” is placed before the qualified proper name “Avdotya” and is not separated by commas.
The comma is written
1) If the application form is a proper noun (name, title or nickname of an animal), which explains or clarifies a common noun. As a rule, before this kind of application you can add clarifications such as “namely”, “and his name is”, “that is” without violating general meaning. For example: “And Anya’s brothers, (namely) Oleg and Kiryusha, first-graders, pestered their father with stupid questions.”
2) If the application (examples follow) is used with the conjunction “as” or the words “by surname”, “birth”, “by name”, “by nickname”, “by nickname”, etc.: “To me, as it is not appropriate for a person of high rank to travel on public transport,” “A little freckled sailor, named Zhuk, unquestioningly followed all the captain’s orders.”
3) If the application specifies a personal pronoun. In this case, it is not so important where it is located, before or after the word being defined. For example: “In the city of Astrakhan, he, this man, lived calmly, and could not even imagine that she, the same one, was living somewhere nearby...”
When is a dash written?
An application in Russian, when isolated in the text, can be highlighted using a dash. In what cases? The first is when the word “namely” can be inserted before the application without changing the general meaning of the statement: “At the very end of the street there was some kind of yellow spot shining - the light from the night light in the window of Maria’s apartment.”
The second is before the application at the very end of the sentence, and it is given great value: “No relatives and friends, no home, no warm feasts, no delicious lunches, there is no owner of all this - simple guy, like my friend Alexey.”
Third, in order to highlight on both sides an appendix that introduces an explanation, an explanation: “A slight chill - the first sign of illness - appeared throughout his whole body.”
Fourth - if standalone application is determined by one of the homogeneous members of the sentence, and at the same time it is necessary to clarify: “The owner of the house was sitting at the table - a friend of my husband, two strangers...”
And lastly, if a construction of this type is proposed: “Mephistopheles - Chaliapin was inimitable,” i.e. Chaliapin as Mephistopheles; or “Ernani - Gorin is as bad as a shoemaker” (A.P. Chekhov).
When to write a hyphen
Often, if a single clause and a defined noun are common nouns, then a hyphen is “assigned” between them. For example: winter sorceress, hero city, teenage boys, design engineer, cabbage butterfly, French scientist, etc. A hyphen is also written if the appendix is a noun, a proper name, standing before the defined common noun: Baikal-lake, Moscow-river, Astrakhan-city.
In the case when their position relative to each other changes, the hyphen is not written: the Moscow River, Lake Baikal, the city of Astrakhan. And finally, a hyphen is used if the defined noun and the application represent one complex intonation-semantic core: Rockefeller Sr., Dumas the Father, Ivan the Fool.
1. Application- this is a definition expressed by a noun that gives another name that characterizes an object:
For example: From the regiment, our thanks to you for your brave son
Song, a winged bird, calls the brave to go on a hike
2. Application should be distinguished from inconsistent definition , which can also be expressed as a noun.
Inconsistent definition characterizes a certain attribute of an object and always stands in a certain case. The form of an inconsistent definition does not coincide with the form of the word being defined, and the form of the definition does not change when the word being defined is declension:
For example: a man in a red coat, with a man in a red coat.
The application, together with the defined word, serves to designate the same subject. The appendix may stand with the word being defined in the same case, or retain the nominative case form regardless of the form of the main word.
The application can be expressed:
A) a noun with the conjunction “how”.
For example: As an intelligent person, it was boring for me to listen to these speeches;
B) a noun with the words first name, last name, nickname, etc. etc.
For example: She had a parrot, nicknamed Kesha.
3. Including the second name of the item, app denotes qualities, properties of the object (handsome stallion), social affiliation, rank, profession (director of Makarov; guy programmer), age (old pawnbroker), nationality (Uzbek kebab maker) and others.
4. Applications include:
For nouns:
For example: From me, thank you for your beautiful daughter;
to personal pronouns:
For example: This is him, my stranger;
to adjectives, participles, numerals acting as a noun:
For example: The face of the second one, Igor, was familiar to me.
5. Since the main word and application can be expressed by nouns, it is not always easy to determine which of the nouns is the word being defined and which is the application.
To distinguish between the word being defined and the application, the following characteristics should be taken into account:
If one of the nouns is the subject, then the predicate agrees with it, and not with the application:
For example: The magazine “Caprice” has already been sold. – The magazine is sold; The courier guy was delivering pizza. - The guy was delivering;
If, when declined, one of the words retains the form of the nominative case, then this application:
Magazine "Caprice", in the magazine "Caprice";
In non-separate applications, when combining a common noun and a proper name of inanimate objects, the application is the proper name:
For example: Mississippi River, Caprice magazine;
When combining a common noun and a person’s own name (surname), the appendix is the common noun:
For example: director Makarova, sister Tanya;
When combining common nouns and proper nouns, variations are possible, so in this case the meaning of the nouns should be taken into account.
