How to parse adj as a part of speech. Morphemic analysis of an adjective word

Mandatory part school curriculum in the Russian language is morphological analysis of other parts of speech. Students begin to get acquainted with him as early as elementary school, and up to high school, such tasks are often encountered.

Definition

Morphological analysis is a determination of which part of speech the lexical unit in question belongs to, and a description of its main features.

This type of task poses a certain difficulty for schoolchildren for a number of reasons:

1. Lack of clear ideas about parts of speech or complete/partial ignorance of how one part of speech differs from another.
2. The need to remember a large volume of morphological features associated with each part of speech.
3. In addition to morphology, it is necessary to determine also the syntactic role of a word in a sentence, since this requires knowledge about the members of the sentence, which children often confuse with parts of speech.

Thus, this is a universal tool for training several fairly extensive sections of the theory of the Russian language, so they do not refuse it, even despite its too scientific nature and complete lack of demand in later life.

What is morphology

The advantages of this task are easy to see in any example.

To characterize by morphological characteristics you will need:

• determine conjugation;
• name the species;
• indicate reflexive verb or non-refundable;
• mood;
• determine the number (at any time);
• if necessary, name the time, person and gender;
• characterize the syntactic role in the sentence.

In other words, you need to know everything about the verb, its types, conjugations, and moods.

Morphological analysis is a unique synthetic task that trains all topics at the same time. It easily allows you to identify gaps in a student’s knowledge and indicates which topic was at one time understudied or forgotten.

The system of teaching the Russian language in our country is based on the gradual complication of the material and the expansion of already formed ideas about the parts of speech.

Thus, in elementary school, children learn what a noun, verb, and adjective are, what questions each of these parts of speech answers, and what their role is in a sentence. Over the course of several years, these themes have been firmly established and honed. At the same time, children learn about conjugations and declensions and learn to correctly identify them. And only after that they begin to teach how to do a morphological analysis.

Elements of it can be introduced as early as 4th grade. What is morphological analysis of a word? Grade 5 begins to study and perform in a full-fledged manner. In 6th grade, children are introduced to the analysis of adjectives, verbs, numerals, and pronouns. Participles and gerunds, as well as adverbs and functional parts of speech are studied in the 7th grade.

Important! Morphological analysis of adverbs and other parts of speech is not difficult only for those students who have well mastered all the material relating to this or that part of speech.

Obviously, if a student does not understand what moods are and how they differ from each other, then he will not be able to conduct a high-quality and error-free analysis of the verb. In this case, it is recommended to turn again to those chapters of the textbook where these topics were covered.

Below is a table of independent parts of speech of the Russian language.

Below we indicate what you should pay attention to in each case. Morphological analysis of a noun requires a thorough knowledge of declensions and cases. This is where children most often make mistakes.

Pay attention! In the Russian language there are differently indeclinable nouns (flame, banner), which should be written about this way, indicating the declension.

Some difficulties may arise with determining the number of some nouns. We remember that collective nouns in the Russian language (rags, detvora) always have only a singular form and cannot change in number or be combined with cardinal numerals (you cannot say - two rags, students). It is also useful to remember the general gender of nouns (quiet, simpleton...) and not pay attention to the ending –ya, hastily indicating the feminine gender.

Let's look at an example: "By yard a small dog walked decorously.”

1. Around the yard (for what?) - noun.
2. Beginning f. - "yard". Fast. signs: nat., inanimate, m.r., 2nd class. Non-post. signs: Dat. p., units
3. Around the yard.

Morphological analysis of an adjective is unthinkable without knowledge of categories. You should work on this until the child can immediately name which adjective is in front of him.

Deserves special attention verbal adjectives, which differ from participles in the absence of prefixes and the writing of only one N in the suffix (knitted, boiled). They are often (but not always) relative adjectives.

Useful video: morphological analysis of a noun

Sample morphological analysis adjective

“She walked decorously around the yard small little dog"

1. Small (what?) - adjective.
2. Head.f. - “small”. Fast. signs: qualities. Non-post. signs: complete, Im.p., singular female
3. Small.

When performing morphological analysis of a verb, you should remember the exceptions to the rule about conjugations and be able to determine the transitivity/intransitivity of verbs.

When completing a task for a participle or gerund, students often make the following mistake: they replace the type of verb from which the participle is formed. For example: left - formed from the perfect verb “to leave” (and not “to leave” or “to go” - imperfect form). To avoid such mistakes, it is important to ask the question not “Which one?” What?”, and “What did you do? What did she do? etc. (not quite in Russian, but it eliminates problems with identifying the species).

Morphological analysis of the adjective

If it is not entirely clear how to parse participles, we advise you to consider the example below.

“I was awakened by sounds coming from the street through the open window.”

1. Those who hear (what are they doing?) - participle. Derived from the verb “to hear.”
2. Head.f. - “reaching.” Fast. signs: valid, present, not current, return. Non-post. signs: plural
3. Reaching.

Morphological analysis causes the least problems. Since this is an unchangeable part of speech, it is only important to correctly indicate the digit by value. These categories must be learned by heart.

Sample:

"Around the yard decorously a small dog was pacing"

1. Decorously (how?) - adverb.
2. Sign of action; unism.
3. Chinno.

IN lately Various electronic support services have become available. So, you can do a morphological analysis of a word online, but for this you need to visit professional and trusted pages. In addition, it is better to complete the task yourself first, and use the Internet as a checking authority.

Useful video: morphological analysis

We hope that the question of how to make a morphological analysis of a word will no longer cause you any difficulties. We wish you joy from learning.

1. Initial form (nominative singular) masculine).
2. Constant signs: qualitative, relative or possessive.
3. Variable characteristics: 1) for qualitative ones: a) degree of comparison, b) short and long form; 2) for all adjectives: a) case, b) number, c) gender (in singular).

Used here in nominative case, V singular, in the feminine gender - these are its fickle signs.

1. Azure(which?) heavenly. N.f.- heavenly.
2. Post. - relative; non-post - in them pad. units h.g. r.
3. Azure(which?) heavenly .

1. Quiet evening shadows lie in the blue snow. (A. Blok.)
2. The frosty breath of the snowstorm is still fresh. (I. Bunin.)

302 . Read it. Determine the style of the text, indicate words that have figurative meaning. Write down five words that change: 1) by numbers and cases, 2) by numbers, cases and genders. Make a morphological analysis of three adjectives.

January is a month of big, silent snows. They always arrive suddenly. Suddenly at night the trees will whisper and whisper: something is happening in the forest. By morning it will become clear: real winter has come!

The forest was buried in other tormenting snowdrifts. Under the cold vault of the sky, their heavy yellow heads submissively bowed, mournful white trees froze.

Along with the snow, strange, unprecedented creatures came and ran into the forest. They roamed over stumps and twigs, climbed onto fir trees and pines - strange white figures, motionless, unfamiliar, but very similar to something.

Either a squirrel or a bunny is sitting on a stump. He folds his white paws onto his white little belly, is silent and looks at the white forest. On a stone by the river(?)ka, white Alyonushka: leaned her head on her shoulder, propped her white cheek(?) with her white palm.

And here is a werewolf animal. Take a step to the side, and the animal will turn into a simple twig(?) covered with snow.

Polar bears and white owls. Hares, partridges, squirrels. They sit, lie and hang. The forest is full of strange birds and animals. If you want to see them, hurry up. Otherwise the wind will blow - remember the name!

303 . Write it off. Above the adjectives, indicate their rank by meaning. Choose synonyms for quality adjectives. Make three sentences with adjectives from any group.

A hare's trail, a hare's character, a hare's brood; goose feather, goose feeder, goose gait; wolf pack, wolf's appetite, wolf's lair; fox hole, fox fur coat, fox cunning.

304 . From the second paragraph of A.P. Platonov’s story “In the Beautiful and furious world"(see "Literature. Grade 6") write down all the adjectives. Disassemble two quality and two relative adjectives.

Morphological analysis of the adjective allows us to determine the unstable and permanent features of this part of speech and to identify its syntactic role in the sentence. For a better understanding of the topic, the article provides examples.

What is morphological analysis of an adjective?

Morphological analysis of an adjective as a part of speech is a complete grammatical and lexical-syntactic characteristic of a word. During morphological analysis, the constant and non-constant characteristics of the adjective are determined, as well as its syntactic role in the sentence.

Morphological analysis of adjectives and analysis of adjectives by composition are studied in grades 4-5.

The order of morphological analysis of adjectives

1. 1. Part of speech, general grammatical meaning, what question the word being analyzed answers.
2. 2. Initial form(masculine singular form in the nominative case). Morphological characteristics:
   1. 2.1. Constant signs
      • Class by meaning (qualitative, relative, possessive).
      • Full or short form (for qualitative adjectives that have only a short or only a long form).
   2. 2.2. Variable signs
      • Full or short form (for quality);
      • Degree of comparison (positive, comparative, superlative) (for qualitative);
      • Number (singular, plural);
      • Gender (masculine, feminine, neuter).
      • Case – only for complete adjectives.
3. 3. Syntactic role of the adjective(which part of the sentence is the adjective).

Examples of morphological analysis of adjectives

As an example, we will conduct a full morphological analysis of the adjectives used in the sentence:
« Pine there was a forest quiet, only heard from afar avian trills."

Pine

1. 1. Pine – an adjective that means a characteristic of an object. Which?
2. 2. The initial form is pine.
   1. 2.1. Constant sign: relative;
   2. 2.2. Variable signs: units. number, m. gender, I. p.
3. 3. Definition.

Quiet

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1. 1. Quiet is an adjective that means a characteristic of an object. What?
2. 2. Initial form – quiet.
   1. 2.1. Constant sign: quality;
   2. 2.2. Non-permanent signs: short form, positive degree comparisons, units number, m.
3. 3. The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

Avian

1. 1. Avian - an adjective that means a characteristic of an object. Whose?
2. 2. The initial form is birdlike.
   1. 2.1. Constant sign: possessive;
   2. 2.2. Variable signs: many. number, I. p.
3. 3. Definition.

Morphological analysis of the adjective is carried out as follows: scheme:

1. Adjective. Initial form.

2. Morphological characteristics:

a) constant:

Rank by value

Degree of comparison (for quality ones, for which this feature is constant),

Full/short form (for quality ones, for which this sign is constant);

b) non-permanent:

Degree of comparison (for quality ones, for which this sign is not constant),

Full/short form (for quality ones, for which this sign is not constant),

Genus (singular number),

Case (for complete ones).

3. Syntactic role in the sentence.

Let's give comment for analysis.

The adjective is written out from the text in the form in which it appears. If an adjective modifies a noun with a preposition ( in a big house), it would be a mistake to write down the adjective together with the preposition, since the preposition is a component of the prepositional case form of the noun and does not belong to the adjective.

It must be remembered that an adjective, unlike a noun, can have a compound form (for example, taller, least comfortable). In this case, all components of the form are written out.

The initial form of the adjective is the masculine singular form for adjectives that have a full form, and the masculine singular form for adjectives that have only a short form.

The constant features of an adjective are its belonging to a certain category in meaning (qualitative, relative or possessive) and its declension. The definition of adjective declension is not accepted in school grammar. The definition of a rank by value is made according to the value used in the text.

Some qualitative adjectives, as already mentioned, do not have degrees of comparison and/or a short form. In this case, completeness/brevity should be placed in permanent attributes.

The positive degree of comparison can also be a constant feature (i.e., a qualitative adjective may not change in degrees of comparison, for example the word special), however, in the textbooks of all three complexes, degrees of comparison of adjectives are indicated only if the adjective is in the comparative or superlatives, and no indication of a positive degree of comparison is made. This approach has the disadvantage that it does not allow an adjective in the positive degree of comparison to indicate whether this form is a constant or inconstant feature.

The invariability of indeclinable adjectives is also their constant feature. Invariable adjectives have no inconstant features.

The inconstant features of an adjective are number, gender (singular), and case. For most qualitative adjectives, non-constant features are also completeness/brevity and degrees of comparison.

It must be remembered that only complete adjectives have a case marker.

If the adjective is in the simple form comparative degree, then it is not characterized in terms of completeness/brevity and does not have signs of gender, number and case.

When analyzing, it must be borne in mind that the object of the morphological description is the word in its specific meaning. Different meanings one word (its lexico-grammatical variants) may have different morphological characteristics. In an adjective, this difference can manifest itself primarily in relation to the signs of completeness/brevity and degrees of comparison. So, adjective alive as an antonym for the word dead changes in completeness/brevity, but does not change in degrees of comparison, i.e. it has a constant sign of a positive degree of comparison, alive in the meaning of “movable,” on the contrary, it does not have a short form, but varies according to degrees of comparison. The word is subject to morphological analysis in the meaning in which it is used in the text.

Let's bring sample morphological analysis of the adjective.

And indeed, she was beautiful: tall, thin, black eyes, like those of a mountain chamois, and looked into your soul (M. Yu. Lermontov).

good good(in this meaning);

constant signs: qualitative, brief;

inconsistent signs: positive degree of comparison, units. number, female genus;

high- adjective, initial form - high;

inconsistent signs: complete, positive degree of comparison, units. number, female genus, I. p.;

syntactic role: part of the predicate.

thin- adjective, initial form - thin;

constant signs: high quality, complete;

inconsistent signs: positive degree of comparison, units. number, female genus, I. p.;

syntactic role: part of the predicate.

black- adjective, initial form - black;

constant signs: quality;

inconsistent features: complete, positive degree of comparison, plural. number, I. p.;

syntactic role: definition.

mountain- adjective, initial form - mountain;

constant signs: relative;

inconsistent signs: units. number, female Rod, R. p.;

syntactic role: part of the adverbial.

Numeral

A numeral is an independent significant part of speech that combines words that denote numbers, the number of objects or the order of objects when counting and answer the question How many? or Which?.

The numeral is a part of speech into which words are combined based on the commonality of their meaning - their relationship to number. The grammatical features of numerals are heterogeneous and depend on which category of meaning the numeral belongs to.

All schoolchildren know how to parse an adjective as a part of speech. Without it, our speech would be pale and boring. The kind of imagery and colorfulness that it gives to our language cannot be replaced by any part of speech. We will look in more detail at how to correctly perform the so-called in this article.

Features of the full form

There are permanent and non-permanent signs. Let's start with the first ones. An adjective has only one constant feature - categorization. As you know, there are only three of them:

• Qualitative - describe the appearance of objects, characteristics, color. They stand out from others because they can be compared in degrees. (Positive - low, comparative - lower, superior - the lowest).
• Relative - indicate place, material, time ( brick garage - brick garage; autumn the weather is the kind that can only happen in autumn).
• Possessives are the only group that answers the question “whose?” and denoting belonging to someone ( paternal character, squirrel tail).

It is not difficult to determine the category. You just have to understand the meaning of the word and ask the right question.

The non-constant characteristics include gender (masculine and feminine), case (six of them, like nouns) and number (singular or plural).

A special category here is made up of qualitative ones, since only in them the degree and presence of a short form are still determined. If you study this plan thoroughly, you will know how to parse an adjective as a part of speech.

What does "short" mean?

A participle and an adjective can form a short form. It appears as a result of truncation of the ending: beautiful (full adjective) - beautiful (short adjective), well-groomed (full adjective) - well-groomed (short adjective).

They are different from full forms not only syntactic functions, but also spelling features. as a part of speech it has its own “zest”. For example, in a sentence it is never a complete definition. The short form of both the participle and the adjective always plays a more important role: it is the predicate or, more often, part of it. (The girl was smart.)

It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of these forms. IN full participles They always write two letters N in the suffix, and one in the short one. With an adjective, the situation is different: in the short form we will write as many N as we will use in the full version.

In order to know how to parse an adjective as a part of speech, you need to take into account all its subtleties and features. The short form should be distinguished from the full form and in no case should it be confused with the participle.

Bottom line

An adjective is a special part of speech. Thanks to him, any of us will be able to colorfully convey our emotions, accurately describe the necessary object or its location. IN short forms it not only denotes any attribute, but also gives dynamism to the text.

Now you know everything about how to parse an adjective as a part of speech. Using our simple recommendations, you will cope with the task without difficulty!