Very often in Russian, participles turn into adjectives (they are called verbal adjectives).
Moreover, if these are passive participles of the past tense, then we must take into account that when they turn into adjectives, their spelling changes. Choice nn or n often depends on what part of speech the verb is: a participle or an adjective. And vice versa, if we know how many n in a verbal word ( nn or n), you can determine what part of speech it is.
Signs by which a part of speech can be determined ( verbal adjective or participle):
1) Verbal adjectives are formed only from imperfective verbs: boiled milk from boil, burnt cork from burn.
But there is a whole series verbal exception adjectives: made, affected, seen, desired, arrogant, minted, cursed, slow, sacred, unprecedented, unheard of, unexpected, unexpected, accidental, counted, watchful eye.
If the form is formed from a perfective verb, then this is a participle: solved problem from solve, abandoned things from throw. Exceptions: smart, named - with one n.
2) For verbal adjectives no consoles: fried cutlet, confusing answer. If the prefix not- is added to an adjective, then it remains an adjective and is written with one n: slaked lime - quicklime; ironed linen - unironed linen.
Participles can have prefixes: fried meat, confused traces.
3) For verbal adjectives no dependent words: dried mushrooms, sauerkraut. Participles can have dependent words: dried in the sun mushrooms, pickled for the winter cabbage.
4) Verbal words on -ovanny, -evanny- adjectives, they are always written with two n (pressed, uprooted).
Adjectives forged, chewed, are written with one n, since -s And -ev are included in the root, as we are convinced of by analyzing the words according to their composition.
Hence, if we are considering a form formed from a verb that does not have a prefix or dependent word, then before deciding whether it is a participle or an adjective, we must determine the type of verb from which this form is formed.
It is useful to compare the mixed forms:
oil(paints) is an adjective formed from the noun oil using the suffix -yan;
buttery(pancake) is a verbal adjective formed from the verb oil; greasy (apron) - a participle formed from the verb to grease.
IN short adjectives as many n are retained as were in full ones, and short passive participles always written with one n.
Exercises for training:
1. Turn adjectives into participles by adding dependent words or prefixes.
Pickled apples, salted fish, wounded bird, quilted jacket, confused answer.
2. Turn participles into adjectives.
Cabbage pickled in a barrel, a whitewashed ceiling, melted butter, a paved street, an overloaded car, potatoes fried in oil.
3. From these verbs, form verbal adjectives or participles, and select nouns for them.
Praise, decide, mow, deprive, let go, captivate, sharpen, weave.
4. Turn adjectives into participles, and participles into adjectives:
a sawn log is sawn sugar, a forged sword is chained.
A woven tablecloth, a knitted scarf, an etched wolf, a mended sleeve, an untrodden path.
5. Form full and short participles from adjectives, select nouns for them: broken line - broken pencil, broken toy.
Frozen fish, boiled egg, sowed grass, a confused story, an unironed shirt.
6. Explain the spelling of N and NN.
a) Cleared path, cleaned boots, cleaned shoes today, unpeeled potatoes, uncleaned shoes.
b) Painted floors, painted walls, unpainted tables, white-painted windows, painted shelves.
c) Dinner party, student called, uninvited guest, guests invited to dinner.
7. Insert H or NN.
1) Bunches of dried herbs, bundles of wrinkled roots and kitchen utensils hung on the walls (K. Paustovsky).
2) The patched cab driver's coats with tin plates sparkled in the eyes (K. Paustovsky).
3) Our brigade entered a Turkish village abandoned...by its inhabitants, ravaged and half-burned out (V. Garshin).
4) On large tables without tablecloths they placed several wooden, beautiful and golden bowls with liquid wheat porridge (V. Garshin).
5) At this strange hour of the bright and dim... oh autumn night, the desolate park seemed sad and mysterious, like an abandoned cemetery (A. Kuprin).
6) The walls, painted with oil... paint, grabbed... with dirty fingers, turned yellow (K. Paustovsky).
7) They were overtaken by a man in a ragged coat and a straw hat (A.N. Tolstoy).
8) On an empty street a strange figure of a frightened man appeared (A.N. Tolstoy).
9) The palaces looked into the Neva with their empty windows... (A.N. Tolstoy).
10) He was lying in someone's sheep's coat, surrounded by a whole crowd of people (A. Kuprin).
11) The army melted like tin soldiers thrown into an oven (A.N. Tolstoy).
12) The walls are whitewashed with lime, and the bottoms are painted with brown oil paint (A. Kuprin).
Source:
- pack-me.ru - “Transition of participles into adjectives.”
Additional sources:
- rosental.virtbox.ru - § 52 “Spelling N and НН in participles and verbal adjectives” in the “Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics”, ed. D.E. Rosenthal (1997);
- traktat.com - “Spelling N and NN in participles and verbal adjectives”;
- hi-edu.ru - “N and НН in participles and verbal adjectives.”
Additionally on the site:
Some parts of speech are very similar in a number of ways. Adjectives can often be confused with participles: at first glance, both parts of speech answer the question “which?” and play similar roles as members of a sentence. It is important to distinguish between adjectives and participles in writing: this allows you to correctly express your thoughts. To understand how these parts of speech differ, let’s consider and compare their features.
What are the characteristics of adjectives and participles?Adjective always denotes a sign, property, belonging to a noun and is closely related to it. It answers questions Which? (what?) or whose? Just like a noun, an adjective has gender, number, and declension (that is, it changes by case). An adjective is never associated with a noun action or process.
Communion is a special form of the verb. It denotes an action (like a verb), but this action acts as a sign of an object (like an adjective). So, the question for the sacrament could be like this: what is he doing? what did he do? etc.
There is a special group of adjectives called verbal. They lose the typical features of a verb (aspect, voice, tense), and lose the ability to control verbs. They are formed from participles, since:
- the subject of the action acquires a new meaning: exquisite taste
(not from the verb “to find”, but close in meaning to the adjective “refined”, “elegant”), honored artist, well-read boy;
- the word has figurative meaning: strained relationships, brilliant abilities;
- participle means that an object or phenomenon is subject to some influence: shabby look.
Distinctive features
So, adjectives and participles can have a lot in common. But there are also very characteristic signs.
- The participle does not indicate quality (like an adjective), but the action being performed. Light (adj.) – shining (adj.).
- The participle, together with all the words dependent on it, is isolated, i.e. separated by commas when found after the noun it is associated with. A neighbor, sitting on a bench under a tree, waved his hand at me friendly.
- A participle, unlike an adjective, always has verbal features:
- time - present ( doing), past ( did);
- pledge – valid ( leading) and passive ( slave);
- view – perfect ( started) and imperfect ( beginning).
- time - present ( doing), past ( did);
- Unlike adjectives, participles can have a reflexive suffix -xia: read – reading + -xia – readable; build – built + -Xia – under construction.
- And finally, the most obvious sign is suffixes, which adjectives do not have:
- -ash- (-box-)
: holding, hanging;
- -ush- (-yush-)
: writing, tugging;
- -sh- (-vsh-)
: carrying, doing;
- -T-
: compressed, open;
- -om- (-eat-)
: Slave, Recommended;
- -them-
: movable, invisible;
- -enn- (-yonn-)
: bought, baked;
- -nn-
: seen, read.
- -ash- (-box-)
: holding, hanging;
Attention: we write short participles with one n : seen, read, short adjectives have the same number of suffixes n , how much in full form: deserted - deserted, green - green.
The last examples may cause confusion, because adjectives can also have a suffix in the form of double n . Let's look at examples: deciduous, stone, pocket. All these words are formed from nouns and do not talk about any action - only about a sign. Therefore, suffixes should not be misleading.
So, despite the fact that the participle has a number of properties characteristic of adjectives, it has enough of its own characteristics that allow it to be distinguished from an adjective. These signs need to be remembered.
Participles and verbal adjectives
Both participle forms and verbal adjectives can be formed from the same verb. If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb burn using a suffix -box- a participle is formed burning, and using the suffix -yuch-- adjective combustible. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn- or -them-), it is more difficult to distinguish them.
However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case as well.
1. Participles denote a temporary attribute of an object associated with its participation (active or passive) in an action, and adjectives denote a permanent attribute of an object (for example, “arising as a result of an action,” “capable of participating in an action”), cf.:
She was raised in strict rules (=She was raised with strict rules) - participle;
She was brought up, educated (=She was well-mannered and educated).
2. The word in full form with the suffix - n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is a verbal adjective if it is formed from the verb NSV and has no dependent words, and is a participle if it is formed from the verb SV and/or has dependent words, cf.:
unmown meadows(adjective),
unmown meadows(participle, because there is a dependent word),
mown meadows(participle, because SV).
3. Since only transitive verbs of the NSV can have present passive participles, words with suffixes - im-, -eat- are adjectives if they are formed from a verb SV or an intransitive verb:
waterproof boots get wet intransitive in the meaning “to let water through”),
invincible army(adjective, because verb win SV).
For the teacher. Changing words into adjectives
The use of different parts of speech as adjectives is called adjectivation (from Latin adjectivum - adjective). A significant number of participles go into the category of adjectives, especially passive ones with the suffixes -nn; -enn- and -t-: suppressed voice, high spirits, shabby dress, etc. When turning into adjectives, participles lose their main verbal features: tense, type and ability of verbal control (see § 199 about this). Passive participles with the suffix -m- sometimes also become adjectives: invisible tears, indeclinable nouns, favorite flower. There are relatively few adjectives formed from passive participles using the suffix -m- (-im-). Already in the second half of the 18th century. qualitative adjectives were formed directly from verb stems of the perfective and imperfective forms using the suffix -m- (-im-), bypassing the stage of formation of participles. In modern Russian, they are most often used with the prefix particle non-: ineradicable, insoluble, elusive, etc. Participles that have become adjectives sometimes acquire characteristic grammatical features of qualitative adjectives: the ability to have full and short forms (the mood is high, the result unexpected), as well as the ability to form forms of degrees of comparison (this invitation was more unexpected than that), etc. There are cases of transition into the category of adjectives and active participles of the present tense (brilliant answer, knowledgeable student, amazing news, next day, blooming health, etc.) , which also lose verbal features and sometimes acquire some features characteristic of adjectives (short form, degrees of comparison, form of subjective assessment, etc.). For example: I have never heard a more brilliant answer; The most brilliant number of the program at the concert was the reading of poetry by V. Mayakovsky; His affairs were not very brilliant. Wed. also the use in book style (most often, in the author’s style) of short forms of participles that turn into adjectives: The look... was already too intent and searching (Ver.); His bayonet is sharp and warning (A.N.T.). Much less often, active past participles with the suffixes -ш- and -вш- turn into adjectives, for example: dried plants. In addition to participles, other parts of speech can also become adjectives. Thus, in the context of context, some pronouns, as well as ordinal numbers, can be used as qualitative adjectives. Wed, for example: A year passes and another - there is no news (P.). - I’m no speaker, there’s a lunch break between two words (Gran.). Or: Three treasures in this life were my joy. And the first treasure was my honor (P.). - Soon the boy became the first student in the class.
Participles and adjectives have many common grammatical features, which contributes to their confusion. For example, active participles of the present tense in -schie very easily turn into adjectives (brilliant abilities, stupefying smell, irritating tone, aspiring writer, etc.). Passive participles no less easily pass into the category of adjectives: an exhausted child, a limited person, refined taste, an absent-minded person, a hackneyed topic, a favorite city, an unforgettable impression
These participles have lost their verbal features (they do not denote action, time, type), their qualitative meaning has increased, compare: a flying object was either approaching or moving away - “flying” is a participle, since it denotes an action in the process occurring in the present tense; Butterflies and dragonflies are flying insects - the word “flying” has lost the meaning of an action that takes place at a certain time, and has come to mean a constant attribute of an object, i.e., it has turned into an adjective.
However, from the initial, dictionary form of the words hackneyed, scattered, brilliant, it is impossible to determine whether it is a participle or an adjective. Only in context does the difference between these words appear: Beaten half to death, he was unconscious for several hours - communion; Don't say hackneyed phrases - adjective.
As a rule, participles that have become adjectives are single, they do not have explanatory words and are easily replaced by synonyms, compare: He has brilliant (excellent) abilities.
In some cases, the correctness of their spelling depends on the correctness of assigning a homonymous participle and an adjective to one category or another (A dog abandoned by its owners ran along the street and an abandoned dog lived in the entrance).
Participles can also become nouns (students, workers, manager, etc.). This process is called substantivation.
Signs by which you can determine a part of speech (verbal adjective or participle):
1) Verbal adjectives are formed only from imperfective verbs: boiled milk from boil, burnt cork from burn.
But there are a number of verbal exception adjectives: made, affected, seen, desired, arrogant, minted, cursed, slow, sacred, unprecedented, unheard of, unexpected, unexpected, accidental, counted, watchful eye.
If the form is formed from a perfective verb, then this is a participle: solved problem from solve, abandoned things from throw. Exceptions: smart, named - with one n.
2) For verbal adjectives no consoles: fried cutlet, confusing answer. If the prefix not- is added to an adjective, then it remains an adjective and is written with one n: slaked lime - quicklime; ironed linen - unironed linen.
Participles can have prefixes: fried meat, confused traces.
3) For verbal adjectives no dependent words: dried mushrooms, sauerkraut. Participles can have dependent words: dried in the sun mushrooms, pickled for the winter cabbage.
4) Verbal words on -ovanny, -evanny- adjectives, they are always written with two n (pressed, uprooted).
Adjectives forged, chewed , are written with one n, since -s And -ev are included in the root, as we are convinced of by analyzing the words according to their composition.
Hence, if we are considering a form formed from a verb that does not have a prefix or dependent word, then before deciding whether it is a participle or an adjective, we must determine the type of verb from which this form is formed.
It is useful to compare the mixed forms:
oil(paints) - an adjective formed from the noun oil using the suffix -yan;
buttery(pancake) is a verbal adjective formed from the verb oil; oiled (apron) - a participle formed from the verb to oil.
IN short adjectives as many n are retained as were in full ones, and short passive participles always written with one n.
Conversion of participles into adjectives and nouns
Think about whether the highlighted words have verbal properties: tense, aspect, ability to control nouns? That is, can these words be called participles?
Brilliant speaker, outstanding capabilities, dependent state, closed character, educated Human, well-mannered child.
Words brilliant, outstanding, dependent, reserved, educated, well-mannered have lost the indicated verbal properties and denote only a sign. In these examples we observe the phenomenon of the transition of participles into adjectives.
What conditions are necessary for the transition of participles into adjectives and do changes occur in this case? lexical meaning words? Support with examples.
To transform participles into adjectives, the participle must be placed before the word it is defining. (frost,brilliant (adv.) in the sun -shiny (adj.) capabilities), lack of controlled words (poisonous (adj.) substances), loss or weakening of verbal categories of aspect, tense. Changes occur in the lexical meaning of words (burning (adv.) firewood -burning (adj.) eyes; embankment,educated (adv.) explosion -educated (adj.) woman).
A technique that allows you to check whether a participle has turned into an adjective is to replace it with synonymous adjectives, while constructions with participles are replaced by subordinate clauses.
Brilliant (adj.) success- magnificent, excellent, wonderful. Loving (adj.) sight- Kind. Open (adj.) character- sincere, direct. Jumping (adv.) boy- a boy who jumps.
Make a similar substitution in the following examples:curly hair, poisonous substances, exciting spectacle, knowledgeable specialist .
Curly hair– hair that is curly; curly. Poisonous substances – substances that poison; poisonous. Exciting spectacle– a spectacle that excites the soul; alarming. Knowing specialist– a specialist who knows a lot; competent, intelligent, erudite.
A brilliant answer is a brilliant answer, a brilliant speech is a brilliant speech. A brilliant answer is the most brilliant answer. A threatening situation is a dangerous situation. Favorite flowers are the most favorite flowers. Perform brilliantly.
From these examples it is clear that participles that have become adjectives acquire grammatical features characteristic of adjectives: the ability to have degrees of comparison, a short form, adverbs are formed from them, they can have synonyms and antonyms from among ordinary adjectives.
Changing participles to adjectives
The most common words with one n – participles turned into adjectives: boiled, baked, fried, boiled, dried, dried, smoked, soaked, salted, melted, wounded, dyed, oiled, torn, confused.
The transition of participles into nouns is accompanied by the fact that there is no need for a defined noun, the categories of gender, number and case become independent in them, in a sentence they perform syntactic functions characteristic of a noun, they can have definitions with them, that is, they develop the meaning of objectivity and the meaning of the attribute is lost.
Exercises for training:
Turn adjectives into participles by adding dependent words or prefixes.
Soaked apples, salted fish, a wounded bird, a quilted jacket, a confusing answer.
2. Turn participles into adjectives.
Cabbage pickled in a barrel, a whitewashed ceiling, melted butter, a paved street, an overloaded car, potatoes fried in oil.
3. From these verbs, form verbal adjectives or participles, and select nouns for them.
Praise, decide, mow, deprive, let go, captivate, sharpen, weave.
4. Turn adjectives into participles, and participles into adjectives:
a sawn log is sawn sugar, a forged sword is chained.
A woven tablecloth, a knitted scarf, an etched wolf, a mended sleeve, an untrodden path.
5. Form full and short participles from adjectives, select nouns for them: broken line - broken pencil, broken toy.
Frozen fish, boiled egg, sown herbs, confused story, unironed shirt.
6. Explain the spelling of N and NN.
a) Cleared path, cleaned boots, cleaned shoes today, unpeeled potatoes, uncleaned shoes.
b) Painted floors, painted walls, unpainted tables, white-painted windows, painted shelves.
c) Dinner party, student called, uninvited guest, guests invited to dinner.
7. Insert H or NN.
1) Bunches of dried herbs, bundles of wrinkled roots and kitchen utensils hung on the walls (K. Paustovsky).
2) The patched cab driver's coats with tin plates sparkled in the eyes (K. Paustovsky).
3) Our brigade entered a Turkish village abandoned...by its inhabitants, ravaged and half-burned out (V. Garshin).
4) On large tables without tablecloths they placed several wooden, beautiful and golden bowls with liquid wheat porridge (V. Garshin).
5) At this strange hour of the bright and dim... oh autumn night, the desolate park seemed sad and mysterious, like an abandoned cemetery (A. Kuprin).
6) The walls, painted with oil... paint, grabbed... with dirty fingers, turned yellow (K. Paustovsky).
7) They were overtaken by a man in a ragged coat and a straw hat (A.N. Tolstoy).
8) On an empty street a strange figure of a frightened man appeared (A.N. Tolstoy).
9) The palaces looked into the Neva with their empty windows... (A.N. Tolstoy).
10) He was lying in someone's sheep's coat, surrounded by a whole crowd of people (A. Kuprin).
11) The army melted like tin soldiers thrown into an oven (A.N. Tolstoy).
12) The walls are whitewashed with lime, and the bottoms are painted with brown oil paint (A. Kuprin).
I am making an attempt to create something like a reference summary for those who find it difficult to determine the part of speech and, accordingly, are confused in the spelling of participles and verbal adjectives.
Questions, clarifications and attempts to round up will be welcome.
Participles differ from adjectives not only in the presence of verb features, but also in their meaning.
Adjectives denote permanent characteristics objects, and participles - signs that develop over time.
For example: red (generally red) - blushing, blushing (becoming, becoming red over some time); old (generally old) - aging, aged (becoming old over a period of time).
Offtopic
Participles can lose their meaning and characteristics of a verb and turn into adjectives. In this case, the participle already denotes a constant attribute of an object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to have subordinate (dependent) words with it, to control nouns: an out-of-tune piano, a defiant look, an aspiring poet, a brilliant answer.
For example: He also liked Titus Nikonich... loved by everyone (participle) and loving everyone. (I. Goncharov)
When she played my favorite (adjective) pieces on the piano... I listened with pleasure. (A. Chekhov).
Passive participles most easily transform into adjectives: restrained character, high spirits, strained relationships, confused appearance.
Participles are used primarily in bookish speech styles and are almost never found in everyday speech.
To differentiate between a participle and an adjective, you first need to remember one simple thing:
The participle can be replaced by a phrase with the verb from which it is formed.
For example, a built house is a house that is built;
Offtopic
A participle may have a dependent word.
For example: eyes shining (from what?) with joy - communion.
and an adjective can be replaced by another adjective.
For example:
eyes shining (participle) with joy - replace: eyes that shine + there is a dependent word “with joy”
brilliant (adjective) performances - replace: amazing performances, wonderful performances, excellent performances.
Offtopic
The terms are always adjectives (typewriter);
The particle does NOT reduce verbosity, so the word is used as an adjective (inappropriate conditions - adjective);
Participles on – shiy often turn into adjectives (the past year is an adjective).
How to distinguish unloved from unloved?
Participle - if there is a dependent word + the form is formed from an imperfective verb, i.e. answering the question “what to do?”
For example:
not loved (derived from the verb - “what to do?” - “to love”, non-natural form) by a child (< - это зависимое слово) игрушки.
Let's repeat and clarify:
If a word can be replaced by a verb without changing the essence phrases, and substitute dependent word in the instrumental case, then this is a participle
(exquisite reserves - to find reserves, exquisite (by whom?) reserves by the chief);
If possible replace with another adjective, apply degrees of comparison or form an adverb from a word with –O, then it's an adjective
(exquisite manners - noble manners, extremely refined manners, exquisitely);
In every doubtful case, experiment with synonyms or try to form a verb form, add a dependent word and over time the distinction will become easier.
Letters Н and НН in verbal adjectives and participles
One letter H written in adjectives with suffixes -n-, -en-, formed from imperfective verbs without a prefix:
For example: loaded (one “n”, because the word is formed from the verb “load” without a prefix, an imperfective verb, because it answers the question “what to do?”) machine, knitted (one “n”, because it is formed from the verb “knit” without a prefix) sweater.
Adjectives here do not have dependent words. If no dependent word is added, you have an adjective.
Two letters HH are written:
A) in participles, as well as verbal adjectives formed from perfective verbs, with and without prefixes:
salted butter, broken things (participles);
an absent-minded person (an adjective formed from the verb “scatter” of the perfect form, answering the question “what to do?”), a desperate step (an adjective formed from the verb “to despair” of the perfect form, answering the question “what to do?”)
Exceptions: smart boy, sworn brother;
b) in participles with a dependent word:
loaded with (what?) bricks, crocheted (with what?);
And if diligent J. explains to me in her own words in the comments why “loaded car” is spelled with one “n”, and “car loaded with bricks” with two, then she will receive a bun.
c) We memorize (read: cram, so that forever) exception adjectives: unprecedented, unheard of, unexpected, unforeseen, desired, sacred, accidental, minted (step), done (look), cutesy, slow;
d) in adjectives formed from passive participles -ovanny, -ovanny: rhymed, qualified, uprooted (exceptions: forged, chewed).
They saw “ovanny, yovanny” - they wrote two “n”
3. In short participles, one letter N is written,
in short verbal adjectives two letters N are written.
To distinguish the short form of a participle from the short form of an adjective in a sentence, you can use the same principles as to distinguish the long form.
a) if it is possible to replace the short form with a synonym in the short form, you have an adjective.
Their views are very limited (i.e. narrow, narrow-minded - short adjective);
b) if we see a dependent word, we have a participle in front of us.
The interests of the Oblomovites were limited to a narrow circle of everyday concerns (limited (by what?) to a narrow circle of concerns - short participle).
It is often very difficult to determine which parts of speech belongs to one or another member of the sentence. The question most often faced is: “ How to distinguish an adjective from a participle" To understand the similarities and differences between these parts of speech, it is necessary to understand what role they play in the sentence.
Necessary:
— Russian language textbooks;
- a little patience and practice.
Instructions:
- Adjective – this is an independent part of speech and denotes a non-procedural feature of an object. Answers the questions “which”, “which”, “which” and “which”. In sentences, as a rule, it is associated with a noun and therefore inherits its characteristics. It follows that it changes according to numbers, genders and cases. In a sentence it usually acts as a determiner, but can also be a subject and a predicate.
- Participle as part of speech – this is an unconjugated form of a verb; it has the properties of both a verb and an adjective. The verb property is the ability to denote the attribute of an object by its action. Just like an adjective this part speeches answer questions " Which», « which», « which", but besides this it has the properties of a verb and answers the question " what does it do" A question for him can be formulated more correctly using interrogative phrases “ what did he do», « what did he do».
- To figure out what similarities and differences between adjectives and participles , let’s take these two parts of speech for comparison: “ yellow" And " yellowing" First, let's try to find similarities in these words. Both bow according to gender: “ yellow leaf», « yellow paint" And " yellowing leaf», « yellowing foliage" They bow by numbers: “ yellow leaves», « yellowing leaves" They also decline according to cases: “ yellow leaf " (Genitive case), " yellowing leaf» ( Instrumental case). Like an adjective, a participle can have a complete and short form. For example, " painted"(from painted") – participle; " cheerful"(from cheerful) – adjective. In a sentence, both of these parts of speech are definitions.
- Now let's try to find differences . As already mentioned above, a participle as a part of speech is characterized by the presence of features of a verb. It has perfect (“ blue") and imperfect (" turning blue") view. Returnable (“ rotating") and irrevocable form (" rotating"). Time - " reading"(present tense), " read"(past tense). Active and passive meaning. Active participle- this is a form that denotes a feature created by the object itself. For example, " reading», « writing"etc. Passive participle– denotes a sign of the object to which the action is directed (“ read», « built»).
- In the Russian language there are adjectives formed from participles. They are called verbal and it is necessary to be able to distinguish them. Verbal adjectives can be formed from verbs only in the imperfect form; they do not have dependent words.
- It is quite easy to distinguish an adjective from a participle. In the sentence you are studying, try after the one you doubt, insert a word that would fit it in meaning. For example, " We saw birds flying", after the word "flying" you can insert the phrase " across the sky». « We saw birds flying across the sky" In this case the word " flying" is a participle. But in the sentence - “ She approached us with a flying gait"we will not be able to substitute a word that would fit the meaning, since in this case " flying” is an adjective and is directly related to a noun.
