Functional styles of language - concept, features, means. Definition of functional style

The article analyzes the factors of formation of functional styles and classification of functional styles. Analysis of the material made it possible to create a classification of style-forming factors and a classification of functional styles. The classification of style-forming factors includes linguistic ones (language functions) and extralinguistic ones. The latter are divided into subjective and objective. Objective factors include three groups: 1) related to the sphere of communication and activity; 2) associated with the attribute social (public); 3) related to the pragmatic situation. Subjective factors reflect the psychophysiological characteristics and states of the subjects of communication. The classification of functional styles is two-level, the first level consists of the styles themselves, the second - substyles, a more detailed division of styles. The presented classification summarizes the currently existing classifications of functional styles.

classification of functional styles.

extralinguistic style-forming factors

language style-forming factors

functional style

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The functional direction in stylistics, which arose at the beginning of the 20th century under the influence of the ideas of S. Bally, marked the beginning of a scientific understanding of the problems associated with functional styles. And, despite the fact that many problems have been posed and solved over the century, some questions regarding functional styles remain open. The development of new forms of communication actualizes interest in functional styles.

Purpose of this study: identify factors in the formation of functional styles and analyze the classifications of functional styles developed by linguistics.

Material and research methods

The research material was based on definitions of functional style extracted from dictionaries, textbooks and works on stylistics. The analysis of factors in the formation of functional styles and classifications of functional styles developed by linguistics was carried out using both general scientific methods (description, analysis, synthesis, hypothetico-deductive method), and general linguistic methods (method of analysis of lexicographic sources, passive linguistic observation).

Research results and discussion

Functional styles are influenced by certain factors. Many authors point to this. Basically, the nature of style-forming factors is extralinguistic in nature. However, V.P. Murot believes that linguistic functions have a direct influence on the formation of functional styles. On the other hand, notes N.A. Slyusarev, the study of functional styles makes it possible to identify with the help of which units and means of the language system certain functions of the language are realized. I.V. Arnold believes that the set of characteristic features of any style depends on the function or set of functions that dominate the act of communication. For example, in her opinion, the main function of the scientific style - intellectual and communicative - determines the choice of linguistic means for creating scientific texts. It is worth noting that in the “Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary” in the article “Functions of Language” this particular function is absent, which is consistent with the idea that the study of individual aspects of language enriches linguistics as a whole.

The formation of functional styles is mediated, in addition to the linguistic factors themselves, by a combination of extralinguistic factors (I.V. Arnold, M.M. Bakhtin,.V. Vinogradov, I.R. Galperin, B.N. Golovin, M.N. Kozhina, V. P. Murot, A. K. Panfilov, J. Russell, etc.).

Areas of communication social practice, speech practice, human activity(in V.P. Murot - production activity) influence the choice and use of linguistic means to serve these same spheres of communication, social practice, speech practice, human activity.

Attribute public (social) is directly related to the formation of styles: functional styles are formed in social structures, and not by individual speakers. Hence, the types of social structures, types of social relations, forms and levels of social consciousness play the role of style-forming factors.

In general, the list of extralinguistic style-forming factors is very impressive, but clear classifications of factors at the moment not available yet. In the interests of truth, we note that attempts have been made to divide factors into objective and subjective. Subjective factors included education, gender, and age of the communicating individual. As for the factors mentioned in the same source, such as the individual characteristics of the speaker, his belonging to a certain social group, social role, speech situation, they are classified as extralinguistic factors in general; there is no list of directly objective factors.

It is logical to assume that extralinguistic factors influencing the formation of functional styles are associated with pragmatic communication situations, because functional styles “serve” them and manifest themselves in certain communicative circumstances. The pragmatic situation of communication includes the subjects of communication, the subject, and the conditions of communication.

Style-forming factors associated with the subjects of communication are: communicating individuals (private person, official), group subjects, mass audience, social institutions, institutions, organizations.

An important role in the formation of functional styles is played by factors associated with the addresser: intension, i.e. the presence of a special goal, a special motive for the author.

Factors associated with the subject of communication include topics and subject positions of subjects.

Communication conditions influence the appearance of the following style-forming factors: formality/informality of communication, presence/absence of subjects of communication, simultaneous interaction/delayed interaction of subjects of communication.

In a generalized form, style-forming factors are presented in the table (Table 1).

Table 1

Classification of style-forming factors

The question of the number and classification of functional styles remains controversial. A simple count of functional styles named in dictionary entries, textbooks and works on stylistics leads to ambiguous results. Their number varies from three.

However, it is worth noting that not all proposed classifications are simple, single-level. Many linguists see within the same style the presence of substyles or varieties of the same style. Thus, functional styles are presented as equal, located in horizontal plane, and subordinates, aligned vertically.

Both the quantity and the one-dimensionality/multidimensionality of functional styles are explained by the absence of a unified principle for their identification. The areas of activity and communication are cited as the basis for distinguishing styles; goals, objectives of communication, communication; types of communication situations.

I.V. believes that the “reference point” for recognizing styles can serve. Arnold and V.P. Murot, the so-called neutral style, possible in any communicative situation. U I.V. Arnold's neutral style comes into opposition with the colloquial and bookish, and in V.P. Murot - with the sublime and the reduced. To the group of book styles by I.V. Arnold classified scientific, business, poetic, oratorical, journalistic; and to the colloquial group - literary-colloquial, familiar-colloquial, vernacular.

Observations show that the criteria for identifying styles do not always follow a clear logic. So, O.N. Laguta contrasts the styles of book speech (scientific, official business, journalistic) with the styles of influencing speech (radio, television, film speech, fiction and oral public speaking). In this case, it is not explained how book speech differs from influencing speech (journalistic style may well perform an influencing function, and fiction can be classified as book speech).

Classifications in which styles are divided into substyles and then into smaller systems seem more thorough. In frequency, L.L. Nelyubin in the style of official communication sees the presence of a substyle of diplomatic documents, the system of which includes: the sublanguage of credentials, the sublanguage of project documents, the sublanguage of protocols, etc. .

Proposal by T.A. Ladyzhenskaya and A.K. Michalskaya to distinguish in the scientific style, along with the actual scientific and scientific-technical sub-styles, a separate scientific-educational sub-style seems quite justified. However, the assertion that the scientific and scientific-technical substyles themselves can be presented in a popular science presentation raises the question: does this not result in a deformation of the scientific style itself, and does it not move into the category of other styles/substyles? The answer is most likely yes.

The presence of a scientific style is recognized by all the authors whose works we turned to in order to study the very concept of “functional style”. The only discrepancy was found in the Explanatory Dictionary of Translation Studies, where the style of science and technology is not designated, but rather the style of science and technology. It should be noted that the language of such a field as technology does not have a strict stylistic affiliation, so V.P. Murot believes that the technical substyle does not belong to the sphere of science, but to the sphere of production and distinguishes the production-technical style.

Officially- business style present in most classifications. In general, this style in one form or another is recognized by all authors, despite some disagreements in its naming: some authors take into account only one of its components - either only the style of official communication, or only the business style. At I.R. Galperin in the style of official documents there is a substyle of business documents.

In quantitative terms, the scientific and official business styles are slightly inferior to the journalistic style - it is mentioned seven times (versus eight mentions of scientific and formal business styles). Here, too, there are modifications of the name of the style: newspaper-journalistic and style of journalism and press.

The style of fiction is not recognized by all linguists. However, many scholars consider the language of fiction to be a separate functional style. I.R. Halperin distinguishes three substyles in the language of fiction: the language of poetry, the language of artistic prose, and the language of drama.

It is worth pointing out a striking fact: the language of everyday communication is not recognized as a separate functional style by all specialists in the field of functional stylistics, although there is no arguing that the stylistic characteristics of the language of everyday communication are not identical to the stylistic characteristics, for example, of the scientific style. The same linguists who do not deny its existence endow it with different characteristics: everyday literary style, style of everyday communication, colloquial style.

I.V. Arnold postulates that the presence of a conversational style is a consequence of the presence of an oral form of speech, but its presence is observed in written form in literary works, in correspondence, in advertising. Let us recall that the conversational style system of I.V. Arnold consists of three substyles - literary-colloquial, familiar-colloquial, and vernacular.

The presence of newspaper style in some classifications is controversial. I.V. Arnold, M.D. Kuznets, Yu.M. Skrebnev warns about the danger of substituting concepts: functional style should not be confused with genre. However, it is also wrong to completely ignore the language of newspapers, hence the emergence of such styles as newspaper-journalistic, newspaper-political, journalism and press style. I.R. Halperin insists on the need to recognize newspaper style and includes the language of news, announcements and advertising, headlines, and editorials in the style system.

It should be noted that the Czech linguistic school emphasizes a religious functional style, which is almost not covered in Russian studies.

Functional styles studied by linguistic stylistics show discrepancies with the functional styles identified in sociolinguistics. The subject of linguistic stylistics, the founder of which is S. Bally, is the study of language means associated with a particular style. The subject of sociolinguistics is the functioning of language in society. The range of problems studied by sociolinguistics includes the social functions of language, the social nature of language, the impact social factors on the tongue, i.e. The subject of sociolinguistics is the functioning of language in society, so sociolinguistics also considers functional styles. In the classification of functional styles adopted in sociolinguistics, the following styles are present: official, informal, professional, ritual or cult.

Generalization of existing classifications of functional styles allows us to create a unified classification that takes into account different points of view (Table 2).

Table 2

Classification of functional styles

Significant for this classification are such style-forming factors as spheres of communication and activity, as well as the functions of language. The classification includes the often ignored texts of radio and television programs, as well as the language of cinema. The boundaries between styles are fluid, inter-style mobility is high: the language of radio and television can show similarities both with the language of the press and shift towards not only literary-colloquial, but also familiar-colloquial substyles, and even vernacular. The production and technical style intersects with the scientific and technical substyle of the scientific style, but does not duplicate it. The language of feature films, like the language of fiction, has much in common with the conversational style, but also differs from it in the aesthetic function that is most inherent in the artistic style.

This work did not consider such a factor, often highlighted, as the type of speech (oral, written). We believe that each functional style can be implemented in both written and oral form. This applies even to such, at first glance, purely oral styles as colloquial, the language of cinema, radio, and television. Being predominantly oral, they can also appear in written form. It is enough to point to the language of Internet chats, blogs, Internet forums, comments, and film scripts. However, it must be noted that the language of the press remains mainly written, while the language of radio and television remains oral.

Conclusions

Thus, this article presents a classification of style-forming factors and a classification of functional styles. The classification of style-forming factors includes proper linguistic ones (language functions) and extralinguistic ones. The latter are divided into subjective and objective. Objective factors include three groups: 1) related to the sphere of communication and activity; 2) associated with the attribute social (public); 3) related to the pragmatic situation. Subjective factors reflect the psychophysiological characteristics and states of the subjects of communication. The classification of functional styles is two-level, the first level consists of the styles themselves, the second - substyles, a more detailed division of styles. The presented classification is a generalization of the classifications developed by science to date.

Bibliographic link

As is known, style – one of the most polysemantic terms of modern linguistics. Describing the principles of selection and systematization of linguistic means, the concept of “style” varies depending on which principles from among the extralinguistic and linguistic are chosen as basic in the proposed definitions of the concept.

The doctrine of style - the final section elocution in ancient rhetoric that determined style as a system of purposefully selected and coordinated means that are used to express certain meanings . Developed in antiquity, the concept of the relationship between style (tone) and genre of speech (“the wheel” of Virgil, the theory of genres of Aristotle and Horace), according to which a certain genre corresponds to a certain tone, style), and a certain tone - a certain set of figures, allowed the linguistics of the XVIII- XX centuries indicate linguistic understanding style as a method, principle, manner of linguistic (speech) thinking and interaction . So, Yu.S. Stepanov lists five definitions of essence style as a manner of performing speech acts : 1) language style , or a variety of language traditionally assigned to one of the most general areas public life(according to which three styles are distinguished: “neutral”, “high”, or “bookish”, “low”, or “colloquial”, “familiar-colloquial”, “colloquial-colloquial”); 2) generally accepted manner of performing speech acts (oratory speech, judicial speech, everyday dialogue, friendly letter, etc.); 3) individual manner of performing speech acts (idiostyle); 4) language paradigm of the era , or the stylistic state of the language at a certain historical period its development; 5) functional style , or a type of codified literary language in which the codified literary language appears in one or another socially significant sphere of performance of speech acts and the features of which are determined by the communicative originality of this sphere. The last version of the definition made it possible to expand the linguistic understanding of style, placing it in the broad context of the concept of communication, which “highlighted” the connection of stylistics with the linguistics of the text, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, semiotics, indicating the social and communicative orientation of the concept, correlating the category of style with the functioning of language, the function of linguistic communication and standardized use of language.

“...each person can own several individual "languages" , differing from each other both in the sphere of pronunciation and in the auditory sphere: everyday language, official language, the language of church sermons, the language of university departments, etc. (depending on the social status of the individual),” wrote I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay (emphasis mine – ed.). Moreover: “All people use different languages ​​at different points in their lives; it depends on different mental states, on different times of day and year, on different age periods of a person’s life, on memories of the previous individual language and on new linguistic acquisitions” [ibid.: 200]. It is in this sociologized direction of anthropocentric linguistics that the concept of “style” develops in the twentieth century, representing not only the significance of the structural relationships of linguistic signs in the system, but also rules of a different order - the functional relationship of linguistic units in the process of socially significant communication, synthesizing the categories of extralinguistic and linguistic, objective and subjective.

As a special manner of performing speech acts, assigned to a certain socially significant sphere, the concept functional style has an ambiguous content volume in modern style. First of all, attention is drawn to the interpretation of this concept in the Russian and Czech linguistic traditions, because it is with these national schools of linguistics that the history of stylistics as a functional (communicative) section of the science of language is primarily correlated.

1. In the concept of Prague scientists (V. Gavranek, V. Mathesius, etc.), functional style was defined as the manner of performing speech acts, determined by supra-individual taste, convention, or norm, which depends: 1) on the purpose of the utterance; 2) type of statement and 3) situation. In accordance with these style-forming factors functional style – this is a type of organization of linguistic expressions, depending on the characteristics of the communication process and, therefore, connecting the communicative aspect of language with a specific speech, text embodiment, extralinguistics and linguistics of speech It was believed that “...functional style is determined by the specific purpose of a particular utterance and represents the function of the utterance, that is, “speech” (parole)” [Gavranek 1967: 366]. In accordance with this definition, the following classification of functional styles was proposed [ibid.]:

Functional styles of literary language

A. Depending on the specific purpose of the statement:

1) practical message, 2) challenge (appeal), persuasion, 3) general presentation (popular), 4) special presentation (explanations, evidence), 5) codifying formulas.

B. Depending on the method of expression:

intimate - public, oral - written;

oral: 1) intimate: (monologue) - dialogue, 2) public: speech - discussion; written: 1) intimate, 2) public: a) announcement, poster, b) newspaper speech, c) book.

System (language) aspect, according to Prague scientists, reflects not the concept of functional style (as the concept of the functional aspect of speech), but the concept "functional language" , which is defined “... common tasks a normative complex of linguistic means and is a function of language (langue)” [ibid.]. Wed. [ibid: 365]:

Functions of literary language Functional languages

1) communicative 1) conversational

2) practically special 2) business

3) theoretically special 3) scientific

4) aesthetic 4) poetic.

“In a linguistic utterance, we are therefore faced with functional languages ​​in various types functional styles"[ibid]. Thus, the dichotomy of structural linguistics language/speech is justified functionally - by the clarity of the opposition of language/speech functions, reflected in the opposition of language (general, standard) and speech (specific, variant) spheres of communication, functional languages And functional styles .

2. In the domestic linguistic tradition (V.V. Vinogradov, G.O. Vinokur, B.A. Larin, A.M. Peshkovsky, L.V. Shcherba, L.P. Yakubinsky, etc.) functional style is defined as a functional variety of literary language , and the main problem is the choice of the basis for the selection and principles of classification of functional styles. At the same time, the “broad” and “narrow” definition of the concept (cf., for example, the behavior of all spheres of literary language under the term "functional style" in the concept of V.V. Vinogradov and the distinction of terms "functional varieties of language" And "functional styles" in the concept of D.N. Shmelev) are correlated in Russian style with the central problem stylistic analysis language in the functional aspect - to generalize real texts as defined by a system of differentiated linguistic means by those boundaries that are defined in the existing stylistic system of the language. So, according to V.V. Vinogradov, functional styles are differentiated, on the one hand, by the social functions of language (the function of communication is performed by the everyday style; messages - everyday business, official documentary and scientific; influences - journalistic and artistic-fiction), and on the other - by communicative functions (the communicative and everyday function is performed by conversational, book, everyday business and everyday life; scientific and communication - scientific and business and scientific and special; propaganda and communication - newspaper and magazine journalistic). According to D.N. Shmelev, the main functional types of literary language (“functional varieties of language”) include oral-colloquial speech, artistic speech and a set of functional styles enshrined in writing (scientific, official business and journalistic speech). Functional styles are areas of literary language that, in the principles of their systemic organization, differ significantly from the language of fiction and colloquial speech(the special aesthetic function of the language of fiction and the uncodified nature of colloquial speech as an “individual”, “personal” “language”). However, in any case, issues of functioning are correlated with the principle of systematicity and the need to represent this systematicity as a standard of real functioning in the language, to draw up a functional classification of the system of stylistic means of language, to implement any communicatively significant unit, a unit that marks certain stylistic relationships. Although the “pre-text” units of communicative motivation of linguistic signs themselves are not clearly fixed enough in this paradigm of stylistics, since, subordinate to the solution of problems of representing units of the stylistic system, the very factors of language conditioning are, as it were, accepted a priori, which implements a structural-functional approach, but not a communicative one. Hence the definition functional style as a phenomenon of the functional aspect of language , which consolidates in the Russian philological tradition the idea of ​​simultaneous fixation in the term “functional style” of “linguistic” and “speech” relevant content. Therefore, in Russian stylistics, a “synthesizing” model of functional style is implemented, considered simultaneously both as a style of language (a certain linguistic standard, an invariant of a separate functional sphere of socially significant communication), and as a style of speech (a specific implementation, a variant of the dynamic nature of language, its functioning in the process of speech activities) (cf. [Kozhina 1993; Stepanov 1990]).

3. Of particular importance is the synthesis of two traditions of functional stylistics in their relationship with the latest trends in functionalism and, above all, with discourse theory .

In modern linguistics, the classification and description of text-forming means is the most important task of both functional stylistics and text linguistics, discourse linguistics. Fulfilling this task requires a synthesis of the theory of functional styles and the theory of text, the theory of speech activity, psycholinguistics, and linguistic pragmatics. Since the functional style is realized in the form of texts of the same type of extralinguistic conditioning and communicative task, its speech systematicity is manifested, firstly, in the selection and frequency of units of different levels, and secondly, in the set of textual features themselves, which reflect the facets of the communicatively determined author's intention. Thus, the appeal of functional stylistics to the theory of discourse is natural, since the functional style generalizes certain texts that represent real participants and episodes of the communication process, and the actual communicative components of speech acts are associated primarily with the concept of discourse and the discursive process of speaking and understanding language, generating speech and its real exhibitors - texts. Discourse Usually a communicative event is defined as having the form of a text. In addition, it should be noted that the term discourse itself was originally used precisely in the meaning of “functional style.” The reason for the appearance of the new term lies in the characteristics of national language learning schools [Stepanov 1995]. If in the Russian tradition, thanks to the development of functional stylistics, the idea of ​​functional style as special type texts and the speech systematicity corresponding to each text, then in Anglo-Saxon there was nothing like that, since there was no stylistics as a sphere of linguistics. However, the need to study the text-forming “forces” of language could not help but be realized in connection with the debunking of the dogmas of anti-mentalism, which was reflected by the emergence of a new term “discourse”, which describes the functioning of a linguistic sign as a specific communicative event that generalizes the speech behavior of a linguistic personality. Moreover, modern approaches to discourse seem to repeat the logic of the formation of the concept of functional style: from language to communication and vice versa. Discourse is understood as a synonym for a text or an act of utterance, as well as “the originally special use of language to express a special mentality” (P. Serio). Wed: discourse – this is 1) the “givenness of the text” or the system (grammar) behind this givenness; 2) an arbitrary fragment of text consisting of more than one sentence or independent part of a sentence; 3) a communicative event that recreates the situation of “full semiotics” of natural language in the triad “language – world – consciousness”, etc. In accordance with the principles of the structure of discourse, a supporting concept is identified - the focus of the concentration of discourse created by the general context - a description of characters, objects, circumstances , times, actions and determined by a world common to the creator and interpreter - a reality “created” as the discourse unfolds (V.Z. Demyankov, T.A. van Dijk, V. Kinch, etc.). V.Z. Demyankov, in the dictionary of English-Russian terms for applied linguistics and automatic text processing, gives the following definition of discourse: “Discourse is a discourse, an arbitrary fragment of text consisting of more than one sentence or an independent part of a sentence. Often, but not always, centered around some Oprah concept; creates a general context that describes characters, objects, circumstances, times, actions... Elements of discourse: the events being presented, their participants, performative information, and “non-events”, i.e.: a) circumstances accompanying the events; b) background explaining the events; c) assessment of the participants in the events; d) information correlating discourse with events.”

The ability to determine the style of a text is the first level of mastering stylistics, the initial stage of mastering the concept of style.

Style is a speech concept, but it can be correctly defined only by going beyond the boundaries of the language system, taking into account such circumstances as the tasks of speech and the sphere of communication. Taking into account these factors, certain Russian languages ​​are formed.

Each of us in our lives uses various functional As a result, principles for the selection of linguistic means are formed in people’s minds in accordance with the conditions and tasks of communication, leading trends in style are formed, internal installations to use certain

The stylistic stratification of speech begins with the differentiation of the most contrasting types. These, without a doubt, are the colloquial type of speech, the core of which is the colloquial style, and the one opposed to it literary type speech, combining all other functional styles of the Russian language (artistic, scientific, journalistic, official and business). This distinction is based on several factors, the main one being the spheres of communication. The sphere of individual consciousness forms, and the sphere of public consciousness - the functional styles of the Russian literary language.

The differences between colloquial and literary speech are largely determined by its form, oral or written. Although all functional ones can be realized in one form or another of speech, the probability of these realizations in different types different. For all literary styles, written language is more often used, for spoken language - oral. The habitual leaves its mark on the structure of the style. To better understand the specifics, a system of functional styles of the Russian language has been developed.

1. Conversational - used in an informal one-on-one setting for the purpose of communication (talk). Main features: vagueness, ease.

2. Scientific - used in an official setting, presupposes the presence of a large audience. The purpose of speech is to communicate (explain). Main features: logic, accuracy, abstraction.

3. Official business - used in an official setting, presupposes the presence of a large audience. The purpose of speech is to communicate (to instruct). Main features: dispassionateness, accuracy, formality.

4. Journalistic - used in an official setting, presupposes the presence of a large audience. The purpose of speech is to influence (to convince). Main features: emotionality, appeal.

5. Artistic - used in an official setting, presupposes the presence of a large audience. The purpose of speech is to influence (depict). Main features: emotionality, imagery, logic.

Some features of the communication situation are common to official business and artistic language; these functional styles of the Russian language are used when addressing many people at once, usually in an official setting and mainly in writing. Therefore, these four styles constitute the literary (book) type of speech. It is contrasted with the conversational type (conversational style), which is used in communication with one or more familiar persons, in a relaxed, informal setting and mainly orally.

The system reveals the dependence of the type and the functional on the characteristics of the speech situation; it helps to understand why the functional styles of the literary Russian language have certain features. Based on it, it is easy to create a description of the functional style of speech (style model), including four main features: the scope of application of the utterance, the task of speech, linguistic means, and stylistic features.

Extralinguistic, or extra-linguistic, style-forming factors of functional styles

- these are those phenomena of extra-linguistic reality in which verbal communication takes place and under the influence of which the selection and organization of linguistic means occurs, i.e. speech acquires its own stylistic characteristics. The use of language by speakers does not occur in a vacuum, but in a certain non-verbal context of a speech act, the factors of which, like the properties of the linguistic personality, influence the style of speech. These factors are very diverse. For the formation of functional styles, the so-called basic (or primary) factors are especially important. The main specific style features of the functional. styles are formed under the influence of such E. s. f., as a sphere of communication associated with one or another type of activity, correlative with the form of consciousness (science, art, politics, law, religion, everyday consciousness in household sphere); the form of thinking (logical-conceptual, figurative, deontic, etc.), the purpose of communication is the main one (as opposed to the individual intention of a specific speech act), determined by the purpose of these types of activities in society; type of content (usually different in different areas of communication); functions of language (communicative, aesthetic, expressive, phatic, etc.); typical (basic) communication situation (formal/informal). Other (conditionally secondary) factors determine stylistic features, although they are characteristic of a particular function. style, but not essential and therefore found in other styles (usually with modification), but, most importantly, forming features not of the macrostyle, but of more specific varieties (substyle, genre, etc.). These are the conditions of communication and forms of speech that are not directly related to the purpose of the form of consciousness itself and the corresponding type of activity, but to the implementation of additional tasks of communication in some more specific type of activity, the conditions of its “course,” taking into account the uniqueness of the audience; in addition - interpersonal or mass communication, direct or indirect; oral or written form of speech, prepared/unprepared (spontaneous); monologue/dialogue; specific communication situation; kind of literature; specificity of the genre; relationships between speakers; their social role; individual intentions of the speaker (up to the manifestation of his style of thinking in speech), etc. These factors determine the stylistic features of speech, as if superimposed on the main, macro-style specificity, otherwise revealing more specific features of speech (for example, features of the popular science substyle in the field scientific speech, as if added to the latter and somewhat transforming it; or genre: article - review - review, etc.). Basic factors and their corresponding style features are invariant. Thus, in speech (text) there is, as it were, a hierarchy of stylistic features that constitute unity: secondary factors and stylistic features characterize the internal differentiation of each function. style into substyles, genres, etc. (see Classification and internal differentiation of functional styles). However, they are interconnected with the primary ones.

The situation is more complicated with the determination of the basic factors of decomposition. speech ( colloquial-everyday function. style– see), regarding which there are different points of view (see: ABOUT. Sirotinina, 1997). But most likely, the basic factors here should be recognized as formality/informality, immediacy/mediation, preparedness/unpreparedness of communication, which, together with goal setting, determine the type of work of consciousness in this area. For some functions styles, eg. newspaper-journalistic, the conditions of communication are essential (thus, the short time frame for creating newspaper texts determines the transition of expressive means to standard ones) ( V.G. Kostomarov, 1971).

Stylistic features are in an intermediate relationship from extralinguistic factors to linguistic means. Based on basic extralinguistic factors, a constructive principle functional style(see) as a style-forming factor that determines the principles of selection and combination of linguistic means, organizing them into a system. The term-concept “extralinguistic” itself is quite conventional, since we are talking about functional. the nature of language, the conditionality of the stylistic distribution of linguistic means; therefore this term “acquires its own linguistic significance” ( D.N. Shmelev).

The study of extralinguistic factors of communication, their influence on the nature of speech and its stylistic originality was facilitated not only by the development of functional. stylistics, but also sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, linguo-sociopsychology, theory of speech acts, pragmatics. In this case, it is obviously advisable to distinguish, on the one hand, factors (and their influence on speech) that are consciously realized by the speaker in the process of generating speech (writing a scientific work or newspaper article, etc.), and, on the other hand, factors independent of the desires of the speaker (for example, gender, age). It is the first ones that are associated with the concept of style, in particular functionality. style (as a conscious phenomenon).

When defining the function. styles and their classification, it is of paramount importance to rely on the type of activity corresponding to one or another form of social consciousness, since the nomination “sphere of communication” is broad and vague. Based on it, V.A. Avrorin identifies 12 spheres of communication, and Yu.M. Skrebnev generally believes that they infinite set. Meanwhile, it was the correlation in style of the sphere of communication with the specified extrafactor that made it possible to identify five intuitively realized functions. styles (usually studied in stylistics different countries): scientific, official business, journalistic, artistic, colloquial and, naturally, religious.

E. s. f. studied in varying degrees(in relation to one or another functional style). Meanwhile, their insufficient study and consideration in the study of functionalities. styles have a negative impact when solving certain issues of stylistics, for example: classification of styles, their internal differentiation, interaction, etc. E. s. f. scientific style(see), including such deep ones as the epistemic situation (in the unity of its three aspects - ontological, methodological, axiological), phases (stages) of the productive activity of a scientist - from a problem situation to an idea/hypothesis, its proof and conclusion), prerequisite knowledge, factors determining the composition of scientific research. text, the subject of speech and his dialogue with the addressee, etc. ( M.P. Kotyurova, E.A. Bazhenova, L.M. Lapp, M.N. Kozhina, L.V. Krasilnikova, N.M. Razinkina, E.S. Troyanskaya, O.A. Lapteva, V.A. Salimovsky etc.).

The importance of accounting for E. s. f. undoubted; especially in terms of explaining certain phenomena of style. Thus, taking into account the “shuttle nature” of scientific-cognitive activity and thinking made it possible to determine the high status of the categories of retrospection and prospection and the retrospective/prospective principle of development of a scientific text.

Extensive literature is devoted to the issue of extralinguistic, including style-forming, factors ( D.H. Himes, V. Labov, M.A.K. Halliday, R. Fowler, R. Posner, scientists of the Prague School - B. Gavranek, F. Travniček, J. Filipec, K. Gauzenblas, J. Mystrik, M. Jelinek, J. Kraus). The latter develop the idea of ​​subjective and objective E. s. f. and styles. In Russian stylistics, the problem under consideration is presented in the works of V.V. Vinogradova, L.P. Yakubinsky, G.O. Vinokura, R.A. Budagova, A.N. Vasilyeva, M.N. Kozhina, V.G. Kostomarova, M.P. Kotyurova, V.L. Nayer, O.B. Sirotinina and many others. etc.

Lit.: Vinokur G.O. On the tasks of the history of language, in his book: Favorite works in Russian language. – M., 1959; Vinogradov V.V. Stylistics. Theory of poetic speech. Poetics. – M., 1963; Kozhina M.N. To the foundations of functionality. stylistics. – Perm, 1968; Hers: On speech systematicity scientific. style compared to some others. – Perm, 1972; Hers: Russian Stylistics. language. – 3rd ed. – M., 1993; Kostomarov V.G. Russian language on a newspaper page. – M., 1971; Vasilyeva A.N. A course of lectures on the stylistics of the Russian language. General concepts of stylistics. – M., 1976; Bakhtin M.M. The problem of speech genres // Aesthetics of verbal creativity. – M., 1979; Vinokur T.G. Patterns of language use. units. – M., 1980; Nayer V.L. Levels of linguistic variability and the place of functional styles // Scientific literature. Language, style, genres. – M., 1985; Kotyurova M.P. On the extralinguistic foundations of the semantic structure of a scientific text. – Krasnoyarsk, 1988; Veshchikova I.A. Publ. style as a unit in the functional system. varieties of language, "Bulletin of Moscow University. Ser. Philology", 1992. - No. 1; Baranov A.G. Functional-pragmatic text concept. – Rostov n/d., 1993; Sirotinina O.B. Studying colloquial speech as one of the problems of Russian stylistics, "Stylistyka-VI". – Opole, 1997; Hausenblas K. Vystavba slovesných komunikatů a stylistíka. Čsl. přednašky pro VI mezd. Sjezd slavistů. – Praha, 1968; Jelinek M. Stylove rospeti soucasne spisovne čestiny // Bĕlič, Daneš č etc. Kultura českého jazyka. – Liberec, 1969; Kraus J. Uvod do stylistiky pro informačni pracovniky. – Praha, 1977; Wilkoń A. Tipologia odmian językowych wspolczesnej polszczyzny. – Katowice, 1987; Halliday M.A.K. Language as Social Semiotic. The social interpretation of language and meaning, – London, 1990; Toshovich B. Functional style. – Beograd, 2002.

M.N. Kozhina

Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language. - M:. "Flint", "Science". Edited by M.N. Kozhina. 2003 .

- is a set of various techniques for analyzing the text (and its linguistic means), with the help of which in stylistics knowledge is formed about the patterns of language functioning in various fields communication; methods of theoretical development of the observed and...

- is a functional model. style, which is a subdivision of each of the functions. styles into more specific species formations, structured according to the field principle, i.e. highlighting the center (core) of the style and its periphery, including cases of intersection and... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

- (from Latin stilus, stylus - a pointed stick for writing, then - manner of writing, originality of syllable, style of speech). In linguistics there is no single definition of the concept of S., which is due to the multidimensionality of the phenomenon itself and its study from different points of view... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

- – a situation in which speech interaction between communicants takes place. Its most important parameters are usually described on the basis of classical models of a communicative act (K. Bühler, R. Jacobson, etc.). According to R. Jacobson’s model, these... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

What scientific books and works of art, official documents and journalistic articles are written differently and represent everything differently. It is also understood that everyday dialogue is not similar to the dialogue heard at official negotiations.

But not everyone can create texts of different styles. Because everyone is built according to their own laws. We have already talked about some of them.

Laws for constructing texts in scientific books, official documents, etc. studies science - or more precisely, functional stylistics, because this science is related to the functioning of language.

Definition and concept of functional style

Functional style is the basic concept of stylistics.

There are quite a large number of its definitions. One of them was given by O.A. Krylova:

» Functional style is a historically developed type of literary language in a given language community, which is relatively closed system, which regularly operates in a certain area social activities «.

IN this concept what matters is that

a) style corresponds to one or another sphere of human activity,

b) it is historically formed,

c) it is one of the varieties of literary language.

The simplest definition could be:

functional styles are one of the main largest speech varieties, along with, for example, forms of speech.

The very existence of styles was not invented by scientists; it is determined by objective factors of our life. These factors are usually called extralinguistic, i.e. non-linguistic. In other words, it is life that determines what a text of a particular style should be.

Extralinguistic factors influencing the functioning of styles

Basic functional styles of the Russian language and their stylistic features

Scientists identify a variety of styles, but the most general idea is defined by five functional styles:

Functional styles and the factors that determine them have been formed over the centuries.

If you look carefully at their characteristics, you will notice that scientific, official business, and journalistic have much in common:

• predominance written form speeches,
• monologue as a leading type of speech,
• public communication.

Sometimes they are combined under common name“book styles”, contrasting them with colloquial speech. It is easy to notice the special position of the style of fiction.

Each of them has its own special style features. For example,

• for scientific style -

this is accuracy, emphasized logic, evidence, accuracy (unambiguity), abstraction (generalization);

• for formal business style -

directiveness, standardization, unemotional, precision, not allowing for other interpretations;

• for conversational -

spontaneity (lack of preparation), attitude towards informal communication,

• for journalistic -

combination of expression and standard;

• for fiction - imagery.

Within each style, smaller varieties are possible - substyles, which are determined by specific goals (more specific than the general goal of the style), the specifics of the author and the addressee.

The role of genre in functional style

Writing a text also depends on the genre, as defined by the outstanding 20th-century philologist M.M. Bakhtin:

“genre is a relatively stable type of statement—text.

For example, the text of a monograph, a textbook and a popular science book is structured completely differently, although all these genres correspond to the scientific style.

So, the chain that determines what the text created by the author will be is built as follows:

text - genre - substyle - style.

Each style is characterized by specific, special linguistic means that determine the linguistic appearance of the text. For example,

Let's compare the words ask - intercede - appeal - beg. These words are synonyms, but probably each person can determine in which style one or another word can be found more often. Try to match the given words with functional styles...

Let's compare the words potato - potato. You will most likely find the first word in book styles, the second - in colloquial, etc.

However, most of the language means are the same in all styles; these are the so-called neutral language means. For example, the noun autumn, the adjective good, the numeral seven, the verb to read, the adverb very, etc. can be used in any situation, and therefore in any style of speech.

Our presentation of the topic:

We have online crossword on topic

• scientific style, guess
• colloquial -
• journalistic -
• official business -

Materials are published with the personal permission of the author - Ph.D. O.A. Mazneva (see “Our Library”)