The most striking characteristics of formal business style. List of basic educational literature. Official business style: features, scope of application, language features

Formal business style – functional style Russian language, which has a number of common features: conciseness of presentation, standard arrangement of material, widespread use of terminology, the presence of special vocabulary and phraseology, weak individualization of style. Thus, it is a style that, through the use of strict standards, is a means of written communication in the field of business relations.

The official business style in the Russian language stood out before other written styles due to the fact that it has long served the most important areas of state life: foreign relations, consolidation of private property and trade. The need for written consolidation of contracts, laws, records of debts, registration of the transfer of inheritance began to form a special “language”, which, having undergone many changes, retains its main distinctive features.

Business documents appeared in Rus' after the introduction in the 10th century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the chronicle are the texts of treaties between the Russians and the Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. And in the 11th century. The first set of laws of Kievan Rus, “Russian Truth,” appeared. In the language of this code of laws, it is already possible to highlight the peculiarities of word usage and organization of speech, which relate to the characteristic features of business style. This is high terminology, the predominance of composition over subordination in complex sentences, the presence of complex constructions with coordinating conjunctions “a”, “and”, “yes”, “zhe”, as well as non-union chains. Of all types of complex sentences, the most widely used constructions are those with a conditional clause.

Today, the official business style remains, first of all, the style of documents: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc. Many types of business documents have generally accepted forms of presentation and arrangement of material. Therefore, one of the main features of an official business style is the presence in it of numerous clichés that simplify and speed up business communication.

The official business style is divided into several substyles: diplomatic substyle, documentary substyle and everyday business substyle. Each of these substyles is found in different types business documents. The diplomatic substyle is used when drawing up government statements, diplomatic notes, credentials and is distinguished by specific international terms. The documentary substyle is associated with the activities of official bodies; it is characterized by the vocabulary and phraseology of various codes and acts. Everyday business style can be found in business correspondence, so the rigor of writing texts is somewhat weakened compared to other substyles.

The syntactic features of these substyles are not very different from each other, and the main points can be noted in all documents written in a formal business style. Let's move on to their analysis.

So, the syntactic features of the official business style include:

Business writing is dominated by simple, complete sentences. A feature of their functioning in an official business style is that in documents they often convey information that is equal in volume to the information transmitted using complex sentence. This is achieved due to the greater length and semantic capacity of the sentence.

For example: If taxes are not paid before the specified deadline, the payer is deprived of the right to re-nominate himself for a loan.

This syntactic feature of the official business style is due to the need for a clear presentation of information. Direct word order allows you to express your thoughts most accurately and simply. Also, declarative sentences with direct word order are best perceived when reading, which makes official business style documents more understandable.

Direct word order is also often established as mandatory through various clichés inherent in the writing style of certain documents. For example, when writing a vacation application, you write: “I request that you provide me with annual paid leave of 28 calendar days" This sentence, composed with direct word order, is a typical syntactic construction that allows you to save time when writing this statement.

Most official business texts are official documents designed to convey some information. This determines the narrative nature of the presentation, and as a consequence, the predominance of narrative sentences in the text.

1. Tendency to use two-part sentences. One-part sentences are rarely used, most of them are infinitive.

Two-part sentences are used more often in official documents, as they allow the idea to be expressed most fully, which is one of the main tasks of the official business style.

Single-part infinitive sentences, in turn, indicate the necessity or inevitability of certain actions. In combination with the particle “not” and when using an imperfective verb, an infinitive sentence can also mean a prohibition of some action. For example: no smoking on school grounds.

The main purpose of the official business style is to express the instructions of the state, body, authorized person, to state the status and state of affairs in this area. Therefore, when drawing up documents of this kind, it is very important to follow logic and make the document convenient for subsequent retrieval of information. Categories and paragraph divisions thus help achieve your goals.

Emphasized coherence of parts of a complex sentence is achieved with the help of conjunctions, adverbs, pronouns and introductory words. Such a connection between the parts of a sentence is necessary for a clear presentation of information, conveying the necessary information to the reader. Unions, pronouns, adverbs and introductory words act as logical bonds of a sentence. Thus, the author of the document shows that despite the fact that each part of the sentence carries its own semantic load, the sentence itself expresses a complete thought.

Passive constructions in official business style texts are used to describe various official government procedures.

For example: “Prosecutor General Russian Federation is appointed to a position and dismissed from a position by the Federation Council on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation.”

Passive constructions are often used in an official business style, especially in various instructions and job descriptions. They help to depersonalize the person in question and most accurately describe various business processes.

1. Affirmation through negation.

Affirmation through negation allows you to express the position of a particular government body, company or person. Affirmation through negation can be found in business correspondence, various kinds of reports and other official business documents.

For example: the ministry does not object to the adoption of this amendment to the law.

Thus, having examined the main features, we can conclude: a typical unit of official business style can be called a narrative two-part sentence with the correct word order.

1. Practical part.

For the practical part of the essay, I chose an article from the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

Article 67.1. Features of management and control in business partnerships and societies.

1. Management in general partnership and limited partnership is carried out in the manner established by this Code.
2. Towards exceptional competence general meeting Participants of a business company, along with the issues specified in paragraph 2 of Article 65.3 of this Code, include:

1) change in the size of the authorized capital of the company, unless otherwise provided by laws on business companies;

2) making a decision to transfer the powers of the sole executive body of the company to another business company (management organization) or individual entrepreneur(manager), as well as approval of such a management organization or such a manager and the terms of the agreement with such managing organization or with such a manager, if the company’s charter does not include the resolution of these issues within the competence of the company’s collegial management body;

3) distribution of profits and losses of the company.

1. The adoption of a decision by the general meeting of participants of a business company and the composition of the company participants present at its adoption are confirmed in relation to:

1) public joint stock company the person maintaining the register of shareholders of such a company and performing the functions of the counting commission;

2) a non-public joint-stock company by notarization or certification by a person maintaining the register of shareholders of such a company and performing the functions of the counting commission;

3) a limited liability company by notarization, unless another method (signing of the protocol by all participants or part of the participants; using technical means to reliably establish the fact of a decision; in another way that does not contradict the law) is not provided for by the charter of such a company or by a decision of the general meeting members of the company, adopted by the members of the company unanimously.

1. To check and confirm the correctness of the annual accounting (financial) statements, a limited liability company has the right, and in cases provided for by law, is obliged to annually engage an auditor who is not connected by property interests with the company or its participants (external audit). Such an audit can also be carried out at the request of any of the company's participants.
2. To check and confirm the accuracy of the annual accounting (financial) statements, a joint stock company must annually engage an auditor who is not connected by property interests with the company or its participants.

In cases and in the manner prescribed by law and the company's charter, an audit of the accounting (financial) statements of a joint-stock company must be carried out at the request of shareholders whose total share in the authorized capital of the joint-stock company is ten percent or more.

Let's start analyzing the text based on stylistic features. To maintain the logic of the story, I decided to keep the numbering of stylistic features.

1. A large number of simple complete sentences.

The text chosen for analysis contains seven sentences, of which four sentences are completely simple and complete. Also, in none of the sentences, including complex ones, did I find elliptical structures; all sentences are complete and common.

1. The predominance of sentences with direct word order.

In six of the seven sentences of the analyzed text, we observe direct word order, where the subject precedes the predicate. In the second sentence of the text we see that the predicate precedes the subjects. This helps the authors of the Civil Code to draw the attention of readers to the fact that the listed points relate only “to the exclusive competence of the general meeting of participants of a business company.”

1. Narrative nature of the presentation.

All seven sentences are declarative. The style of writing the civil code does not imply the presence of interrogative or exclamatory sentences.

1. Tendency to use two-part sentences. One-part sentences are rarely used; most of them are infinitive.

All seven sentences are two-part, which fully confirms the feature of the official business style that I identified in the theoretical part.

1. Categories simple sentence. Using paragraph division.

This feature is very clearly presented in the text I have chosen. We observe the rubrication of sentences in the second and third sentences of the text. The text also uses paragraph division.

1. The presence of a clearly defined connection between the parts of a complex sentence.

There are only four sentences in our text that contain subordinating connection between parts. In two of them one can observe the pronoun “other”, emphasizing the connection between the parts.

1. A large number of passive constructions.

In the text you can find a large number of passive constructions expressed reflexive verbs and passive participles.

1. Affirmation through negation.

This text does not use statements through negation, which is due to the semantic direction of this article of the civil code. The text describes the rights and obligations of a joint-stock company, so all wording is extremely clear.

Conclusion.

After analyzing a text written in a formal business style, we can confirm the relevance of all syntactic features listed in the theoretical part.

1. Thus, a typical unit of formal business style is a declarative two-part sentence with the correct word order.
2. When analyzing the text, we were able to verify that the modern official business style indeed includes a number of syntactic features inherent only to this style of speech.
3. When completing the practical part, I found confirmation of all the style features I listed in the theoretical part, with the exception of affirmation through negation, which is due to the semantic features of the text.

List of used literature:

1. Rosenthal D.E. Handbook of the Russian language. Practical style. M.: Publishing house "ONICS 21st century": Peace and Education, 2001. - 381 p.
2. Solganik G. Ya. Dronyaeva T. S. Stylistics of the modern Russian language and the culture of speech: Textbook. A manual for students. Fak. Journalism - 3rd ed., erased. – M.: Publishing Center “Academy”, 2005. – 256 p.
3. Language and business communication: Norms, rhetoric, etiquette. M.: NPO "Economy", 2000
4. Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary Russian language [electronic resource] / edited by M. N. Kozhina; members of the editorial board: E. A. Bazhenov, M. P. Kotyurova, A. P. Skovorodnikova - 2nd ed., stereotype. – M.: FLINTA: Nauka, 2011. – 696 p. – (http://books.google.ru/books?id=XZqKAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1&dq=leather+styles+Russian+language+official+business+style&hl=ru&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q=leather%20style%20Russian% 20language%20official%20business%20style&f=false)
5. The Constitution of the Russian Federation with comments for study and understanding / Lozovsky L. Sh., Raizberg B. A. - 2nd ed., revised. And additional – M.: INFRA-M, 2012. – 113 p.

Discussion is closed.

Formal business style

General characteristics of the official - business style of speech.

Basic language features.

Brief description of substyles and genres.

The official business style serves the sphere of administrative and legal activities. It satisfies the need of society for documenting various acts of state, social, political, economic life, business relations between the state and organizations, as well as between members of society in the official sphere of communication. Genres perform informational, prescriptive, ascertaining functions in various spheres of business life.

General stylistic features of official business speech: 1) accuracy of presentation, not allowing the possibility of other interpretations, detail of presentation; 2) stereotyping, standard presentation; 3) obligatory-prescriptive nature.

2. Basic language features.

Vocabulary:

The official business style system consists of the following linguistic means:

Having the appropriate functional and stylistic coloring (vocabulary and phraseology), for example: plaintiff, defendant, protocol, job description, delivery, prepayment, identity card etc.;

Neutral, interstyle, as well as general book language means;

Linguistic means that are neutral in color, but in terms of the degree of usage in the official business style, have become its “sign”, for example: raise a question, express disagreement;

There is a tendency to reduce the number of meanings of words, to make the words and phrases used unambiguously, and to terminology p eat. Texts of this style provide precise definitions or explanations of the terms used (terminological combinations) if they are not commonly used, for example: The short delivery was caused by force majeure (the access roads were washed away by heavy rains);

Many of the words have antonymous pairs: rights - obligations, acquittal - indictment, action - inaction; synonyms are rarely used and, as a rule, belong to the same style: supply = supply = provision; depreciation = depreciation; repayment = creditworthiness.

To convey the accuracy of the meaning and unambiguous interpretation, complex words formed from two or more words are used: tenant, employer, above, above mentioned

And stable combinations: tax return, destination, joint stock company. The uniformity of such phrases and their high repetition lead to the clichédness of the linguistic means used, which gives the texts of an official business style a standardized character;

Preference is given to generic concepts: arrive (to arrive, to arrive, to come), transport means (bus, plane, train), populated paragraph (city, village, town), etc., because formal business speech reflects social experience; the typical comes to the fore here to the detriment of the individual, peculiar, specific, since the legal essence is important for an official document.

Morphology:

The use of common nouns as proper names for the purpose of generalizing and standardizing the document: this Agreement, composition of the Contracting Parties;

Preferred use of prepositional - case forms of verbal nouns: based on, in relation to, by virtue of;

Many verbs contain the theme of prescription or obligation: prohibit, allow, oblige, indicate, assign and under.;

The verb form does not denote a permanent or ordinary action, but an action that is prescribed by law under certain conditions: The accused is guaranteed the right to defense;

When naming a person, nouns are most often used, denoting a person on the basis of an action or relationship, which is intended to accurately indicate the “roles” of the participants in the situation: applicant, tenant, tenant, executor, guardian, adoptive parent, witness, etc.

Nouns denoting positions and titles are used in the form masculine and in the case when they relate to female persons: police officer Smirnova, defendant Proshina, etc..

The use of verbal nouns and participles is typical: arrival of transport, filing claims, serving the population, replenishing the budget; given, indicated, appointed.

Syntax:

Phrases including complex denominative prepositions: in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, and also with the pretext By and prepositional case, expressing temporary meaning: upon return, upon reaching;

Use of complex syntactic structures, impersonal and incomplete sentences: Listened..., Decided...;

Clichéd phrases: Please accept me for a position... in a department... at a rate... with....

Business speech is characterized by impersonal presentation and lack of evaluation. There is an unhindered statement, a presentation of facts in a logical sequence.

So, accuracy, unambiguity and standardization of the means used are the main features of the official business style of speech.

2. Brief description of substyles.

Diplomatic substyle found in diplomatic documents: diplomatic note, government statement, credentials. It is distinguished by specific terms, most of which are international: status quo, persona non grata, ratification, preamble etc. Unlike other substyles, in the language of diplomatic documents there is a high, solemn vocabulary to give the document emphasized significance, and etiquette formulas of politeness are also used in international public communication: I ask you, Mr. Ambassador, to accept the assurances of my highest respect... or The Ministry of Foreign Affairs pays its respects... .

Communiqué– official communication about important events for the state.

Convention– an international treaty, an agreement on any issue.

Memorandum– 1) memorandum, official certificate on any issue; 2) a document outlining the essence of the issue being discussed in diplomatic correspondence; 3) a letter with a reminder of something; 4) a list of circumstances in the insurance policy that are not covered by insurance.

Note- an official diplomatic written statement from one state to another.

Legislative (documentary) substyle is the language of legislative documents related to the activities of official bodies. It is characterized by the vocabulary and phraseology of civil and criminal law, various acts, codes and other documents that serve the official and documentary activities of state and public organizations, as well as citizens as officials.

Constitution- the fundamental law of the state, establishing the foundations of the political and social structure.

Law- an official state document regulating any area of ​​public life and intended to be observed by all residents of the state.

Decree- an official government document prescribing the implementation, creation, etc. anything at the state level.

Charter- an official legislative document of an internal nature that establishes standards of conduct, business communication, rights and obligations of members of a society, work collective, etc.

Stationery substyle found in business correspondence between institutions and organizations and in private business papers. In this substyle, the rigor of document preparation is somewhat relaxed; business letters and other papers can be written in any form.

Power of attorney- a personal business document that entrusts something to someone.

Agreement– a written or oral agreement about future actions or mutual obligations that is accepted by two or more persons, enterprises, states, etc.

Statement- a business paper containing a request (to issue or allocate something, to accept somewhere) to a superior person or to a higher authority.

Order- an official business document containing an order from management.

Protocol– 1) a document containing a record of any factual circumstances, official statements (at a meeting, court, interrogation, etc.); 2) an act of a commission or official containing a description of the actions performed and the facts established.

Receipt- a business paper of a personal nature, which is drawn up by a person who takes something for temporary use from someone.

Agreement- an official agreement about something with someone.

Negotiation– a type of business conversation that involves an official meeting of representatives of enterprises, various organizations, etc. for the purpose of making or developing mutually beneficial decisions.

Introduction. 3

1. Features of official business style. 4

1.1.Substyles of official business style 5

1.2.Linguistic features of official business style 6

2. Business communication culture. 11

Conclusion 17

References 18

Introduction.

It would be wrong and unfair to call the official business style clerical. This is a whole variety of Russian literary language. And this is an appropriate style, which has its own means of expression, ways of naming objects and phenomena, and is even expressive in its own way. By observing the norms of official business speech, we pay tribute not to cliches and bureaucracy, but to the objectively established tradition of constructing speech in accordance with the expressed content, setting and purpose of the statement. Among the bookish styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes caused by the nature of the content itself, but many of its features, historically established genres, specific vocabulary, phraseology, and syntactic turns give it a generally conservative character. A characteristic feature of the official business style is the presence in it of numerous speech standards - clichés. If in other styles stereotyped phrases often act as a stylistic flaw, then in an official business style in most cases they are perceived as a completely natural part of it. Many types of business documents have generally accepted forms of presentation and arrangement of material, and this undoubtedly makes them easier and simpler to use. It is no coincidence that in certain cases of business practice, ready-made forms are used that only need to be filled out. Even envelopes are usually labeled in a certain order (different in different countries, but firmly established in each of them), and this has its advantage for both writers and postal workers. Therefore, all those speech clichés that simplify and speed up business communication are quite appropriate in it. Modern official business style is one of the book styles and functions in the form of written speech. The oral form of official business speech is speeches at ceremonial meetings, sessions, receptions, reports of government and public figures, etc. The official business style serves purely official and extremely important areas of human relationships: relations between government authorities and the population, between countries, between enterprises, institutions and organizations, between individuals and society. In fact, from birth to death, a person is within the scope of official business speech. The main goal of my work is to consider descriptions, features, and varieties of official business style in modern society, as well as to consider the role of such an important component in everyday work as documentation.

1. Features of official business style.

Modern official business (hereinafter OD) style is a functional variety of Russian literary language, used in the field of public relations. Business speech serves as a means of communication between states, the state with an individual and society as a whole; a means of communication between enterprises, institutions, organizations; a means of official communication between people in production and in the service sector.

The official business style refers to the bookish and written styles of the literary language. It is implemented in the texts of laws, orders, decrees, orders, contracts, acts, certificates, certificates, powers of attorney, and in business correspondence of institutions. The oral form of official business speech is represented by speeches and reports at meetings and conferences, judicial speech, office telephone conversations, and oral orders.

The general extralinguistic and actual linguistic features of this style include the following:

1) accuracy, detail of presentation;

2) standardization of presentation;

3) the properly prescriptive nature of the presentation (voluntariness).

Indeed, the language of laws requires, first of all, accuracy, not allowing any discrepancies; speed of understanding is not important, since the interested person, if necessary, will read the article of the law two or three times, striving for complete understanding. The standardization of the presentation is manifested in the fact that the heterogeneous phenomena of life in a business style fit into a limited number of standard forms (questionnaire, certificate, instructions, statement, business letter, etc.).

Business speech is impersonal, stereotypical, and lacks an emotional element.

A specific property of business speech is the expression of will. Thus, in management documentation we constantly encounter first-person forms of the verb (I ask, I propose, I order, I congratulate), with modal forms, obligation (must, necessary, follows, proposed).

1.1.Substyles of official business style

Depending on the scope of business speech and the stylistic originality of the corresponding texts, they are usually distinguished within OA three substyles:

1)diplomatic(types of documents: international treaties, agreements, conventions, memoranda, notes, communiques, etc.; oral forms are practically not used);

2) legislative(types of documents, such as laws, decrees, civil, criminal and other acts of state importance; the main oral form is judicial speech);

3) managerial(types of documents: charters, contracts, orders, instructions, statements, characteristics, powers of attorney, receipts, etc.; oral forms - report, speech, official telephone conversation, oral order).

Diplomatic style. This variety of OA style serves the field of international relations. The scope of documentation of the diplomatic substyle is law and to a greater extent than in other substyles. - politics, as it is associated with the implementation of the international policy of the state.

Legislative substyle. Legal documents are distinguished by greater stylistic and linguistic homogeneity than documents of other substyles. In these texts one can note the widespread use of legal terminology (appeal, plaintiff, tribunal, immunity, breadwinner). In the legislative substyle, abstract vocabulary is used and there is practically no expressive-emotional language means or evaluative vocabulary. Evaluative words of this kind, such as parasite, criminal, acquire terminological meaning in legal texts. There are many antonyms here, since legislative speech reflects opposing interests, contrasts and compares concepts: rights and obligations, work and rest, personal and public, plaintiff and defendant, crime and punishment, marriage registration and divorce, adoption of a child and deprivation of parental rights, voluntarily and compulsorily, withhold and accrue.

The language of laws had a great influence on the formation of the entire official business style; it has originally been the basis of business speech. Of course, the language of laws should be a model for the language of management documentation. But the managerial substyle, like the diplomatic one, has its own norms and linguistic diversity, determined by the content and composition of documents.

Managerial substyle. The scope of application of the managerial substyle is a variety of administrative, departmental, and industrial relations. The types of documents of the management sub-style differ most from each other in compositional, stylistic and linguistic terms.

In the texts of the managerial substyle, along with neutral and bookish vocabulary, words and stable phrases with the coloring of an official business style (undersigned, proper, following, housing tax, lump sum, notify). The managerial sub-style has its own administrative and managerial terminology, for example: the names of institutions, positions, types of official documents. Due to the fact that this substyle serves different areas of social and industrial activity (culture, study, trade, agriculture, various industries), a wide variety of terminology is used in the texts of the substyle. In official texts, it is not recommended to use synonyms, replacing with them the direct names of objects and actions. Unlike the legislative substyle, there are few antonyms here. In management sub-style texts, abbreviations, compound words, and various means of codification (names of institutions and enterprises, car brands, etc.) are often used. Only in the texts of the managerial substyle are used verb forms in the 1st person, sometimes personal pronouns. This is due to specification, with a precise indication of the author of the text (I order, I ask you to send me, I inform). In the managerial style, verbs in the imperative mood are not used, and constructions with the words must and must are used relatively rarely. The meaning of obligation is softened in the texts by the use of such phrases as impute, oblige, impose an obligation.

1.2.Linguistic features of official business style

Vocabulary and phraseology. OD speech reveals a tendency towards extremely generalized semantically vocabulary, where everything that is acutely unique, specific, and unique is eliminated, and the typical is brought to the fore. What is important for an official document is not the living flesh of a given phenomenon, but its “legal” essence. OA speech gives preference to generic designations with broad and poor semantics, with a limited number of semantic features:

premises (cf.: apartment, workshop, hangar, lobby, shelter, monastery, apartments), person (cf.: individual, person, man, girl, guy, small, owner, tenant, passerby), parent (cf.: mother , father, father, mother, ancestor), serviceman (cf.: soldier, lieutenant general, artilleryman, recruit, soldier, serviceman, sailor), punishment (cf.: reprimand, fine, arrest, scolding, reprimand), arrive ( Wed: to come, to arrive, to sail, to gallop, to burst in, to arrive, to arrive) and others.

Word formation and morphological features. The word-formation and morphological features of the OA style are inextricably linked with its general characteristics: the desire for accuracy, standardization, impersonal and obligatorily prescriptive nature of presentation.

Of the conjugated forms, the present tense forms are most often used here, but with a different meaning compared to the scientific style. This value is usually defined as the present prescription. The verb form does not denote a permanent or ordinary action, but an action that the law requires to be performed under certain conditions:

"The accused is guaranteed the right to defense."

When naming a person in the OD style, nouns are used that designate the person based on a characteristic determined by some action or attitude, which is intended to accurately indicate the “roles” of the participants in the situation: defendant, tenant, tenant, reader, guardian, adoptive parent, plaintiff, witness, etc.

Nouns denoting positions and titles are used in the masculine form even when they refer to female persons: police officer Smirnov, defendant Proshina and the like.

Among the word-formation models of nouns, verbal formations are widely represented, including na-nie, sometimes with a prefix and non-: non-compliance, non-recognition, decision, execution. For example:

“Children left without parental care and located in educational institutions, medical institutions, social protection institutions and other similar institutions have the right to: maintenance, upbringing, education, comprehensive development, respect for their human dignity, ensuring their interests.... "(Family Code of the Russian Federation, p. 149).

Stringing nouns with the suffix -nie can be considered a clear sign of the OD style:

“Preparation for a crime is the search and adaptation of means or instruments or the deliberate creation of conditions for the commission of crimes...”

The OA style is rich in constructions with a verb that takes on purely grammatical functions. The number of verbs that act as grammatically supporting words and serve to express almost only grammatical meanings amounts to many dozens:

conduct (campaigning, installation, observation, negotiations, preparation, searches, development, investigation...);

make (additions, corrections, clarifications...);

give (consultation, appointment, justification, explanation, refutation, refusal, assessment, instruction, permission, clarification, order, recommendation, consent, instruction...);

undergo (examination, training, testing..) etc.

Extremely characteristic of official speech are methods of composite word formation - stem and word composition, fusion, as a result of which in the lexicon of a business language two (or more) root formations are represented by a very extensive collection:

marriage, offense, taxation, land use, passenger transportation, disability, tenant, landlord, dacha owner, paper holder, cultural and entertainment, material and technical, repair and construction, administrative and economic, autumn-winter, bakery, apartment intermediary, knowledge-intensive, transport-intensive, low-paid , low-income, person-ruble, ship-day, passenger-seat-mile and many others.

Business style passion for difficult words easy to explain: they are transparent in structure and meaning, and have idiomatic effects. To an even greater extent, the need for semantically clear names is met by the phrase; the number of OA style names created in this way amounts to many thousands of units:

vehicles, wages, official confectionery, securities, travel document, reception center, executive committee, cashless payment, work injury, bodily injury, public places, occupational disease, catering establishment, high demand goods, on-the-job training, right to rest, search warrant , demotion, loss of rights....

The convenience of “analytical” models is expressed with particular clarity in the nomenclature of institutions, professions, positions, etc. that makes up a gigantic layer of official names: chief researcher, deputy regiment commander for engineering service, Moscow State University, St. Petersburg State Mining Institute (Technical University). Transcaucasian Railway, Volyn Plant household chemicals, State Duma deputy...

Syntax. Of the syntactic constructions that have the coloring of the OD style, we note phrases that include complex denominative prepositions: in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, as well as a combination with the preposition by, expressing a temporary meaning: upon return, upon reaching. For example:

"Civil capacity arises in full with the onset of adulthood, that is, upon reaching the age of eighteen".

Simple sentences in the OA style are often complicated by homogeneous members, the number of which can reach 8-10 or more, due to the need to exhaust the subject of the message. For example:

“The objects of common ownership of a peasant farm are the following property: land plot, plantings, outbuildings or other buildings, reclamation and other structures, productive and working livestock, poultry, agricultural and other machinery, equipment, vehicles, inventory and other property...”

As in the scientific style, passive construction and complex sentences with allied communications parts, and great place are occupied by complex sentences with a conditional clause (26% among all complex sentences, which is 4 times higher than their use in scientific speech).

The syntax of the OD style is known for “stringing the genitive case”, i.e. the use of complex combinations with several dependent components in the form of the genitive case (G.p.) without a preposition. Examples: To apply public pressure measures, for the purpose of wide publicity of the work of the Ministry of Higher Education...

Thus, the process of standardization of business speech covers all levels of language - vocabulary, morphology, and syntax. As a result, a stable speech stereotype is formed, perceived by speakers as a special, functionally oriented type of linguistic norming of texts, i.e. special functional style.

Those who see the standardization of business speech as an “impoverishment” and even “damage” of the literary language are completely wrong. The development of business language corresponds to the general laws of the evolution of modern society, for example, the increasing mechanization of labor, the introduction of machine methods for processing, transmitting and storing information.

It is not the standardization of OA style that should be considered a negative linguistic phenomenon, but the use of verbal cliches in oral and written speech. A type of cliche that is increasingly penetrating into lively colloquial speech is the so-called “officialism” (according to apt definition K.I. Chukovsky), improper use of stock expressions from business papers.

The coloring of the OD style is possessed, first of all, by lexical and phraseological units language (notify, forward, plaintiff, protocol, housing rental, prosecutorial supervision, lump sum). The use of the name “bureaucracy” in relation to this vocabulary and phraseology in all cases seems unfair, since this name has a negative emotional connotation. It is more expedient to distinguish between two concepts and, accordingly, two terms: “vocabulary with the coloring of OD style” and “clericalism”.

The first name reflects the place of the corresponding layer of vocabulary in the system of general literary language, its functional and stylistic coloring. The second name, “clericalisms,” refers to the same lexical units, but when they are used in speech with a different stylistic overtones, for example, in colloquial speech, or in the language of a work of art. If they are used unintentionally, by accident, then their use should be regarded as a violation of the stylistic norm, as a speech error.

The OA style itself, like the scientific one, is alien to emotional and expressive coloring. Indeed, in the linguistic means of the OA style there are no additional, additional assessments of the speaker (writer) that would be layered on linguistic units beyond their lexical, nominative or grammatical meaning. On the contrary, the linguistic units selected here, as already mentioned, are designed to convey the relevant concepts and facts as accurately and unambiguously as possible.

2. Business communication culture.

Business conversation is, understood in the broadest sense, oral speech contact between people connected by business interests who have the necessary authority to establish business relationships and solve business problems. Business conversation is primarily oral business speech, which has significant differences with its written form. First of all, a business conversation is a direct communication that involves a specific interlocutor (or interlocutors), which makes it possible to directly influence him (or them). The presence of an interlocutor allows you to use facial expressions, gestures, intonation and other communication techniques, which significantly distinguishes oral business speech from its written form.

Direct communication eliminates the possibility of preliminary thinking, and therefore business conversation is full of relaxed forms of communication, as well as some grammatical and stylistic features. Thus, this type of business speech is characterized by a certain departure from the usual morphological norms of the general literary language, which in business communication are often considered as an excess that does not allow the meaning of the statement to be accurately and concisely conveyed. For speech to be correct, words must be used in strict accordance with their meaning. Meanwhile, errors in word usage are the most common speech flaw among participants in business conversations. Let's take this example: “The weather was FAVORABLE for the unloading of platforms” (instead of “FAVORABLE”). In this case, the word is used without taking into account its semantics. Such errors arise as a result of the speakers’ stylistic negligence, inattention to the word, or poor knowledge of the language.

Using words without taking into account their semantics often changes the meaning of a statement. For example: “The construction of the main building of the plant coincided with a sharp deterioration in CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.” The speaker meant, of course, weather conditions (bad weather), the climate cannot change in the few months during which the construction of the mentioned factory building was carried out.

Using words without taking into account their semantics can cause illogicality and even absurdity in a statement. Thus, in the phrase “A DECADE of a technical book will take FIVE DAYS,” the speaker forgot or did not know that the word “decade” means “ten days.” But more often, incorrect word usage leads to logical errors, which are usually expressed in the substitution of a concept.

Speakers do not always skillfully use antonyms in their speech. Consider the following phrase, which is heard quite often in business conversations: “DUE TO WEAK CONTROL...”. Here, the first of the words of the antonymic pair, acting as a preposition, should not have retained the original lexical meaning, but due to the close proximity of its antonym, this meaning “appeared”, and the combination of incompatible concepts became the reason for the illogicality of the statement.

A careless attitude to language can cause speech failure - missing words necessary to accurately express a thought: “THE DEPARTMENT STARTS at exactly 12 o’clock” (“meeting” is missed). Speech impairment usually occurs when the speaker is in a hurry and does not monitor the correctness of the statement, which causes serious damage to the semantic side of speech.

In some cases, missing words can completely distort the idea: “To speed up the loading of goods, it is necessary to unite all port services” (it is necessary: ​​to unite the EFFORTS of all port services).

The cause of stylistic errors is very often an unsuccessful choice of synonym. For example, in the phrase “It is necessary to PROTECT the goods from shrinkage,” instead of the verb “to protect,” one should use its synonym “PRESERVE.”

If the speaker finds it difficult to give an exact definition of a particular concept, an unjustified string of synonyms may arise that express the idea approximately, giving rise to speech redundancy, for example: “Our employees have recently had a lot of absences and absenteeism. We must ensure RHYTHMIC and UNINTERRUPTED work.”

Very often in a business conversation there is a confusion of paronyms (i.e. words that are similar in morphological composition and, therefore, in sound, but differ in meaning), which leads to gross lexical errors. Most often this causes a violation of lexical compatibility, for example: BOW your head (must: bow); beautiful and PRACTICAL clothes (necessary: ​​practical).

A lexical error, consisting in replacing the desired word with its distorted version, is close to mixing paronyms. So, instead of the adjective “extraordinary” they say “unscheduled”, instead of “mutually” - “mutually”.

Gross lexical errors in speech can be caused by false associations, which often arise under the influence of the wrong choice of paronym. The words “statute” and “status” are often confused, “to approve” (i.e. to give official approval based on verification) and “to test” (i.e. to subject to a test, sample before use). For the correct use of words in speech, it is not enough to know their exact meaning; it is also necessary to take into account the lexical compatibility of words, i.e. their ability to connect with each other. Involuntary violation of lexical compatibility is a very common defect in oral speech. Thus, they often say: the meeting is convened, the conversation is read, the obligations are completed, the attention is increased, the horizons are broadened. You can often hear the phrase “MEET THE NEEDS OF THE MODERN NEEDS,” which is a mixture of MEETING REQUIREMENTS and MEETING NEEDS. Or another example: “MATERIAL DAMAGES WERE RECOVERED from the supplier in favor of the customer” (material DAMAGES can be COMPENSATED, MONEY can be RECOVERED).

You cannot combine colloquial words with book ones or combine high, solemn phrases with ordinary, neutral ones, for example: “After that, he became an advocate of saving on every operation” (one could say more simply: “He suggested saving on every operation”).

BRIEFS is the most important requirement for any form of business speech, since such speech is characterized, as we have already noted, by a purely applied nature in the presentation of the information being reported. This means that the speaker does not abuse the listener's time and patience, avoiding unnecessary repetition, unnecessary detail and verbal garbage. Every word and expression serves a purpose here, which can be formulated as follows: to present the essence of the matter to the listeners as accurately and concisely as possible. Therefore, words and phrases that do not carry any semantic load should be completely excluded from business speech.

Verbosity, or speech redundancy, most often manifests itself in the use of unnecessary words, which indicate not only stylistic negligence, they also indicate the vagueness and uncertainty of the speaker’s ideas about the subject of speech, which often comes at the expense of information content, obscuring main idea statements.

Verbosity manifests itself in various forms. Thus, very often participants in business conversations obsessively explain well-known truths to everyone or repeatedly repeat the same thoughts, thereby unintentionally prolonging the business conversation.

Speech redundancy can take the form of PLEONASM, which is understood as the simultaneous use of words that are close in meaning and therefore superfluous (anticipate in advance, dark darkness, the main essence, everyday routine, valuable treasure, etc.). Often pleonasms are born by combining synonyms (long and lasting; bold and courageous; only; however, nevertheless). A type of pleonasm is TAUTOLOGY, that is, repetition of the same thing in other words. Everyday conversations of business people are literally filled with repetitions of the same or similar words, for example: “in the MONTH of August”, “SCHEMATIC plan”, “five PEOPLE miners”, “seven PIECES of transformers”, etc.

Tautology can arise when repeating words with the same root (tell a story), as well as when combining a Russian and a foreign word that duplicates its meaning (debuted for the first time, a memorable souvenir). The latter usually indicates that the speaker does not understand the exact meaning of the borrowed foreign word. This is how the combinations “interior”, “break interval”, “young prodigy”, “minuscule little things”, “leading leader”, etc. appear.

However, individual combinations of this type have become so entrenched in speech that they can no longer be classified as speech defects. These include, for example, such as “time period”, “monumental monument”, “real reality”, “exhibitions of the exhibition”, “second-hand book”.

Speech redundancy in business speech also includes the unnecessary use of foreign words that duplicate Russian words and thereby unjustifiably complicate the statement. Why, for example, say “nothing extraordinary” when you can say “nothing special”; instead of “ordinary” - “ordinary”, instead of “indifferent” - “indifferent”, instead of “ignore” - “not notice”, instead of “limit” - “limit”, instead of “approximately” - “approximately”, instead of “function” - “act”, instead of “diversification” - “diversity”, instead of “determine” - “define”, instead of “test” - “check”, etc.

Incorrect or parallel use of foreign language vocabulary leads, as a rule, to unnecessary repetitions, for example: “industrial industry” (the word “industry” already contains the concept “industrial”), “to speed up construction at an accelerated pace” (“to force” means “to carry out at an accelerated pace” pace"), "to suffer a complete fiasco" ("fiasco" is a complete defeat).

Conclusion

In conclusion, we summarize the main results of the abstract. During business communication, information, opinions and views are exchanged between people. Communication is interaction. This is a way to get to know other people, the world around. Business communication is based on all moral principles of communication.. You need to be able to emphasize the importance that this or that interlocutor has for you. The concept of communicative culture in business communication is an interaction leading to the establishment of psychological contact with partners, when perception and understanding between them is established. Here, knowledge of the peculiarities of human interaction is important in order to be able to direct the actions of partners towards the result you desire. Generally accepted norms for any type of communication, and business communication in particular, contain requirements for its participants. These include politeness, correctness, modesty, tact, accuracy and courtesy..

Among book styles, the official business style is the most clearly defined. It serves legal and administrative activities when communicating in government agencies, in court, during business and diplomatic negotiations: business speech provides the sphere of official business relations and functions in the field of law and politics. The official business style is implemented in the texts of laws, decrees, orders, instructions, contracts, agreements, orders, acts, in business correspondence of institutions, as well as in legal certificates, etc. Despite the fact that this style is subject to serious changes under the influence of socio-historical changes in society, it stands out among other functional varieties of the language due to its stability, traditionality, isolation and standardization. The analysis showed that standard syntactic phrases, clichéd expressions, structural and compositional features, etc. are the result of intralingual selection, the use of those structural and syntactic capabilities of the language that best meet the tasks facing business writing. And it is precisely these features, which arose under the influence of extralinguistic factors and as a result of the internal laws of language development, that determine the face of the genre of business correspondence, distinguishing it from other genres of the official business style and maintaining its thematic and genre attachment for decades.

References

1. Rakhmanin L.V. Stylistics of business speech and editing of official documents: Proc. allowance for the environment. specialist. schools, institutions. 3rd ed., revised - M.: Higher. school, 2004.

3. Leonova G.V. On some features of the use of borrowed words in business speech // Secretarial Affairs. - 2007, No. 4;

4. Basovskaya E.N. Language difficulties associated with the preparation of documents // Secretarial Affairs. - 2007, No. 1

5. Culture of oral and written speech of a business person: Directory. - M.: Flinta, Nauka, 2005. P. 100

6. Rakhmanin L V Stylistics of business speech and editing of official documents Proc. manual for special educational institutions, 3rd ed., rev. -M Higher school, 2004. P. 16.

7. GOST R. 1.5-92 State standardization system of the Russian Federation General requirements for the construction, presentation, design and content of standards P. 4.12. Abbreviations.

8. Culture of Russian speech. Textbook for universities, ed. Graudina L.K., Shiryaeva E.N.

Business. Of course, the language...

The official business style is much more common in life than you might think. You see it in instructions, in any documents of organizations (no matter government or commercial), in legislative acts, V methodological developments and so on.

The main function of this style is to inform – convey extremely accurate and concise information. Therefore, the information richness of texts written in an official business style is very high, although difficult to understand.

Read about all styles of speech (text).

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Characteristics of formal business style

Among the main style features are the following:

• informational orientation - in order to remain in the exclusively administrative and legal sphere of activity;
• accuracy and standardization of wording - sometimes to the detriment of ease of perception;
• rigid logical structure of both sentences and the text itself as a whole;
• lack of emotionality and evaluativeness - in texts written in an official business style, there are either facts or reasonable hypotheses, and a subjective approach to the things presented is completely excluded.

At linguistic levels, style features manifest themselves as follows:

• in vocabulary - as a rule, the texts use mainly words and terms of the official business sphere;
• in morphology - clericalisms and linguistic clichés (set expressions) are actively exploited; complex prepositions;
• in syntax - texts of the named style are composed mainly of significant length, voluminous sentences, as a rule, complex and complicated in various ways.

Official business style: analysis of examples

Let's look at examples of our style so that its features become clearer.

Excerpt from the document:

According to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a limited liability company (hereinafter referred to as LLC) is recognized as one approved by one or more persons commercial organization, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares determined constituent documents. Unlike a joint-stock company, the right to a share is confirmed not by a security or a share, but only by a certificate, which, in accordance with the charter of the LLC, can be issued to its founders.

1 . In vocabulary From the above excerpt, the following layers can be distinguished:

• words that are called commonly used: participants, documents, society, persons, limited;
• terms: shares, limited liability company, code, founder, authorized capital, share, commercial organization;
• speech clichés: according to the code, in contrast to, in accordance with.

2. Let's look at the morphology the specified excerpt from the document. The following points should be highlighted here:

• verbal nouns predominate: organization, founders, participants;
• often there are nouns with the general meaning of persons: persons, participants;
• stringing of nouns in the instrumental and genitive case: Unlike a joint-stock company, the right to a share is confirmed not by a security or share, but only by a certificate that, in accordance with the charter of the LLC, can be issued to its founders;
• predominance of participles and gerunds over verbs.

3. Syntax. There are also interesting points here:

• sentences, as a rule, are voluminous (in this case we have two such sentences, and they completely make up the given passage);
• the sentences use direct word order: a limited liability company is recognized as..., the authorized capital... is divided;
• According to the purpose of the statement in the above passage, all sentences are narrative;
• a complex sentence is further complicated, firstly, by participial phrases (defined by the constituent documents), and secondly, by homogeneous members (According to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a limited liability company (hereinafter referred to as LLC) is recognized as a commercial organization approved by one or more persons, with a charter whose capital is divided into shares).

Excerpt from the document:

During the war in the village. Borovoe, 45 houses out of 77 survived. The collective farmers had 4 cows, 3 heifers, 13 sheep, 3 piglets. Most gardens personal plots, as well as orchard with a total area of ​​2.7 hectares, belonging to the Krasnaya Zarya collective farm, were cut down. The damage caused by the Nazi invaders to the property of the collective farm and collective farmers is estimated at approximately 230,700 rubles.
There were 64 out of 370 residents in the village when our military units arrived.
There were cases of forcible removal of residents to work for the occupiers... Currently, it has been completely restored in the village. Borovoye farm of the collective farm "Red Dawn".

1. In vocabulary Let us note the following layers:

• words of general use: survived, residents, gardens.
• terms and established expressions: damage, removal, total area, Nazi invaders.
• frequent speech clichés: remained in stock, the damage caused is calculated, took place, most of the gardens.
• despite the rare inversion (there were cases of forcible removal), the word order is most often direct: most of the gardens... were cut down, the damage... was calculated, the inhabitants... were numbered;
• a large number of numerals expressing statistical data: 4 cows, 3 heifers, 13 sheep, 3 piglets remained.

2. Let's analyze the morphology the given passage. As you can see, in this example the same as in the first:

• verbal nouns and nouns with abstract meaning predominate: removal, work, occupiers, arrival, time, damage;
• nouns having general meaning persons: residents, occupiers, collective farmers;
• there is a stringing of nouns in the instrumental and genitive cases: damage caused by the Nazi invaders of the property of the collective farm and collective farmers.

3. In syntax The following points should be noted:

• sentences are cumbersome, usually dryly informative;
• the order of words is direct: caused by the Nazi invaders of the property of the collective farm and collective farmers;
• In terms of purpose, the statements are usually narrative, and in terms of intonation they are non-exclamatory.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the official business style is one of the most insidious. His formulations are so refined that they are firmly etched in the memory, and therefore clericalism and linguistic clichés actively penetrate into the books, making them look like a bad translation from a foreign language.

Remember: the impersonality and detachment of business-style vocabulary for good literature is a great evil. behind the words and expressions you choose for your stories and novels. And if bureaucracy has penetrated them, drive them out mercilessly!

Formal business style is designed to serve legal relations between citizens and the state, and therefore it is used in various documents: from state acts and international treaties to business correspondence. Key Features style - message and impact– are implemented in such official documents as laws, regulations, decrees, orders, contracts, agreements, statements and many others. This style is also called administrative, as it serves the area of ​​formal business relations, the area of ​​law and public policy. Its other name is business speech- indicates that this style is the most ancient of the bookish ones, and its origins must be sought in the business speech of Kievan Rus, since legal documents(Russian Truth, various agreements, charters) were created already in the 10th century.

The official business style is distinguished by its stability, isolation and standardization. Despite the wide variety of business documents, their language strictly obeys the requirements of official business presentation. It provides for the accuracy of the formulation of legal norms and the need for absolute adequacy of their understanding; compound mandatory elements execution of a document ensuring its legal validity; standardized nature of presentation; stable forms of arrangement of material in a certain logical sequence, etc.

For all forms of business writing, strict compliance with the literary norm is required at all language levels: the use of lexical and phraseological means of a colloquial, colloquial nature, dialect, professional slang words is unacceptable; non-literary variants of inflection and word formation; conversational syntactic constructions. The official business style does not accept expressive elements: evaluative vocabulary, high or low words (joking, ironic), figurative expressions. The most important requirement for the language of a document is objectivity and dispassionate presentation of facts.

The official business style operates primarily in written form, however, it is not excluded oral, in particular, speeches by government and public figures at ceremonial meetings, sessions, and receptions. The oral form of business speech is characterized by full style pronunciation, special expressiveness of intonation, logical stress. The speaker can allow a certain emotional elevation of speech, even interspersing foreign-style language means, without, however, violating the literary norm. Incorrect accents and unliterary pronunciation are unacceptable.

Vocabulary official speech is characterized by the widespread use of special words and terms (legal, diplomatic, military, economic, sports, etc.). The desire for brevity leads to the use of abbreviations and complex abbreviated names government bodies and supranational entities, as well as institutions, organizations, societies, parties, etc. ( RF, CIS, Ministry of Emergency Situations, Airborne Forces, Air Force, FDI, Housing and Communal Services, LDPR, MUP, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Health, Rosstat). Since the structure of government bodies, the names of parties and social movements are subject to change, many new words appear and this part vocabulary is constantly updated and expanded.

Business and official texts use words and expressions that are not accepted in other styles: the above, the following, the above, proper, prohibited, deed, punishability etc. This also includes stable phrases: preventive measure; cassation appeal; civil status act; act of disobedience; recognizance not to leave etc. Regular use of such words and expressions, which do not have synonyms, contributes to the accuracy of speech and eliminates misinterpretations.

Morphological The features of the official business style are largely determined by its nominal character: here there is an absolute predominance of nominal parts of speech with little use of verbs. The inappropriateness of the expressive coloring of official speech makes it impossible to use interjections, modal words, a number of particles, words with suffixes of subjective assessment, adjectives in comparative and superlatives. Nouns denoting positions are usually used in the masculine form ( accountant, director, laboratory assistant, postman, controller etc.).

The high frequency of verbal nouns is a consequence of the consolidation of stable figures of speech (synonymous with verbal expressions): the procedure for drawing up and executing a transportation plan; in order to improve the tax collection procedure etc. In such figures of speech, a chain of genitive case forms of nouns often appears ( clarification of the conditions for committing a crime; checking compliance with passport regulations), which gives the phrase heaviness and sometimes makes it difficult to perceive.

Adjectives and participles in business speech often act in the meaning of nouns ( sick, resting, the undersigned); productive short forms adjectives ( must, obligated, obligatory, necessary, accountable, jurisdictional, responsible). The use of such forms is dictated by the prescriptive nature of business speech: Calling experts is mandatory to establish the cause of death(Criminal Procedure Code of the RSFSR).

The selection of pronouns in business speech is indicative: personal pronouns are not used here me, you, he, she, they due to the complete lack of individualization of speech and specificity, accuracy of the statement. Instead of demonstrative pronouns this, that, such etc. words used given, present, corresponding, known, specified, above, below etc. Indefinite pronouns are not used at all in business speech: someone, some, something etc.

To characterize verbs in official speech, its nominal structure is also important, which determines the high frequency of linking verbs ( is, becomes, is realized), replacing the verbal predicate with a combination of an auxiliary verb with a noun naming the action ( provide assistance; carry out control; provide care etc.). Compared to others book styles business style has the lowest frequency of verbs: for every thousand words there are only 60 (in scientific style - 90, in artistic speech - 151). The prescriptive nature of the official business style, the predominance of stating and descriptive types of speech in it over narration and reasoning determine its static nature, the displacement of verbal forms by verbal nouns.

Among the semantic groups of verbs presented in business style, main role is assigned to words with the meaning of obligation ( follows, must, imputes, undertakes), as well as abstract verbs indicating being, presence ( is, is). See for example:

Persons who were under constant education and support, obliged deliver maintenance to the persons who actually raised them, if the latter are disabled and in need of assistance and cannot receive support from their children or spouses.

In official speech, impersonal forms of verbs are more common - participles, gerunds, infinitives, which especially often appear in the meaning imperative mood (take note; make a proposal; recommend, withdraw from use etc.).

Present tense forms perform the function of prescription: Enterprises are responsible...; The tenant is responsible for the property(such verb tense forms are called hereby regulations).

Forms of the future tense acquire different shades in the context (obligation, prescription; possibility, close to necessity): Borders will as they existed on October 1, 1941 g. (i.e. established by agreement); Military command will highlight... (= "will have to highlight"). Another meaning of the future, typical of business texts, is the conditional (unreal) future, which is usually found in complex sentences with subordinate clauses: The insured amount is paid if during the year will come permanent disability.

The functioning of past tense forms is completely consistent with the tasks of business speech. One of the typical meanings is the past of an emphasized statement, a pronounced fixation of what is being reported in in writing(agreements, contracts, etc.):

Ukraine confirms that it translated funds... to pay off part of the debt for previously supplied Russian gas; We, the undersigned..., examined, measured, compared drawings and accepted single-family panel house(act).

Imperfective verbs, as more abstract in meaning than perfective verbs, predominate in genres of general business speech (constitution, codes, charters, etc.). Perfective forms are used in texts with more specific content (orders, instructions, minutes of meetings, resolutions, acts, contracts). Such forms of the verb are used in combination with modal words in the meaning of obligation and express a categorical command, permission ( must report; has the right to prescribe; obliged to convey; I undertake to provide), as well as a statement ( the ministry reviewed, took measures, made a proposal; organized, paid, completed etc.).

Syntax official business style reflects the impersonal nature of business speech ( Complaints are submitted to the prosecutor, Cargo transportation is carried out...). In this regard, passive constructions are widely used, which allow one to abstract from specific performers and focus on the actions themselves ( The competition included...-, Ten patients were admitted; 120 applications registered; The order fulfillment period is extended subject to...).

Syntactic constructions in official speech are full of clichéd phrases with denominative prepositions: for the purposes of, in connection with, through, on the basis of etc. ( in order to improve the structure; in connection with these complications; without cooperation and mutual assistance; based on decision taken ). Such clichés are a specific feature of the official business style. The use of such syntactic constructions is necessary to express typical situations; they facilitate and simplify the compilation of standard texts.

In official business documents, coordinating conjunctions are more common than subordinating ones (since the law, the charter prescribes, and does not explain or prove). At the same time, a feature of business speech is the predominance of complex syntactic structures: a simple sentence is not capable of reflecting the sequence of facts to be considered in an official business context.

Conditional infinitive constructions play a large role in the official business style (especially in the texts of laws, where this is motivated by the target task - to stipulate the conditionality of the legal norm). Characteristic feature business speech is also the use of infinitive and impersonal sentences with the meaning of obligation. In order to achieve laconicism and accuracy, parallel syntactic constructions (participial and participial phrases, constructions with verbal nouns).

The syntax of a business style is characterized by a strict and specific order of words in a sentence, which is due to the requirement of logic, consistency, and accuracy of presentation of thoughts. Stylistic feature is also the primary use indirect speech . Direct speech in an official business style is resorted to only in cases where verbatim quotation of legislative acts or other documents is necessary.

In the design of texts in an official business style, paragraph division and rubrics play an important role; details– permanent elements of the content of the document: names, dates, signatures, as well as the graphic design adopted for this document. All this is of paramount importance in office work and testifies to the literacy of the document compiler, his professionalism and culture of speech.