Why are the minor parts of the sentence needed? Main and minor clauses: how to find them without unnecessary difficulties

September 16, 2017

Any sentence in the Russian language can be divided into component parts, which in science are called “members of the sentence.” Among them, major and minor ones are distinguished. Without the main ones, most of the sentences cannot exist; they form its basis, and the secondary ones make the text more informative and rich. What are the main and minor members? offers?

Main

The subject and predicate in a sentence are its main members.

Subject means the thing that does the action. Questions to help you detect it when parsing- this is "who?" (if the action is performed by an animate object) or “what?” (if the sentence talks about a phenomenon or an inanimate object).
The predicate is most often expressed by a verb and means the action that the subject performs. Questions to determine - “what does it do, what will it do?”

Here's an example: Good mood helped boys overcome difficulties. The question “what” in our example is answered by the word “mood”; it is the subject and during analysis is emphasized by one feature. To find the predicate, we ask the question: “What did the mood do?” It helped. This word is the predicate, expressed by a verb, emphasized by two features. As a result, the sentence with the found main members looks like this: A good (what?) mood (underlined by a solid line) (what did?) helped (underlined by two solid horizontal stripes) the boys to overcome difficulties.

How to find out the subject and predicate during parsing

To avoid making a mistake when figuring out what is the subject and what is the predicate, you should use a hint table.

First of all, you should find the actor by asking the question: “Who? What?”, this will be the subject. Next they look for the predicate.

Video on the topic

Minor

To parse a proposal into members, you should be able to find circumstances, definitions and additions. They are the secondary members, the purpose of which is to specify and clarify the main ones (or other minor ones). How to find them?

Definition. Questions that will help to detect it in a sentence - “which”, “whose”.
Addition. Most often he is asked questions of indirect cases: “to whom (what)”, “with whom (with what)”, “about whom (about what)” and others. That is, questions of all cases, in addition to the nominative.
Circumstance. It can be found by asking questions of adverbs or gerunds: “from”, “where”, “why”, “how”, “where” and the like.

Let's give an example. Let's find the main and minor terms. offers:

The little boy hurriedly walked along the path.

If you want to break down the proposal by members, it will look like this:

(what, definition) The little (who, subject) boy (how, circumstance) hurriedly (what he did, predicate) walked (by what, object) along the path.

Each major and minor member. The sentence answers its own question, carries a certain load and plays its own role in the sentence.

How to recognize

To avoid mistakes when identifying additions, definitions and circumstances, you can use this summary table-help.

Minor members

Parameter	Definition	Addition	Circumstance
Meaning	Characterizes the attribute of an object	Means subject	It matters the place, time, method of action
Questions	Which? Which one, which one, which ones?	Indirect cases: to whom (what), by whom (what) and others	Where, where, from, why, when, how - all questions of adverbs
What is expressed	Adjective Communion Cardinal number The case coincides with the case of the main word	Noun (both with and without preposition) Pronoun The case can be anything except nominative	Noun
As emphasized	wavy line	Dotted line	Dot-dash
Example	(Which one?) A beautiful vase stood in (whose?) mother’s room.	The kid was carrying (what?) a basket (with what?) with mushrooms.	(where?) It was damp in the forest (when) in the fall.

To identify which member of the sentence is in front of us, we must first ask a question.

Additional tips

To find the main members of a sentence, you must follow the rules. The subject and predicate are not a phrase, they are already a sentence, albeit a very short one. The main members are independent of each other.

Syntactic analysis should begin with identifying the subject, then it becomes clear what the predicate is and how it is expressed. Then you should identify the subject group using questions, and only after that - the predicate group. Each minor member is dependent:

from one of the main ones;
from one of the minor ones.

One sentence can have several main and minor parts. offers. If there are several bases, then the sentence is complex - compound or complex. If there are several definitions, additions, circumstances, but the basis is the same, then the sentence is simple common.

You can often come across calls, for example: Katya, go do your homework. Despite the fact that the address “Katya” resembles the subject, it is not member of the proposal and is designated as an appeal.

Complex cases

Not all main and minor parts of a sentence look obvious. Complex but interesting cases are varied:

A one-part sentence has only one main member. It was getting dark(this is a predicate, the sentence is impersonal). Today we were informed(predicate, indefinite personal sentence), that the exam has been cancelled.
The predicate may include an adjective: The weather was rainy. In this example, the combination “it was rainy” is a compound nominal predicate.
The predicate can include several verbs: Today Vasya started studying.“I started studying” is a compound verb predicate.

Main and secondary members. sentences must be highlighted correctly when parsing a sentence.

42. Minor members of a sentence are members of a sentence that depend on the main members of the sentence or on other minor members, and clarify, clarify or supplement the dominant words. Grammatical categories of minor members:

definition (and application as type of definition),
addition,
circumstance.

42.1. A definition is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign, quality or property of an object and answers the questions: what? whose?

Types of definitions:

agreed rpirepeniv (consistent with the defined word in number, case, in singular- and in kind; expressed by adjective, adjective pronoun, participle, ordinal number): The washed floors are not yet dry. stood on the foot beautiful vase. I live on the fifth floor. The second aria from this opera was performed.
inconsistent definition(connected with the main word by the method of control or adjacency, the connection is devoid of formally expressed agreement; expressed by nouns in indirect cases, personal pronouns, adjectives in comparative degree, adverbs, infinitives, indecomposable phrases): The delegation is expected to arrive today. I really liked her plaid dress. He didn't keep his promise to come.

42.2. An application is a type of definition that is expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in the case (hero city, rose flower).

A special type of application - inconsistent applications. This:

names of works of literature, press organs, ships, factories, factories, etc.: the novel “Crime and Punishment”, near the Rossiya Hotel;
nicknames: about Vsevolod the Big Nest.

Single applications and defined words are written:

Hyphenated if

the application is expressed by a common noun (design engineer);
the application is expressed by a proper noun or geographical name and stands before the main word, which denotes a generic concept (Ivan Tsarevich, Moscow River).

Separately if

the application is expressed by a proper name or a geographical name and comes after the main word, which denotes a generic concept (Tsarevich Ivan, the Moscow River);
the application that stands before the word being defined can be equated in meaning to the adjective definition (coward hare - cowardly hare);
in combination of two common noun the first denotes a generic concept, and the second a specific concept (rose flower);
the first elements in the phrase are the words comrade, master, citizen, our brother (=me and others like me): citizen policeman, our brother student.

42.3. A complement is a minor member of a sentence that denotes an object; we explain the word on which it depends and answers the questions of indirect cases.

Types of add-ons:

direct object (expressed in the form nominative case without a preposition for transitive verbs and words of the state category and the genitive case for transitive verbs with negation or if the action that expresses transitive verb, is not aimed at the entire subject, but only at part of it): write a letter, hurt your leg, ignore nonsense, drink milk;
indirect object (all other objects): message about the tragedy, a keg of beer, director of the plant.

42.4. A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence that explains a word with the meaning of an action or attribute and denotes how or under what circumstances the action is performed. Circumstances are expressed by adverbs, gerunds, nouns in oblique cases (with and without preposition), infinitives, adverbial phraseological units.

Types of circumstances:

circumstance of time (indicates the temporary indicators of the action being performed): come early, work from morning to evening;
adverb of place (indicates the place of action or direction of movement): wake up in a room, move forward;
circumstance of measure and degree (denotes a measure of space, time, quantity or degree of quality): repeat three times, weighing sixty-three kilograms, run three hundred meters:
circumstance of the manner of action (indicates the manner of performing the action): laugh loudly, walk quickly;
circumstance of reason (indicates the reason for the action): turning blue from the cold, not coming due to illness;
circumstance of the goal (indicates the purpose of the action): go on vacation;
circumstance of condition (indicates a condition that must be met to complete the action): do not go out of town in case of snowfall;
circumstance of concession (indicates the condition contrary to which the action is performed): to happen contrary to forecasts, to go despite warnings.

42.5. Two-part and one-part sentences. By composition simple sentences are divided into:

one-part (with one main member of the sentence),
two-part (the sentence has both a subject and a predicate).

One-part sentences are sentences represented by one grammatical structure: either a subject or a predicate.

what question is being answered minor members sentences and how are they emphasized?

Secondary members of the sentence: 1.Definition. Answers the questions which? which? whose?. The sentence is emphasized with a wavy line. 2.Addition. Answers questions about the indirect cases of nouns: whom, what? to whom, to what? who, what? by whom, by what? about whom, about what? It is underlined with a dotted line. _ _ _ _3. Circumstance. Answers questions like? how? Where? Where? where? When? Why? why? For what? for what purpose?... The dot dash_._._._ is emphasized.
definition (which?, which? ..-wavy line, addition - (by whom, what, to whom?, -dotted line, circumstance (where, when?, -dot, dash.
Supplement - a minor member of a sentence that denotes the subject and relates to the predicate or other members of the sentence. Additions answer questions of indirect cases and are expressed by indirect cases of nouns and pronouns, for example: The old man was catching (what?) fish with a seine. (A. Pushkin.) Additions can also be expressed by words of other parts of speech in the meaning of a noun in the indirect case, for example: Old Taras thought (about what?) about a long time ago. (N. Gogol.) Tomorrow will not be like (what?) today. Nine is divisible by (what?) three. The indefinite form of the verb can also act as an object, for example: Everyone asked her (about what?) to sing. (M. Lermontov.)
Definition - a minor member of a sentence that denotes a feature of an object and explains the subject, object and other members of the sentence expressed by nouns. Definitions answer the questions: what? whose? Relating to nouns, definitions as dependent words are associated with them either by the method of agreement - agreed definitions, or by other means (control, adjacency) - inconsistent definitions, for example: (how am I?) The attic staircase was very steep ( agreed definition). - The staircase (how am I?) to the attic was very steep (inconsistent definition). An application is a definition expressed by a noun and agreed with the word being defined in the case, for example: A golden cloud spent the night on the chest of a giant rock. (M. Lermontov.)
A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence that explains a word with the meaning of an action or attribute. The circumstances explain the predicate or other members of the sentence. According to their meanings, circumstances are divided into the following main groups: mode of action (how? in what way?): The cuckoo was ringing/cuckooing in the distance. (N. Nekrasov.) ; degree (how? to what extent and?): She changed to the point of familiarity; places (where? where? where from?): Corncrakes were screaming all around. (F. Tyutchev.) ; time (when? how long? since when? proof?): Yesterday I arrived in Pyatigorsk. (M. Lermontov.) ; conditions (under what conditions and?): With_ diligence you can achieve great success; reasons (why? why?): In the heat of the moment, he did not feel pain; goals (why? for what?): Alexey Meresyev was sent to Moscow for treatment. (B. Polevoy.) The circumstance of the goal can be expressed in an indefinite form of the verb, for example: I came (why?) to visit you.
Definition, underlined by a wavy line. Answers the question: Which one?
The addition is underlined with a dotted line _ _ _ _ _. Answers the question: What? Whose? etc
The circumstance is emphasized by _._._._. Answers the question: Where? When? Etc.
Definition (which, which, which, underscore with a wavy line)
Complementing answers to questions with cases (by whom, with what, etc. underline ———)
Circumstance place (where, where...) dot dash
An addition is a minor member of a sentence, which denotes the object with which the action is connected and answers questions about indirect cases (except for the nominative case). The complement depends on the predicate and other members of the sentence. It is most often expressed by a noun, pronoun, as well as words of other parts of speech in the meaning of a noun in indirect cases. A complement can be expressed as a syntactically indivisible phrase.
For example: The girl admired (what?) the pansies.
Additions can be direct or indirect.
Direct objects belong to transitive verbs and denote the object to which the action is directed. They express themselves accusative case without pretext. All other additions are indirect.
For example: An old man was catching fish with a seine.
A definition is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a feature of the subject and explains the subject, complement and other members of the sentence. Mainly depends on the subject. Definitions answer the questions: which one? whose? Most often they are expressed by adjectives, participles, and nouns with and without a preposition.
For example: We entered (what?) pine forest.

A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence, which denotes the circumstances under which the action occurs (time, place, condition, etc.).
The circumstances explain the predicate or other members of the sentence. Expressed as a noun with a preposition or adverb, answer the questions when? How long? since when? until when? under what condition?
For example: One day we went hiking.
There was a breath of coolness from the lake.

Attention, TODAY only!

Applications are usually considered as a type of definition.

Secondary members are directly or indirectly related to the grammatical basis, that is, from the grammatical basis you can ask a question to a minor member, from this minor member to another, etc.

The frightened face of a young girl peeked out from behind the trees.(Turgenev).

Grammar basis - face peeked out. From the subject you can ask questions to two words: face(which?) scared; face(whose?) girls. From definition girls you can ask a question about one word girls(Which?) young. Predicate looked out associated with a noun with a preposition: looked out(where?) from behind the trees.

Thus, one sentence includes all the words that are somehow related to the grammatical basis. This is especially important when placing punctuation marks in complex sentence. Commas (less often other symbols) separate parts of a complex sentence from each other. Therefore, to check punctuation marks, you need to clearly understand where these boundaries are.

In the evening, while we were silently waiting for Asya, I was finally convinced of the need for separation.(Turgenev).

To correctly place punctuation marks in this sentence, you need to:
a) highlight grammatical basics;
b) establish which words are associated with these stems.

There are two grammatical bases in this sentence:

1 - I'm convinced; 2 - we expected.

This means the proposal is complex.

The words associated with the first grammatical stem are: convinced(How?) finally; convinced(in what?) in need; convinced(When?) In the evening; in need(what?) separation. Therefore, the first sentence will look like: In the evening I was finally convinced of the need for separation.

The words associated with the second grammatical basis are: expected(whom?) Asya; expected(How?) silently. Bye is a temporary union in subordinate clause. Therefore, the second sentence will look like: while we silently waited for Asya, and it is located inside the main clause.

So, punctuation marks in a complex sentence should be arranged as follows:
In the evening, while we were silently waiting for Asya, I was finally convinced of the need for separation.

But for the correct placement of punctuation marks, it is necessary not only to identify all the minor members of the sentence, but also to determine their specific type (definition, addition, circumstance), since each of the minor members has its own rules of isolation. Consequently, incorrect parsing of minor terms can lead to errors in punctuation.

Each of the minor members has its own system of questions.

Definition answers which questions? whose?
Red dress; cheerful boy.
Addition answers questions about indirect cases.
I saw a friend.
Circumstances answer questions with adverbs: Where? When? How? Why? etc.
They waited in silence.

Pay attention!

Several different questions can sometimes be asked of the same minor member. This happens especially often if the secondary member is expressed by a noun or a noun pronoun. You can always ask them a morphological question of the indirect case. But not always a noun or pronoun will be an addition. The syntax issue may be different.

For example, in combination girl's face You can ask a morphological question to a noun in the genitive case: face(whom?) girls. But noun girls in a sentence will be a definition, not an addition, because the syntactic question will be different: face(whose?) girls.

definition (and application as a type of definition),
addition,
circumstance.