Book words (vocabulary of book styles) are words that are found in scientific literature (in articles, monographs, textbooks), and in journalism (including in a newspaper), and in business documents, and in fiction*, why They are difficult to assign to any particular style. These include: aboriginal, hypothesis, hyperbolize, view, disharmonize, given("this"), disorient, declarative, slapstick, introduction, emergence, innate, pompous, hegemony, illusion, illusory, intuition, eradication, dry up, for, origins, count, indifferent, proper, transformation, touch, illumination("image, display"), colleague, motive("cause"), punctual, original, unreal, find, sudden, prevail, due to the fact that, loss etc.
* So, for example, the word transformation can be found in the author’s language of the fiction writer, in journalistic and scientific works (below it is in italics): “At that time I was very busy transformation Konstantinovsky Land Survey School to the Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute" (S. Aksakov); "Methods were demonstrated transformation telephone into a microphone that transmits received speech over a distance of hundreds of kilometers" (New World. 1971. No. 11. P. 176), etc.
In addition, words that can hardly be said to be used in literature are bookish. different styles written speech, but which are clearly uncharacteristic of casual conversation. These are, for example, memorable, excess, overthrow, gain etc.
Some book words stand out for their “scientific” character, gravitate towards (but do not belong!) to scientific terminology ( impulsive, intense, hypothesis, hyperbolize, prevail, illusory etc.), which gives rise to some linguists calling them “general scientific words”. Others constitute a category that can conditionally be called book-literary ( overthrow, loss, mortal, hope, thirst, lofty, sweet-tongued, memorable, scourge, trend, powerful, unattainable, visit, pet, gain etc.). At the same time (this is worth emphasizing again) neither one nor the other belongs to any one style. So, hypothesis, intensive, identical, isolate, interpretation, ignore, transform, characterize etc. are used not only in scientific works, but also in journalism (and some of them, such as, intense, transformation, characterized, and in official business documents); words introduction, implementation, implementation and others are characteristic not only of the language of journalism, but also of the language of official business documents; book and literary plunge, crave, memorable, scourge, fermentation, unattainable etc. are inherent not only in the language of fiction, but also in the language of journalism, etc.
The “bookishness” of book vocabulary can be different. In some cases it is not very noticeable, not very distinct; words with such a faint bookishness are called moderately bookish*. These include many verbal nouns in -nie, -nie, -ie, formed from stylistically neutral and moderately literary verbs: arising, taking, touching, weighing, receiving, touching, considering, walking etc., as well as nouns such as significance, exile, incident, origins, measure, enemy, innovation, appearance, inhabitant, object(in the meaning of “a phenomenon, object, person to which someone’s activity, someone’s attention is directed”), carnage etc. The words are also moderately bookish congenital, lofty(And pomp), significant(And significantly, significance), visible(visibly), perverted(perverted, perversity), sophisticated(sophisticated, sophistication), sudden(suddenly, suddenness), unattainable(unattainable), immemorial;inexhaustible, repeated(repeatedly, repeated), charming(charming, charming), seductive(seductively), erect, lay down, arise, renew, infuse(hope, faith) choose, get rid of("to eradicate"), isolate, dry up, resent, decapitate, effectuate, characterize;very, from the outside, must;something, several(meaning "to some extent": " some tired"), some, as a result, since etc.**
* The authors of the 4-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language, in which bookish vocabulary is in principle distinguished (with the mark “bookish.”), do not give marks to moderately bookish words, considering them stylistically neutral. More or less consistently, this vocabulary is qualified as bookish in " Explanatory dictionary Russian language" by d ed. D.N. Ushakova.
** You can indicate that some, i.e. moderate, bookishness distinguishes gerunds and participles formed not only from moderately bookish, but also from stylistically neutral verbs.
In other words, “bookishness” is felt much more clearly. That is why they are called purely bookish. This: altruism, hypothesis, doctrinaire, hypothetical, hyperbole, hyperbolize, hypertrophied, for, illusory, indifferent, colleague, lapidary, nuance, unshakable, neophyte, bearer, nostalgia, promised, clothe, foreseeable, acquire, odious, burden, prerogative, pet, piety, precedent, zealous, truism etc.
A significant part of bookish words (moderately and strictly bookish) do not express any emotional assessment, but only name some phenomena, objects, properties, actions (usually of an abstract nature). In many cases, they have an interstyle synonym that completely matches their meaning: given – this;hyperbolize - exaggerate;someone - someone;significant - big;a few - a little;for, since - because;lapidary - short;once upon a time - once upon a time etc.
But among the book vocabulary there are also words that, in addition to denoting the corresponding phenomena, properties, actions, also contain their assessment - positive or negative, disapproving. This evaluation of words is usually indicated in explanatory dictionaries by the corresponding mark (“iron.” - ironic, “joking.” - humorous, “with a tinge of disapproval,” “with a tinge of disdain,” etc.) or by the interpretation of the meaning itself. Litter "shutl." stands, for example, in the words great, green, dwelling, clothe (and vestments) and some etc.; marked "iron." we find with the words mortal, lofty, most humble, panacea, notorious, person(in the meaning of “person”, “personality”), etc. And the evaluative value of such words as doctrinaire, vandalism, insinuation, obscurantist, spotlight etc. shown in dictionaries with a corresponding explanation of the meaning of the word. For example:
Vandalism– merciless destruction and destruction of cultural and artistic monuments*.
Doctrinaire- a person who blindly and pedantically follows any particular doctrine; scholastic, reciter.
* In this and other interpretations given below, words expressing an assessment of the phenomenon or person they call are highlighted.
- expressive words in the presence of colloquial synonyms (to triumph - to win, to dream - to dream)
- scientific, technical, political terms(resolution, socionics, candidate)
- vocabulary of official business style (claim, subject, document)
- obsolete words (eyes, fathom, finger)
- foreign words, national (miss, export, surname)
Examples of book vocabulary include words that are rarely used in everyday conversation between people. Rather, these are the words and phrases that can be heard when speakers speak, which are used in poetry and other literary works.
The example is taken from the source here.
There are several styles of vocabulary - of course, book vocabulary and colloquial vocabulary. In colloquial vocabulary, modern words are used such as: online, wow, kick-ass, star in shock, etc. Book vocabulary is most often used for writing, theses, books, like wearing scientific direction so fantastic. But book vocabulary is also used in a colloquial form, only in this case the speech of the speaker is well honed and communication takes place only in a literary language. For example: WOW - you surprised me so much, fuck - is this really possible, etc.
There are several types of vocabulary: this is high book vocabulary, it uses rarely used phrases and adverbs, for example, take any lines from War and Peace. there is business vocabulary, a clearly consistent writing style, and a respectful attitude towards the reader. There are also scientific ones in diplomas and journals of the world of science.
Based on stylistic coloring, vocabulary is divided into bookish and colloquial. Book vocabulary includes words of scientific, social journalistic and official business styles of speech. Knowing this, we can cite as examples the words: demonstration, morpheme, hyperbole, statement, plaintiff, claim, homeland, reward, reject, selflessly, power.
Vocabulary can be colloquial or bookish; book vocabulary can be used in business, journalistic and scientific style.
Here are some examples: Eat, antipode, vassal, graduate school, sculpture, volcanism, idealism, feudalism, ultraviolet
I know for sure that there is colloquial, book vocabulary.
From the table below you can see that in order to give examples, you need to know the definition of book vocabulary, otherwise you can make a mistake.
Book vocabulary is divided into three styles, each of which is designed to perform different functions, such as communication, message and influence.
Belongs to the book style formal business style, its task is to report and sometimes its function becomes to help communicate.
The scientific style of book vocabulary also serves as a message.
And the language of newspaper publications, which is called journalistic, is intended to have an impact.
And these three styles can be mixed. that is, there are no clear boundaries for the use of words.
1 Enroll, citizen, hospital
2 Dogmatism, functioning
3 Vanguard, worldview, appeal
Book vocabulary is expressive and figurative explanation
It looks like a pompous style. It’s not for nothing that they call her tall. For example, in a book you can write: Yaroslav, in anticipation of dinner, used to sit voluptuously on his ancestor’s favorite rocking chair. Clear stump, no one will say that. To put it simply, Yaroslav usually lounges in his grandfather’s favorite chair before dinner.
Book vocabulary, in contrast to neutral vocabulary, is used more often in scientific book texts. journalistic, official business styles. Examples: statement, prerogative, hypothetical, consensus, parity.
Book vocabulary is called that because it is often used in various printed publications. Book vocabulary can be scientific - this is used in scientific works, abstracts, and scientific articles.
Another example of book vocabulary is official business vocabulary. This is the language of documentation used to manage either an enterprise or an entire country.
And finally, the third type of book vocabulary is journalistic. This is the vocabulary of essays and articles in newspapers and magazines, yellow press and popular publications.
Typically, book vocabulary includes words that you will not use often in everyday life, but in printed form please - a hypothetical perspective on the development of the situation, or we state a significant decline in universal human erudition.
Features of book vocabulary:
Vocabulary of book styles (also called “vocabulary of written speech”*) are words that are typical for book presentation, are used primarily in written speech and are not typical for ordinary, casual conversation.
* See, for example: Modern Russian language / Ed. D.E. Rosenthal. 4th ed. M., 1984. P. 82, etc.
As can be seen from the definition, for a correct understanding of what kind of vocabulary we are talking about, we must remember two parts of this definition: the one where the characteristic characteristic of this vocabulary is stated ("... such words and phrases that are characteristic of book presentation are used mainly in written speech...") and those where another sign is denied ("...uncharacteristic of ordinary casual conversation").
If we forget about the second part of the definition, then we can, firstly, erroneously classify all words that are found in books and in written speech as the vocabulary of book styles, and secondly, we may not consider bookish words that are sometimes used in casual conversation to be bookish ( although they are uncharacteristic for him).
From what has been said, it is clear that the term “vocabulary of book styles” is to some extent conditional: after all, we are talking not only about words that are typical specifically for books, but also about words that are typical for newspapers, and for the speech of a speaker, and for business papers*.
* The term “vocabulary of written speech” is also conventional to a certain extent. It also cannot be taken literally, since many words in the speech of the speaker or speaker are also not characteristic of ordinary, relaxed conversation. They resemble the language of books and therefore also belong to the vocabulary of written (book) styles.
So, words used in written speech, in books, uncharacteristic for the conversation of people connected by informal relationships, casual conversation, belong to those that make up the vocabulary of book styles.
In the vocabulary of book styles, several categories of words are distinguished: scientific vocabulary (medical, biological, chemical, etc.), production and technical *, official business, social journalistic, poetic and, finally, words that are difficult to assign to any or a certain style of written speech (they could be called “general book”). In the future, they will be called “book words”** (for more information about them, see the section “Book words”).
* Scientific and production-technical words, which belong to non-national vocabulary, are not discussed in detail in this section for the following reasons. When using them directly, i.e. when used in specialized literature, in the trade press, they appear as devoid of any expressive properties, since they are the officially accepted names of the corresponding special objects and phenomena.
In the same case, when they are used outside of special contexts, their properties coincide with the properties of “book” or neutral words. The question that arises with such use about functions and methods of entering them into non-specialized text is of independent interest for the problem of using non-popular words, which does not have direct relationship to the problem of using stylistically colored vocabulary.
** From the above it is clear that the term “bookish” is used (as part of the term “Vocabulary of Book Styles”) both in relation to all words that are not typical for casual conversation, and in relation to a certain part of these words.
Official business vocabulary is given in dictionaries with the mark “official.” - official.
Newspaper and journalistic vocabulary does not have a single mark in dictionaries. In Ushakov's Dictionary, the words of this group are labeled "newspapers." - newspaper, "public." – journalistic or “rhetoric.” – rhetorical (sometimes “bookish.” and less often “poet.”). In the "Dictionary of the Russian Language" S.I. Ozhegov and in the 4-volume “Dictionary of the Russian Language” of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the words of newspaper and journalistic vocabulary are marked “high.” – high (or are given without any markings). The 17-volume Dictionary of the USSR Academy of Sciences does not distinguish this vocabulary in any way.
Poetic vocabulary is usually given with the mark “poet.”, and sometimes with the mark “high.”.
Finally, the last category of words in the vocabulary of book styles, which we agreed to call “bookish,” is usually accompanied by the label “bookish.” (and sometimes with the mark “high,” i.e., the same as the words of newspaper, journalistic and poetic vocabulary).
And now in more detail about the named groups of vocabulary of book styles.
Book words
Book words (vocabulary of book styles) are words that are found in scientific literature (in articles, monographs, textbooks), and in journalism (including in a newspaper), and in business documents, and in fiction*, why They are difficult to assign to any particular style. These include: aboriginal, hypothesis, hyperbolize, view, disharmonize, given ("this"), disorient, declarative, slapstick, introduction, emergence, innate, pompous, hegemony, illusion, illusory, intuition, eradication, dry up, for, origins , count, indifferent, proper, transformation, touch, lighting (“image, display”), colleague, motive (“reason”), punctual, original, unreal, find, sudden, prevail, due to, due to the fact that, loss, etc. .
* So, for example, the word transformation can be found in the author’s language of the fiction writer, in journalistic and scientific works (below it is in italics): “At that time I was very busy transforming the Konstantinovsky Land Survey School into the Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute” (S. Aksakov); “Methods have been demonstrated for converting a telephone into a microphone that transmits received speech over a distance of hundreds of kilometers” (New World. 1971. No. 11. P. 176), etc.
In addition, bookish words are words that can hardly be said to be used in different styles of writing, but which are clearly uncharacteristic of casual conversation. These are, for example, memorable, excess, overthrow, gain, etc.
Some book words stand out for their “scientific” character, gravitate (but do not belong!) to scientific terminology (impulsive, intense, hypothesis, hyperbolize, prevail, illusory, etc.), which gives grounds for some linguists to call them “general scientific words” . Others make up a category that can conventionally be called bookish and literary (overthrow, loss, mortal, hope, thirst, lofty, sweet-tongued, memorable, scourge, trend, powerful, unattainable, visit, pet, gain, etc.). At the same time (this is worth emphasizing again) neither one nor the other belongs to any one style. Thus, hypothesis, intensive, identical, isolate, interpretation, ignore, transformation, characterize, etc. are used not only in scientific works, but also in journalism (and some of them, such as intensive, transformation, characterize, and in official -business documents); the words implementation, assign, implementation, etc. are characteristic not only of the language of journalism, but also of the language of official business documents; bookish and literary terms: to overthrow, to crave, memorable, scourge, fermentation, unattainable, etc. are inherent not only in the language of fiction, but also in the language of journalism, etc.
The “bookishness” of book vocabulary can be different. In some cases it is not very noticeable, not very distinct; words with such a faint bookishness are called moderately bookish*. These include many verbal nouns na -nie, -enie, -tie, formed from stylistically neutral and moderately literary verbs: emergence, taking, touching, weighing, receiving, touching, considering, walking, etc., as well as such nouns such as significance, exile, incident, origins, measure, enemy, innovation, appearance, inhabitant, object (in the meaning of “a phenomenon, object, person to which someone’s activity, someone’s attention is directed”), massacre, etc. The words innate, pompous (and pompous), significant (and significantly, significance), visible (visibly), perverted (perversely, perversity), sophisticated (sophisticated, sophistication), sudden (suddenly, suddenness), unattainable are also moderately bookish. (unattainable), immemorial; inexhaustible, repeated (repeatedly, repeatedly), charming (charming, charming), seductive (seductively), erect, lay, arise, renew, instill (hope, faith), choose, get rid of ("eradicate"), isolate, dry up, indignant , behead, implement, characterize; very, from the outside, must; something, somewhat (in the meaning of “to some extent”: “somewhat tired”), some, as a result, since, etc.**
* The authors of the 4-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language, in which bookish vocabulary is in principle distinguished (with the mark “bookish.”), do not give marks to moderately bookish words, considering them stylistically neutral. More or less consistently, this vocabulary is qualified as book vocabulary in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. D.N. Ushakova.
** You can indicate that some, i.e. moderate, bookishness distinguishes gerunds and participles formed not only from moderately bookish, but also from stylistically neutral verbs.
In other words, “bookishness” is felt much more clearly. That is why they are called purely bookish. These are: altruism, hypothesis, doctrinaire, hypothetical, hyperbole, hyperbolize, hypertrophied, for, illusory, indifferent, colleague, lapidary, nuance, unshakable, neophyte, bearer, nostalgia, promised, clothe, foreseeable, find, odious, burden, prerogative, pet, piety, precedent, zealous, truism, etc.
A significant part of bookish words (moderately and strictly bookish) do not express any emotional assessment, but only name some phenomena, objects, properties, actions (usually of an abstract nature). In many cases, they have an interstyle synonym that completely coincides with them in meaning: given - this; hyperbolize – exaggerate; someone - someone; significant - large; a few - a little; for, since – because; lapidary – short; once - once upon a time, etc.
But among the book vocabulary there are also words that, in addition to denoting the corresponding phenomena, properties, actions, also contain their assessment - positive or negative, disapproving. This evaluation of words is usually indicated in explanatory dictionaries by the corresponding mark (“iron.” - ironic, “joking.” - humorous, “with a tinge of disapproval,” “with a tinge of disdain,” etc.) or by the interpretation of the meaning itself. Litter "shutl." It stands, for example, with the words great, green, dwelling, clothed (and vestments) and some. etc.; marked "iron." we find in the words mortal, pompous, all-low, panacea, notorious, persona (in the meaning of “person”, “personality”), etc. And the evaluative value of such words as doctrinaire, vandalism, insinuation, obscurantist, projector, etc. shown in dictionaries with a corresponding explanation of the meaning of the word. For example:
Vandalism is the merciless destruction and destruction of cultural and artistic monuments*.
A doctrinaire is a person who blindly and pedantically follows a particular doctrine; scholastic, reciter.
* In this and other interpretations given below, words expressing an assessment of the phenomenon or person they call are highlighted.
Official words
Official words are words characteristic of the language of business papers, official documents - orders, decrees, instructions, certificates, reports, resolutions, official letters, etc.: incoming (outgoing) (about documents), collection, above-mentioned, above-mentioned, above-mentioned, capable, premarital, homeownership, subsidy, testator, tenant, memorandum, residence, lessor, presence, due, tenant, failure to leave, non-identification, failure to provide, non-payment, failure to appear, following, capable, transmitting, reside, complicity, party (about a person or an institution entering into business contact), notify, notification, loss, theft; prepositions at the expense of, along the line, in business, henceforth to, in part, for the purpose, in fulfillment, etc. All this vocabulary is non-evaluative, which is predetermined by the scope of its application, which excludes the possibility of expressing emotions and subjective assessments.
Newspaper and journalistic words
Newspaper and journalistic vocabulary is vocabulary typical for articles on political topics, works of a socio-economic and political nature, for oratory, newspapers.
A significant layer of it consists of words that give the statement a solemn, pathetic character, which is why they are usually called “lofty.” These include: selfless, proclaim, crucible, herald, banner, messenger, listen (“to carefully follow something”), draw, daughter, son (“about people as carriers best features his people, his country"), invincible (invincible, invincibility), indissoluble (indissoluble, indissoluble), gait, create (creation), toast, champion, life-giving, daring (daringly, daring), selfless (selflessly), accomplish, accomplishment , now, commandment, chosen one, leadership, herald, hour, yes (in the function of the particle: “Long live the First of May!”), etc.
Among the high newspaper and journalistic vocabulary, there are words that express a positive assessment of the phenomenon, object, person, etc. called with their help. In explanatory dictionaries, the value of these words is reflected in the interpretation. For example:
Daughter is about a woman who is closely, blood-connected with her people and country.
A citizen is a conscious member of society.
The chosen one is the one who is chosen to perform some high duties.
Such lofty words as coming, now, leadership, toast, accomplish, crucible, army, etc. do not contain evaluations. Indicative in this regard in dictionaries are those interpretations of the above words in which only interstyle synonyms are used. For example:
Complete - complete.
Now - now.
Leadership - leadership, leadership.
Some of the words of newspaper and journalistic vocabulary (they are not high) express irony or contempt: clique, greyhound writer, pygmy, foam remover, puppet, puppet, mercenary, etc.
Newspaper and journalistic vocabulary also includes words that are not emotionally charged, characteristic specifically of the language of modern newspaper, radio and television practice (they are also not among the high ones). Distinctive feature Such words are in most cases the figurative nature of their “newspaper” use. These are: service (“household service”, “customer service”, etc.), kaleidoscope (“news kaleidoscope”), formula (“success formula”, “speed formula”), orbit (“in the football orbit”), message, pulse (“pulse of the planet”), country (“country of philately”, “journey to the land of health”), mosaic (“foreign mosaic”), trip (“get a start in life”, “trip to great art”), contact, dialogue ("dialogue of filmmakers different countries"), etc.
Some of the words (as well as phrases) figuratively used in the newspaper, typical for the newspaper, radio, are used to express a positive attitude towards the named object, phenomenon: dynasty (“sports dynasty”, “miner’s dynasty”), green outfit, labor landing, etc.
Poetic words
In the vocabulary of book styles there are words that are called poetic. At first glance, the recognition of some words as specifically poetic may seem strange: after all, modern poets actively use a variety of categories of vocabulary - bookish, and (very widely) colloquial, and colloquial (for the content of these terms, see pp. 126 and 128) and even special. Nevertheless, in modern poetic texts there are words that are characteristic specifically of the language of poetry. It is significant that the authors of the modern "Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language" ed. A.P. Evgenieva labels poetic words with the mark “trad.-poet.” (traditional poetic), thereby emphasizing that the tradition of using special words in poetry, unique to it (or most characteristic of it) words is alive. Poetic words include: lot ("fate, fate"), muse, sovereign, fatherly, oak grove ("forest in general"), eyes, azure, azure, unspeakable, darling, scarlet, crimson, sweet, crown ("decorate with a wreath" ), sing, pearl, blush, red, click, prophetic, coming*, non-silent, send down, after, boat, bosom, crystal (“clear, pure, transparent”), luminary, down, shelter (“protection, cover”) , stain, oh!, flame, etc. Some of them have an archaic connotation (in explanatory dictionaries they are labeled “obsolete.”, in addition to the label “poet.”). These are words such as down, lot, muse, after, womb, send down, boat, flame, brow and some. etc.**
* Also used in newspaper language.
** Here are a few examples from modern poetic texts that contain archaic poetisms:
In the village I am grateful to the house
And grateful to the roof, grateful to the stove,
Especially when the trees bend down
And the wind extinguishes the stars like candles.
(D.Sam.)
Not a house on a high rampart,
I am the memory of your home.
Not your friend, a friend sent down by fate,
I am the sound of a distant shot.
(A. Tark.)
Thanks to these powerful monuments,
Theater lights, purple banners
And thanks to the midnight gatherings,
Where everyone is called and everyone is replaced
With the mighty crest of the new surf, -
The wave washes away the wave, and again
The blue bosom sparkles with life.
(P.Ant.)
It is these words that for the most part are used mainly in poetry, while others are azure, unspeakable, coming, sweet, crimson, blush, etc. - can be found both in fiction and journalism. Strictly speaking, these latter lose their predominant assignment to poetry and lyrical prose and merge with other solemn high words (therefore, in the section devoted to the use of vocabulary of book styles, they are considered without special indication that they are also poeticisms).
Book words (vocabulary of book styles) are words that are found in scientific literature (in articles, monographs, textbooks), and in journalism (including in newspapers), and in business documents, and in fiction*, why They are difficult to assign to any particular style. These include: aboriginal, hypothesis, hyperbolize, view, disharmonize, given("this"), disorient, declarative, slapstick, introduction, emergence, innate, pompous, hegemony, illusion, illusory, intuition, eradication, dry up, for, origins, count, indifferent, proper, transformation, touch, illumination("image, display"), colleague, motive("cause"), punctual, original, unreal, find, sudden, prevail, due to the fact that, loss etc.
* So, for example, the word transformation can be found in the author’s language of the fiction writer, in journalistic and scientific works (below it is in italics): “At that time I was very busy transformation Konstantinovsky Land Survey School to the Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute" (S. Aksakov); "Methods were demonstrated transformation telephone into a microphone that transmits received speech over a distance of hundreds of kilometers" (New World. 1971. No. 11. P. 176), etc.
In addition, bookish words are words that can hardly be said to be used in different styles of writing, but which are clearly uncharacteristic of casual conversation. These are, for example, memorable, excess, overthrow, gain etc.
Some book words stand out for their “scientific” character, gravitate towards (but do not belong!) to scientific terminology ( impulsive, intense, hypothesis, hyperbolize, prevail, illusory etc.), which gives rise to some linguists calling them “general scientific words”. Others constitute a category that can conditionally be called book-literary ( overthrow, loss, mortal, hope, thirst, lofty, sweet-tongued, memorable, scourge, trend, powerful, unattainable, visit, pet, gain etc.). At the same time (this is worth emphasizing again) neither one nor the other belongs to any one style. So, hypothesis, intensive, identical, isolate, interpretation, ignore, transform, characterize and others are used not only in scientific works, but also in journalism (and some of them, such as, intense, transformation, characterized, and in official business documents); words introduction, implementation, implementation and others are characteristic not only of the language of journalism, but also of the language of official business documents; book and literary plunge, crave, memorable, scourge, fermentation, unattainable etc. are inherent not only in the language of fiction, but also in the language of journalism, etc.
The “bookishness” of book vocabulary can be different. In some cases it is not very noticeable, not very distinct; words with such a faint bookishness are called moderately bookish*. These include many verbal nouns in -nie, -nie, -ie, formed from stylistically neutral and moderately literary verbs: arising, taking, touching, weighing, receiving, touching, considering, walking etc., as well as nouns such as significance, exile, incident, origins, measure, enemy, innovation, appearance, inhabitant, object(in the meaning of “a phenomenon, object, person to which someone’s activity, someone’s attention is directed”), carnage etc. The words are also moderately bookish congenital, lofty(And pomp), significant(And significantly, significance), visible(visibly), perverted(perverted, perversity), sophisticated(sophisticated, sophistication), sudden(suddenly, suddenness), unattainable(unattainable), immemorial;inexhaustible, repeated(repeatedly, repeated), charming(charming, charming), seductive(seductively), erect, lay down, arise, renew, infuse(hope, faith) choose, get rid of("to eradicate"), isolate, dry up, resent, decapitate, effectuate, characterize;very, from the outside, must;something, several(meaning "to some extent": " some tired"), some, as a result, since etc.**
* The authors of the 4-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language, in which bookish vocabulary is in principle distinguished (with the mark “bookish.”), do not give marks to moderately bookish words, considering them stylistically neutral. More or less consistently, this vocabulary is qualified as book vocabulary in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" according to d ed. D.N. Ushakova.
** You can indicate that some, i.e. moderate, bookishness distinguishes gerunds and participles formed not only from moderately bookish, but also from stylistically neutral verbs.
In other words, “bookishness” is felt much more clearly. That is why they are called purely bookish. This: altruism, hypothesis, doctrinaire, hypothetical, hyperbole, hyperbolize, hypertrophied, for, illusory, indifferent, colleague, lapidary, nuance, unshakable, neophyte, bearer, nostalgia, promised, clothe, foreseeable, acquire, odious, burden, prerogative, pet, piety, precedent, zealous, truism etc.
A significant part of bookish words (moderately and strictly bookish) do not express any emotional assessment, but only name some phenomena, objects, properties, actions (usually of an abstract nature). In many cases, they have an interstyle synonym that completely matches their meaning: given – this;hyperbolize - exaggerate;someone - someone;significant - big;a few - a little;for, since - because;lapidary - short;once upon a time - once upon a time etc.
But among the book vocabulary there are also words that, in addition to denoting the corresponding phenomena, properties, actions, also contain their assessment - positive or negative, disapproving. This evaluation of words is usually indicated in explanatory dictionaries by the corresponding mark (“iron.” - ironic, “joking.” - humorous, “with a tinge of disapproval,” “with a tinge of disdain,” etc.) or by the interpretation of the meaning itself. Litter "shutl." stands, for example, in the words great, green, dwelling, clothe (and vestments) and some etc.; marked "iron." we find with the words mortal, lofty, most humble, panacea, notorious, person(in the meaning of “person”, “personality”), etc. And the evaluative value of such words as doctrinaire, vandalism, insinuation, obscurantist, spotlight etc. shown in dictionaries with a corresponding explanation of the meaning of the word. For example:
Vandalism– merciless destruction and destruction of cultural and artistic monuments*.
Doctrinaire- a person who blindly and pedantically follows any particular doctrine; scholastic, reciter.
* In this and other interpretations given below, words expressing an assessment of the phenomenon or person they call are highlighted.
Vocabulary from a stylistic point of view. The concept of functional style and stylistic stratification of vocabulary. Interstyle (neutral) and stylistically colored vocabulary. Vocabulary of book styles (bookish). Official business vocabulary (clerical expressions). High, poetic and folk-poetic vocabulary.
Speaking about the varieties of the Russian language: the literary language and dialects, we noted that the literary language also exists in several varieties that have lexical, orthoepic, word-formation and grammatical features. These features are determined by the specifics and conditions of communication: for example, a letter to a friend will differ from a scientific article in the same way as a casual conversation between friends and the speech of a prosecutor in court (although both are similar in the form of speech: oral or written). Such varieties literary language are called functional styles. He also wrote about the specifics of functional styles of literary language L.V. Shcherba (see* Appendix 1. Reader. Text No. 6).
Traditionally distinguished book styles(scientific, journalistic, official business) and colloquial speech(or conversational style). Occupies a separate place art style, language of fiction. There is no consensus regarding the identification of the latter: some generally take it beyond the limits of functional styles, because it often goes beyond the literary language; others attribute it to book styles. You will learn more about functional styles in the special course “Fundamentals of Speech Culture and Functional Stylistics.” Now we are only interested in the fact that the stylistic stratification of vocabulary is closely related to the understanding of functional styles.
Due to the specific functioning of vocabulary in a particular style (i.e., projecting the vocabulary of the Russian language onto its use in a certain functional style), the following lexical layers are distinguished in the vocabulary of the Russian literary language: vocabulary is stylistically colored And neutral, or cross-style vocabulary(i.e. not stylistically colored). When we talked about synonyms, we noted that words in a synonymous series can differ in stylistic coloring: cf. - head, head, head or sleep, rest, slumber. Here the words of two different lexical layers are presented: neutral, interstyle ( head; sleep) and stylistically colored synonyms ( head, head; rest, sleep), the meaning of which is revealed through a neutral, not stylistically colored synonym. In dictionaries, such synonyms are marked with appropriate marks. For example: HOUSE, HOUSING, HOUSING (colloquial), ROOF (high), ROOF (colloquial), HABITAT (obsolete), ABODY (outdated and high), DEN (colloquial and playful), KENNEL (colloquial) .), Angle (unfolded).
Thus, stylistic coloring is belonging to a certain style, a sign that a given word can only be used in certain (specified) styles. Stylistically colored words seem to gravitate towards their neutral synonym, denoting the same thing, but differ from it in other conditions of use - in high, poetic speech ( Would you like to rest?) or, on the contrary, in a reduced, colloquial speech or colloquially ( Stop sleeping!). Interstyle vocabulary can be used in any style, this is its peculiarity ( It's time to sleep. Would you like to sleep? Stop sleeping!).
What is neutral (interstyle) vocabulary? These are words that form the basis of the literary language, its vocabulary - they are used in speech regardless of the conditions of communication in all functional styles, book and conversational. Yes, word head we can use it in a scientific style, in colloquial speech, and in a literary text. The word is head you can’t use it in book styles, just as you don’t use the word in colloquial speech chapter: you can’t tell my head hurts, and here my head is splitting- quite appropriate. Those. Neutral vocabulary is words without any special stylistic features or attachments to a particular style. Against their background, other words are perceived as stylistically fixed. Thus, interstyle vocabulary is the background against which stylistically colored vocabulary is revealed. In dictionaries, such vocabulary is not accompanied by any stylistic marks. The very absence of a mark on a word is significant: it seems to mark neutral, interstyle, stylistically uncolored vocabulary.
To denote vocabulary that “rises” above neutral, the term “ book", or the vocabulary of book styles (such as the term " colloquial" denote all reduced vocabulary). It turns out that these lexical layers can be schematically represented as being one above the other:
Book vocabulary
Cross-style vocabulary
Conversational vocabulary
In explanatory dictionaries, the stylistic mark “ is used to mark the vocabulary of book styles. book." (book), which is placed before or after the dictionary definition. For example:
Replenish (book.) Add what was missing, replenish;
Dithyramb. 2. Exaggerated enthusiastic praise ( book.).
Significance (book.) Same as meaning.
Canonical (book.) 1. Corresponding to the canon. 2. Taken as a sample.
Favor (book.) Contribute by helping with smth.
This mark indicates that the word (or meaning) is characteristic primarily of written, especially scientific or journalistic speech.
Words common to book styles gravitate towards scientific terminology, but do not treat it as highly specialized, which is marked with the mark “special.”, but is, as it were, general scientific vocabulary, i.e. sciences studied by everyone, for example at school ( hypothesis, impulse, theorem, hegemony). These are words used in scientific reports and articles, regardless of the field of knowledge ( prevail, interpretation), or in journalism - social and journalistic vocabulary (milestone, report, puppet, mercenary, hard worker etc.).
However, in dictionaries other marks are used to highlight “sublime” (bookish) vocabulary: “ high." (high). " poet." (poetic), " official." (official), etc. Consequently, book vocabulary is heterogeneous. This is explained both by the variety of book styles (scientific and popular science, journalistic, official business, fiction and even epistolary), and by the diversity of their functioning.
Therefore the litter " book." (with stylistic differentiation of “sublime” vocabulary) is placed with words and meanings that are used primarily in scientific and journalistic styles:
Autocrat. Book. A person with unlimited supreme power, an autocrat.
Adept. Book. A zealous adherent, a follower of someone. teachings.
Adequate. Book. Quite appropriate, matching.
Litter " official." (official) or " official affairs."(official business) indicates that these words are typical for official texts and documents, for example:
Outgoing. 2. Official affairs. Document, paper sent from the institution..
Notify. Official. Same as notifying.
Litter " high." (high) indicates that words are used primarily in solemnly elevated speech: oratorical, journalistic, artistic, and give it a touch of solemnity, sublimity, and importance. For example:
Retribution. High. Retribution, punishment for the evil done, committed.
Explore. High. Learn by experience.
The future. High. Future. The coming years are hidden in darkness, but I see your lot on your bright brow.
For words used exclusively in poetic speech or folklore, the marks “ poet.», « traditional-poet."(traditional poetic), " people's poet."(folk poetic):
Wedges. Poet. Eyelids. All night sleep did not touch his weary eyelids.
White stone. People's poet Made of white stone. Moscow is white stone.
crown. Trad.-poet. Decorate your head with a wreath or something. like a wreath. And I came, crowned with ivy.
In some dictionaries these marks are even more fragmented: for example, in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” by D.N. Ushakov, along with the mark “ book." clarifying stylistic marks are also used " public.», « newspaper.», « scientific.», « tech.», « rhetorician.», « poet.”, and along with the mark “ official." - litter " office." (stationery, bureaucracy). Only it differentiates between poetic and folk poetic usage. Here are examples from the specified dictionary:
Armature. 2. Minor appliances and accessories some kind of apparatus or cars ( tech.).
Armada. Bookish, poetic, outdated. Large navy.
Appropriate. Include in estimate ( official, fin.).
Abyss. 1. // Infinite depth ( poet.)
Wake up. 2. Excite ( book., poet.)
In vain. Book, outdated In vain, in vain.
Thus, elevated vocabulary is words of book styles: book vocabulary - general scientific, journalistic, official business, etc. ( notify, anticipate, minor, procession, meal, giant, gain, renounce, doom, suffering, anxiety etc.), as well as high, poetic, including folk poetic and traditional poetic ( cheeks, radiant, azure, lot, right hand, hand, star, maiden, golden-headed, sweet-voiced, pluck out, descend, kiss etc.). High, poetic words are called poeticisms: they are limited to use primarily in poetic genres of fiction of the 18th-19th centuries. ( cheeks, eyes, percy, lyre, crown, palace, inspired, daring, silent, fragrant, golden-haired, drag, blush, imagine and many more etc.). Many words of this type have long passed into the category of archaisms, but to this day they retain the flavor of poetry and are not used in any other style. For example, about housing: abode (outdated.), monastery (old and tall), shelter (high.).
The vocabulary of book styles (“sublime”) is contrasted with vocabulary with the opposite stylistic coloring - reduced (colloquial and vernacular), which will be discussed below.
