There is no official list of questions for preschoolers that a child should know the answer to before school. According to the Law Russian Federation“On Education”, admission to the first grade of state and municipal educational institutions is prohibited on a competitive basis.
Every child 6.5-8 years old who has no health contraindications has the right to be enrolled in first grade. However, at the request of the parents, the school can accept the child at an earlier or later age. The only reason for refusal can be the lack of vacancies.
So, are all the requirements for admission to 1st grade conditional? Not really.
To help parents figure out what should be taught to their child before school, we have prepared this review.
Knowledge and skills that will be useful to a first grader
Educational institutions that train children with outstanding abilities often test and interview those who want to study with them. Some schools post on the website criteria for a child’s readiness for school, and teachers expect a certain level of preparation of children. It is also worth clarifying at the school chosen for admission that the psychologist usually asks the child whether written testing is carried out.
More often necessary knowledge and skills are divided into 4 blocks: “General development”, “Logic and thinking”, “Reading and speech”, “Mathematics”.
Testing a preschooler independently according to basic criteria is useful in any case. We have collected questions and tasks that will help a future first-grader gain self-confidence, and give you peace of mind and a sense of accomplishment.
Questions on general development. "The world around us"
To understand whether an older preschooler has basic knowledge for his age, walk through the the following questions:
1. Me and my family
What is your name? State your last and middle name.
- How old are you? When is your birthday?
- State the name and patronymic of your mother, your father. What do they do?
- Do you have a brother or sister, how old are they?
- What is your home address and telephone number? What city do you live in? What is the name of your country? What other countries can you name?
2. Nature
What natural and weather phenomena do you know? What is the difference between snow and hail? Thunder from lightning?
- Name the colors you know.
- Remember the plants that you know. Name the types of trees and flowers. How are trees different from shrubs? What fruits can you name? What about vegetables? Berries? How are fruits different from vegetables and berries?
- List the animals that you know. What about insects? How are animals and birds different? Birds and fish? How to distinguish wild animals from domestic ones? Name migratory and wintering birds, predatory and herbivorous animals. Why are they called that?
3. Time and space
Name the parts of the day in order. What is the difference between day and night? What is longer: a minute or an hour, a day or a week, a month or a year?
- List the days of the week in order. Name the spring, summer, autumn, winter months of the year. How many months are there in a year? How many days are there in a month? And in a week? How many hours are there in a day?
- What object is needed to measure time? Talk from a distance? Stargazing? Measure weight? Find out the temperature?
- Show where “right” is and where “left” is.
4. Professions
Name a few professions. What kind of specialist teaches children? Heals people? Writes poetry? Who composes the music? Does he paint pictures? Builds houses? Drives cars? Sews clothes? Does he act in films and theater?
5. Art and sports
What sports do you know? What sports require a ball and skates?
- What famous writers and poets do you know?
6. Safety rules
In what places and at what color traffic lights should you cross the road? What will you do if there is no traffic light nearby?
7. Motivation
Why should you study? Why are you going to school?
Focus on issues that caused difficulties for your child. Don't remember wild animals? It's time to look into an encyclopedia or go to the zoo together. Didn't it work out the first time to explain how to cross the road correctly? So we need to consider the rules traffic for pedestrians in practice.
Logic and thinking
It is definitely worth focusing on the child’s development of logic and thinking. Training in solving logical problems is best suited for this.
By first grade it would be good to be able to:
Our team has created more than 2,500 entertaining tasks for preschoolers:
Introduce your child to the LogicLike online platform to increase his cognitive interest and set him up for a positive attitude towards learning.
Reading and speaking
By the age of 6-7 years, a child should easily remember and retell short texts (3-5 sentences), read short sentences and understand their meaning. And also independently compose stories based on pictures and willingly share thoughts on a given topic. A question, an exclamation, a statement - an older preschooler already understands intonations and knows how to express them.
In the material “How to teach a child to read” we share ideas on how to competently approach the issue of developing reading skills in a preschooler and where to start classes.
Mathematics
By the first grade, the child develops his first serious ideas about mathematics. He can count from 1 to 10 and back, compare numbers from the top ten, and solve simple problems involving subtraction and addition of one.
It is not difficult for him to compare a pyramid with a ball in shape, length, width, height.
If your child does not fit the descriptions above 100%, this does not mean that he is not ready to go to first grade. Your task is to help the preschooler develop key abilities, have a desire to develop and learn new things.
Your interest and participation will help your child improve weaknesses and come to first grade prepared and confident.
Find time to work with your son or daughter 2-3 times a week. And LogicLike is ready to share your worries about preparing your child for school. Register and start solving developmental problems!
On April 1, school enrollment for future first-graders began. According to the law, they cannot be subjected to any entrance tests. But school administrations successfully circumvent this ban by conducting a seemingly meaningless “interview.” Its only goal, according to teachers, is to get to know the child and staff classes in accordance with the level of preparation of future students.
An interview is also a test. And therefore it is very necessary to prepare for it.
This is the amount of knowledge the domestic education system expects from future first-graders.
General development
It is believed that by the age of six and a half to seven years a child should:
Know your last name, first name and patronymic, what your parents are called, who they work for, home address and telephone number;
. know what city/country he lives in and be able to name other countries of the world familiar to him;
. know the names of the most common plants, animals, insects, be able to distinguish animals, birds and fish, distinguish wild animals from domestic ones, trees from shrubs, fruits from berries and vegetables;
. navigate in time, know the time of day, seasons, their sequence, how many months in a year, days in a month, days in a week, hours in a day, know the days of the week;
. have an understanding of natural and weather phenomena;
. know the primary colors;
. know the concepts of “right-left”;
. know the names of popular sports, the most common professions, basic traffic rules and road signs;
. be able to name the names of famous writers and poets;
. know the holidays;
. be able to tell what he likes to do;
. the most important thing is to answer the question “why does he go to school?”
Intellectual development
In this area, the child must be able to:
Solve simple logic problems, puzzles and puzzles, guess riddles;
. find an extra item in a group;
. add missing items to the group;
. tell how certain objects are similar or different;
. group objects by attribute and name it;
. restore the sequence of events (what happened first, then); arrange the pictures in the correct sequence.
Hearing, vision, attention, memory, speech
Here a preschooler needs to be able to:
Find 10-15 differences in two similar pictures;
. accurately copy a simple pattern;
. describe a picture from memory;
. remember a sentence of 5-6 words and repeat it;
. write graphic dictations (“one cell up, two cells to the left, two cells down, one cell to the right”);
. read a poem by heart, tell a fairy tale;
. retell a story you heard;
. make up a story based on the picture!
Basics of mathematics
Before entering first grade you must:
Be able to count from 1 to 10 and back, restore a number series in which some numbers are missing;
. perform counting operations within ten, increase/decrease the number of objects “by one”, “by two”;
. know the concepts of “more-less-equally”;
. know simple geometric shapes, be able to make applications from geometric shapes;
. be able to compare objects by length, width and height;
. solve simple arithmetic problems;
. be able to divide an object into two/three/four equal parts.
Reading
It is important that the child:
Distinguished letters from sounds, vowels from consonants;
. could find the desired letter at the beginning, middle and end of a word;
. selected words starting with a given letter;
. divided the word into syllables;
. read sentences of 4-5 words and understood what was read.
Writing skills
To successfully start school you need:
Correctly hold a pen and pencil in your hand;
. draw continuous straight, wavy, broken lines;
. trace the outline of the drawing without lifting the pencil from the paper;
. be able to draw by cells and dots; be able to complete the missing half of a symmetrical pattern;
. copy geometric shapes from a sample;
. be able to continue shading the drawing;
. be able to carefully paint over a drawing without going beyond the contours.
How is the interview going?
The interview is usually conducted by the head teacher primary school, teacher primary classes, psychologist and speech therapist. A language school may also have a foreign language teacher.
The interview lasts about 15-20 minutes and takes place in the presence of the parent. “Presence,” as a rule, consists of the fact that first the parent signs a paper in which he agrees to conduct an interview, then hands over the documents and writes an application asking for the child to be admitted to school, and the rest of the time sits at the other end of the class, watching how his The child copes with questions and tasks.
Important! First of all, schools are obliged to admit children living in nearby houses. If you are not “assigned” to a given school, in your application you will have to write: “I ask you to enroll my child in a vacant place.” This means that you may end up being rejected due to lack of available places.
What questions might be asked at an interview? Any of the above list of required knowledge.
The child will be asked to give his first/last name, address, parents’ first and patronymic names, and their occupation. They will ask how old he is, how old he will be in a year, and how old he was two years ago. They will ask you to read a few sentences, recite a poem, and will definitely offer to compose a story based on the picture.
They may ask about animals (for example, how wild ones differ from domestic ones), what time of year it is, what a doctor or postman does...
Then they will test your mathematical knowledge (you will be asked to count, arrange numbers in ascending/descending order, or solve a problem). They can even conduct a graphic dictation.
The question will certainly be asked: “why are you going to school?”
When applying to a language school, you may be asked to repeat certain words or phrases in a foreign language.
Since tasks can be completely unexpected (for example, logic problems with a “trick”), it is very important to properly set up your child before the interview. He should not be afraid to ask again if he did not understand or did not hear something. And the best thing, of course, is to play out such situations at home, and at night tell your child a fairy tale about how a bear/bunny/fox went to enroll in a forest school and what came of it.
What documents are required before entering first grade?
1. Child’s birth certificate and its photocopy.
2. Passport of one of the parents where the child is registered, and its photocopy.
3. Medical card, issued and certified by the seal of the clinic.
4. Photocopy of the medical policy.
5. A statement that is written on the spot, at school.
6. Some schools ask for two 3x4 photographs of the child.
Is your child ready for school?
Children who will be at least six and a half years old on September 1 are accepted into first grade. If the child is younger, the decision on his enrollment is made by the district department of education.
How much effort, when preparing for school, parents spend on teaching their treasure to write, count and, of course, read. But, as life shows, this is not the most important thing for successful adaptation. The main thing is whether the child can ACCEPT the demands that the school immediately, from the very first days, makes of him (sit in class, listen to the teacher, complete assignments), whether he knows how to control his behavior and SUBMIT it established rules. This is the main criterion for a child’s readiness for school.
Primary general education
Line UMK S.V. Ivanov. Russian language (1-4)
Line UMK V. N. Rudnitskaya. Mathematics (1-4)
Line UMK L. A. Efrosinina. Literary reading (1-4)
Line UMK N. F. Vinogradova. The world around us (1-4)
Ready for school! What you really should know and be able to do future first grader?
The year before school is a restless time for the entire family of a future student. First grade is not only a new level of education, it is new milestone in life - it is not surprising that almost all caring and loving parents, having enrolled their child in school, lose their minds for a short time.
There are dark legends surrounding the recording procedure. Allegedly, if a child does not draw a perfect vertical line by hand, he will not be accepted into school; that you need to name at least ten species coniferous trees, know the anthem of the Russian Federation by heart...
Dear parents of future first-graders! Let's discuss once again what parents really need to know about their child's intellectual readiness for school, and what a child should know in order to study confidently in the first grade.
Entrance exam or just getting to know each other?
Admission of children to first grade is regulated by the Letter of the Ministry of Education and Science on the rules of admission to general education institutions dated June 28, 2012. Let's turn to this document to answer three main questions about admission:
Do you need to pass a test to get into school?
We quote the Letter of the Ministry of Education and Science: “Admission of assigned persons to educational institutions of all types is carried out without entrance examinations (selection procedures).” The only exceptions are “state and non-state institutions that implement general education programs for children and adolescents who have demonstrated outstanding abilities, the ability to engage in a certain type of art or sport.” Therefore, if your child fails the interview or does not shine in the interview, this should not in any way affect their admission to school.
Schools often conduct interviews of future first-graders (now we know that they have the status of interviews only, and not entrance tests). Interview Questions - the same for everyone? Who compiles them?
We quote again: “In accordance with Article 16 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”, the rules for admission of citizens to educational institutions in the part not regulated by the Law, other federal laws, the procedure for admission to educational institutions established by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia ... are determined by each educational institution on one's own". Thus, there is no single list of questions, but there are the most typical questions that will most likely be asked to your future first-grader in almost every Russian school.
Can a child be denied admission to the first grade if he could not answer the questions?
“Assigned persons are denied admission to the institution only because there are no free places in it. In case of refusal to provide a place in an institution, parents (legal representatives) to resolve the issue of placing the child in another institution contact the local government authorities in the field of education of the relevant municipal district, city district (clause 6 of the Procedure).” Simply put, even if your child did not perform well at the interview, this cannot be grounds for refusal. The most you can encounter is a conversation with a school psychologist who will recommend that you consider the option of “waiting another year.” But this is nothing more than a recommendation.
Russian language. 1st grade. TextbookThe textbook precedes the systematic study of the Russian language course and is intended for work with first-graders in the post-primary period. The main objectives of the textbook: stimulate the cognitive activity of children; develop a full-fledged multi-purpose verbal communication; shape the educational, speech and language activities of students; provide entry level competent, error-free writing.
Corresponds to the federal state educational standard for primary general education(2009).
Knowledge - and more
So, the future first-grader, in fact, doesn’t owe anyone anything. However, there are a number of objective criteria for a child’s readiness for school, and it is useful for every parent to pay attention to them. Note: these are not requirements, but rather a system of signals that will tell you that it is really time for your child to go to school, that he will be quite comfortable there, etc.
In the book “Everything about the Junior Schoolchild,” edited by Natalia Fedorovna Vinogradova Three levels of a child’s readiness for school are identified - physical, personal and intellectual.
Physical fitness
What is knowledge without good health? To study successfully, a child must be resilient, and all systems of his body must be sufficiently developed to withstand the school load without loss of growth, development, physical and mental well-being. Sometimes a child’s success may depend more on the state of his health than on the level of his intellectual development.
What can interfere? Chronic diseases, weak immunity, tendency to fatigue easily, peculiarities of physical and mental development.
How can I help?
Follow a daily routine. Make sure your child gets enough sleep, walks a lot, eats right, and does not experience great emotional turmoil. It is best for the child to come to school on September 1st, cheerful, energized and well rested.
Check your health again. Before going to school, it is necessary to consult with medical specialists, primarily an ophthalmologist, neurologist, and otolaryngologist. If your child tends to get sick often, you can consult an immunologist.
Be attentive to the individual health characteristics of the child. If there is a risk of overload, when selecting school curriculum choose comfort over temptingly high results.
Personal readiness
On the one hand, this inner desire going to school, having educational motivation, on the other hand, the ability to communicate with peers and teachers, the ability to accept one’s new status schoolchild and learn new rules of behavior.
What can interfere? The development of children’s personal readiness for school mainly depends on adults. If parents have always supported the child’s natural curiosity, communicated with him, and paid him enough attention, there will be significantly fewer problems.
How can I help?
Create a social circle. To learn to play with peers, you need to meet with them regularly. If your child does not go to kindergarten, let him communicate with other children in the courtyards and playgrounds, in clubs and sections - but the main thing is that at least short time the child ended up in a children's group. It is even better if communication with peers is not directly regulated by a teacher or educator.
Talk to your child. Pay attention to his questions, do not leave them unanswered. Ask your child's opinion.
You can read about how to properly talk to your child about school here (link to an article on psychological readiness).
Intelligent Readiness
No, this is not only and not so much the amount of knowledge that the child managed to acquire in the first six to seven years of life. First of all, this is the level of development of perception, memory, attention, thinking, fine motor skills and hand-eye coordination. Self-organization skills, the ability to act according to given rules, listen and complete tasks play a big role. Finally, a child’s intellectual readiness is also determined by the level of his horizons.
How can I help?
Develop your child correctly. This in no way means that from the age of three you need to sit down with textbooks, cram children's encyclopedias or teach foreign languages. Do not overload your child with unnecessary knowledge, rather help him build positive associations between intellectual activity and general comfort: when a child is with his parents, he feels good, cozy, calm, at the same time he is asked to think, solve a logical problem, or just talk about something interesting .
Play. Playing activity is the leading activity of a preschooler, and it is in play that all further skills necessary for intellectual development are formed.
Carefully choose the benefits you use with your child. Pay attention to the compliance of benefits with the Federal State Educational Standard preschool education(FSES DO): with them you can be sure that you are giving your child only the necessary knowledge and skills, and not overstraining him.
Mathematics. 1st grade. Textbook. The textbook is intended for teaching mathematics to students in the first half of 1st grade. It ensures children’s smooth adaptation to learning, promotes the formation of universal educational actions, working according to instructions, a model, finding and explaining a solution, and drawing up a model of a plot-based mathematical situation.
What would be nice for a first grader to know?
Experience shows that if a child’s personal and intellectual readiness is at the proper level, then he will have accumulated a certain amount of knowledge.
As we wrote earlier, schools are currently prohibited by law from conducting entrance tests for first grade. However, you will likely be invited to a short interview to find out your child's overall developmental level. Here is an approximate list of knowledge that will most likely be tested in your child. Note: the child does not owe anything to anyone. He may or may not answer the questions; this cannot in any way affect his admission to first grade.
Knowledge:
Basic knowledge about yourself. First name, middle name and last name, your age and date of birth, home address, something about the city ( locality), in which he lives, the main thing about his country (name, flag, coat of arms).
Family. Names and surnames of parents, their professions.
Seasons. The sequence, the names of the months, the main signs of each season - what happens in nature, what people and animals do.
Animals. Domestic animals and their young, wild animals middle zone Russia, hot countries, the north. Carnivores, herbivores and omnivores. Basic signs, appearance, cubs. Birds: wintering and migratory, domestic and wild.
Transport. Land, water, air.
Cloth. Basic items of clothing, types of shoes, hats, men's and women's clothing.
Plants. Trees - coniferous and deciduous; The child must distinguish between vegetables, fruits, and berries.
Russian fairy tales. Know and tell the main stories.
Geometry. It is necessary to distinguish between plane figures: triangle, circle, square, oval, rectangle.
Skills:
Freely navigate in space and on a sheet of paper. Right, left side, top, bottom, etc.
Perception. Listen carefully and consistently retell the story you heard, compose a coherent story based on a picture or a series of pictures.
Native language . Distinguish between vowels and consonants, divide words into syllables according to the number of vowel sounds.
Use a pencil. Without a ruler, draw vertical and horizontal lines, draw schematically, trace along the contour, carefully paint over without going beyond the contours.
Check. It’s good if a child can count to 20 and back, perform simple counting operations within 20, know the composition of the numbers 2, 3, 4, 5. If he doesn’t know how to do this, it’s okay.
The textbook includes works of various genres folk art, classical and contemporary writers about the Motherland, about children and for children, about animals and native nature. The content of the textbook allows for differentiated instruction of first-graders, taking into account their readiness and individual capabilities. Special attention is devoted to the formation of the main types of speech activity (listening, reading and speaking), reading skills, enriching the vocabulary and reading experience of children.
Getting ready for school: a guide for parents
He talks about how to properly work with a child on the eve of entering first grade. Natalya Fedorovna Vinogradova, Head of the Center for Primary General Education of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Institute of Education Development Strategy Russian Academy Education", Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Education:
First of all, it will be good if parents, when planning a plan for preparing their son or daughter for school, each time ask themselves the following questions:
Is this really necessary for my child? Without this, will he not be accepted into school? Without this he will not be able to study?
What will this give him for the success of his studies and interest in educational process?
Will he want to do this? Is he really capable of this?
If the answer to at least one of these questions is negative, think carefully about whether you need these classes. If the answer to the first question is no, you almost definitely don’t need them.
To tune your parenting radar, I suggest looking at some forms of activity and choosing which one is most beneficial. Compare which is better:
Every day, conduct reading lessons, force (or persuade) the child to “put letters into words” (parents’ favorite task!);
Play with the child in various games with sounds: let’s listen to the sounds, pronounce the sounds, compare the sounds, “let’s determine the sounds that last,” “let’s determine the sequence of sounds and designate them with different buttons (chips).
Answer:
Trust a professional: the teaching method, when everything starts with letters and ends with them, leads to terrible letter-by-letter reading, when the child cannot read the word together. He, of course, will learn this, but with a serious time delay, a lag in understanding the meaning of the text and with subsequent (this has been proven by psychologists) illiterate writing.
Let's take it as an axiom: letters are signs of sounds, and before a child remembers letters (this is not that difficult), he must learn to navigate the sound side of a word, it is good to know when, in what cases, to put this or that letter. This technique guarantees the child’s ability to instantly analyze words when reading and writing. The child develops correct reading, becomes literate writing. The most important thing: children play with sounds with enthusiasm, with pleasure, and are always ready to complete “sound” tasks again and again.
Another example!
You can buy copybooks that are used in first grade and regularly force your preschooler to write the elements of letters and the letters themselves. True, this is boring and uninteresting, but (as adults think) the hand will prepare to master writing.
Invite your child to learn how to sew on buttons, darn simple holes, knit, and practice drawing and appliqué.
Answer:
The idea that copybooks in early age bet your hand - it's a myth! Much more useful are the actions from option 2. Preparing the hand for writing is “hidden” in these actions: we don’t draw boring elements, but smoke towards a steam locomotive, or the flight of a bee from flower to flower, or we finish drawing the wheels of cars that the artist forgot to draw. Etc., etc. And together with the sad and very difficult connection of letter elements, we will work with crochet, cut out and paste applique details.
And finally, let's remember another law of learning: the student's head must not only be well filled, but also well arranged. That is, everything that a child knows, he must understand, and not just formally memorize. And one more thing: the less “ready-made” knowledge a preschooler receives, the more he “discovers” it himself, the higher his level of intelligence will be.
go to the product catalog for primary educationAnd one more thing:
It is best to choose the morning hours for activities with your child: this is the optimal time for intellectual stress.
Let classes last no more than 20 minutes, and use the class time as usefully as possible: less monotonous classes, more developmental exercises. If you are not sure that you can build a system for preparing your child for school yourself, we advise you to follow the course of a proven textbook.
Alexandra Chkanikova
____________________
*Since May 2017, the united publishing group "DROFA-VENTANA" has been part of the Russian Textbook corporation. The corporation also includes the Astrel publishing house and the LECTA digital educational platform. General Director Alexander Brychkin, a graduate of the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation, Candidate of Economic Sciences, head of innovative projects of the DROFA publishing house in the field of digital education, was appointed.
What a first-grader should know and be able to do when entering the 1st grade of school.
A future first-grader should be able to count up to 100 in ones and tens (10, 20, 30, 40...), name numbers in forward (from 1 to 10) and reverse order (from 1 0 to 1), relate a given number of objects to a number , determine by ear the missing number, name it, determine the previous and subsequent number to the one named or indicated by a number. It’s good if the baby answers immediately, without the help of an adult, to questions such as: “how much?”, “In what place?”
Number composition
Child preschool age must be able to visually form numbers within 10 of units, explain that, for example, 5 is 1, 1, 1, 1 and another 1, or 1 0 consists of 10 units.
In order for a child to understand what digits a given number consists of, he must be able to decompose it into two smaller numbers (to begin with, within 10 and on a visual basis) and compose it from two smaller ones larger number. For example: the number 8 consists of 4 and 4 or 3 and 5; and, conversely, the numbers 5 and 5 make up the number 10. The child should be able to determine the missing component number. For example, the number 7 consists of 4 and...? The child must name the number 3.
It’s good if the baby can make numbers within 20. And within 100 it will be enough for him to be able to make numbers in tens. For example: 60 consists of six tens, etc.
Comparison of numbers
A preschool child should be able to compare numbers visually and orally. It’s good if the child can compare both nearby and non-adjacent numbers. For example, six is more than five, and five is less than six; two is less than eight, and eight is more than two.
The child must be able to understand differential comparison of numbers. For example, five is less than six by one, and six is more than five by one.
It’s good if the child knows how to obtain equality from inequality or inequality from equality by adding one item to a smaller quantity or removing one item from more one item For example, five is less than six: if you add one more item to five items, then there will be six items each, i.e. equally; six is more than five: if you remove one from six objects, then there will be five, i.e. equally.
By this age, children should distinguish and understand mathematical signs such as more (>), less (<), равно (=), уметь пользоваться ими.
Solving Examples
A preschool child should be able to solve examples of addition and subtraction within twenty, as well as within a hundred by tens. It’s good if a child can make mental calculations within the first ten, without relying on visual material. The child can solve more complex examples within the second ten using counting sticks or other counting material.
A preschooler must know and be able to write mathematical signs “+”, “-”, “=”; distinguish and name arithmetic operations - “addition” and “subtraction”; independently write down examples under dictation from an adult.
Problem solving
A preschool child should be able to compose and solve mathematical problems involving addition and subtraction, as well as write down their solutions and know the mathematical signs “+”, “-”, “=”.
It’s good if a preschooler knows how to identify the components of a problem: condition, question, solution, answer; understands that a problem cannot be solved if a condition or question is missing.
By the time a child enters school, he should be able to solve not only problems accompanied by illustrations, but also perceive problems by ear or read the conditions and questions independently.
Logic problems
The development of logical thinking is one of the important conditions for a child’s successful learning of mathematics. In this section you will find several types of logic problems that are usually given to future first-graders during school testing.
A preschool child should be able to solve entertaining problems with mathematical meaning. Some problems are solved using arithmetic operations, others - using logical thinking.
Logical thinking tasks encourage the child to think, reason, analyze, and establish connections between phenomena.
Geometry
A preschool child should be able to distinguish geometric shapes (circle, square, rectangle, oval, triangle, trapezoid, rhombus), draw them on a sheet of paper, and recognize the shape of familiar geometric shapes in surrounding objects. For example: the sun looks like a circle, a book looks like a rectangle, a road sign looks like a triangle, etc.
It’s good if a preschooler can make two figures into one. For example: from two to four triangles one is a polygon, from small quadrangles one is large. The child must be able to distinguish geometric bodies, compare them and find differences.
The child must understand that geometric bodies are three-dimensional figures. Among three-dimensional figures, he must distinguish between a sphere, a cube, a cylinder, a cone, and a parallelepiped.
The child must know straight, curved and broken lines. It’s good if he can distinguish between a line, a segment and a ray, right, obtuse and acute angles; can show the vertex and sides of an angle, measure the length of a segment with a ruler, draw a given segment, show the point of intersection of lines.
Orientation in space
A preschool child must be able to navigate in space, as well as on a notebook or landscape sheet. Orientation in space includes the ability to determine the direction of movement, to move in a given direction (forward-backward, up-down, right-left). A preschooler should be able to indicate in words the position of an object in relation to himself (in front of me is a table, behind me is a closet, to my right is a door, to my left is a window).
It is good if a child knows how to determine the position of various objects in space, using the words: “below”, “above”, “in front”, “behind”, “in front”, “behind”, “between”, “next to”.
On a sheet of paper, the child should be able to show the upper right corner, upper left corner, lower right and lower left corners, and the middle of the sheet.
On a sheet of checkered paper, depicting various objects and figures, the baby should understand the words “to the left”, “to the right”, “above”, “below”, “from”, “to”, “above”, “under”. He should also be able to draw figures on a sheet of paper, copying from a sample or under dictation (graphic dictation: one cell up, one cell to the right, one cell down, etc.).
Time orientation
By the time a child enters school, he must clearly understand the time of day (morning, afternoon, evening, night), their sequence, as well as concepts such as yesterday, today, tomorrow, and understand the meaning of these words. He must know the sequence of days of the week, name what day is today, what was yesterday, what will be tomorrow, combine these concepts into one - these are all the days of the week.
It’s good if the baby knows the names of all the months of the year and knows how to name them in the correct order. The preschooler should also divide all the months of the year into winter, spring, summer and autumn, and know that there are three months in each season.
Educational standards are constantly changing, and it seems that the requirements for children entering first grade are becoming more stringent year after year. If previously many learned to read at school, now the ability to read is secretly considered mandatory for first-graders. Is it really that difficult to prepare a child for school? Let's consider the standard requirements for first-graders in Russian schools. In addition, in this article we will give approximate characteristics of a kindergarten graduate, i.e. a child entering grade 1, according to the Federal State Educational Standard - the federal state educational standard.
What should a child going to first grade at school know and be able to do?
To properly prepare your child for educational activities, you should act in several directions. A future first-grader needs to have basic knowledge about himself, his parents and the structure of the world around him, have basic counting skills and developed speech.
So, what should a future first-grader know and be able to do in various areas?
General outlook
A 7-year-old child is already developed enough to name without hesitation:
your first name, last name and patronymic;
your age and date of birth;
last name, first name and patronymic of the parents, their occupation and place of work;
names of other family members and who they are related to;
your address - city/town/village, street, house, entrance, floor, apartment - and home phone number (if any);
the country in which he lives and its capital;
the main attractions of your city/town/village;
primary colors and their shades;
human body parts;
items of clothing, shoes, hats (and understand the difference between them);
professions, sports;
types of land, water, air transport;
famous Russian folk tales;
great Russian poets and writers (Pushkin A.S., Tolstoy L.N., Tyutchev F.I., Yesenin S.A., etc.) and their most famous works.
In addition, a child entering school must know the rules of behavior in public places and on the street. By constant communication with parents, reading books together and discussing the world around, your child probably has all this knowledge by school age.
Speech development (Russian language, preparation for literacy)
The level of speech development is the basis for subsequent mastery of literacy - i.e. for reading and writing. A future first-grader should be able to:
pronounce all sounds clearly, have good articulation;
highlight a certain sound in a word with intonation;
determine the place of a sound in a word (located at the beginning, middle or end of the word);
determine the number and sequence of sounds in short words (“house”, “sleigh”, “cat”);
pronounce words syllable by syllable with clapping or stamping;
name a word by its serial number in a sentence (for example, repeat only the second word or only the fourth word from a given sentence);
distinguish between singular and plural, living and nonliving, feminine and masculine;
know the difference between vowels and consonants;
call a group of objects with a general word (cup, spoon, plate - these are dishes);
answer questions and be able to ask them;
make up a story based on the picture;
consistently and in detail retell a familiar plot (for example, a fairy tale) or a story you have just heard;
understand the polysemy of words, name a word with a meaning opposite to the meaning of a given word;
say a few sentences about a given subject;
make a sentence of 3-5 suggested words;
distinguish texts by genre - poem, story, fairy tale;
memorize and recite short poems expressively;
solve riddles.
The most useful thing for speech development is to read with your child and discuss what you read. Teach your future student to clearly and consistently express thoughts and analyze the events described, so that in the future he can easily answer in class. Encourage your child to express detailed phrases, clarify details and his opinion, ask questions: “Why do you think so? What do you think would happen if...?” etc. Games for vocabulary development will be useful: antonyms (you throw a child a ball with the word “wet” - he throws it back, answering “dry”, similarly “dark” - “light”, “clean” - “dirty”, etc. .); “guess the word” (the driver must guess the word from the descriptions of several players) and many others.
Mathematics, counting
know numbers from 0 to 9;
be able to name numbers within 10 in forward and reverse order (from 5 to 9, from 8 to 4, etc.);
be able to name the number within 10 that precedes and follows the named one;
understand the meaning of the signs “+”, “–”, “=”, “>”, “<» и уметь сравнивать числа от 0 до 10 (2<6, 9=9, 8>3);
be able to indicate the number of objects using numbers;
be able to compare the number of items in two groups;
solve and write simple addition and subtraction problems within 10;
know the names of geometric shapes (circle, square, triangle, rectangle, oval, rhombus);
be able to compare objects by size, shape, color and group them according to this characteristic;
navigate in the concepts of “left-right-up-down”, “in front”, “between”, “behind” on a sheet of checkered paper and in space.
To help your child master counting and numbers, often count together household objects, birds, people wearing clothes of a certain color, cars, houses. Ask him simple problems: you have 2 apples and 3 pears - how many fruits do you have in total? In addition to counting skills, in this way you will teach your child to perceive a task by ear, which will definitely be useful to him in his studies. Write numbers together on paper, with chalk on a blackboard, lay them out from pebbles, write with a stick in the sand.
Motor skills, preparing the hand for writing
A future first-grader should be able to:
hold a pencil, pen, brush correctly;
fold geometric shapes from counting sticks, fold shapes according to a pattern;
draw geometric shapes, animals, people;
paint over and shade figures with a pencil without going beyond the contours;
draw a straight horizontal or vertical line without a ruler;
write block letters according to the pattern;
carefully cut out of paper (cut a sheet of paper into strips or geometric shapes - squares, rectangles, triangles, circles, ovals, cut out shapes along the contour);
sculpt from plasticine and clay;
glue and make appliques from colored paper.
Developed motor skills not only help a child complete the necessary creative tasks at school, but are also closely related to mastering writing skills and the quality of speech. Therefore, be sure to practice modeling and drawing at home, put together puzzles, create jewelry and crafts together - fortunately, there are now a huge number of aids for the development of fine motor skills.
Should a first grader be able to read?
This is one of the most controversial questions, on which even teachers do not agree on the answer. On the one hand, a modern school has a rather intense program, and it seems that it is better for a child to know as much as possible by the 1st grade. On the other hand, there is an opinion that teaching children to read must follow certain rules, and not all parents follow them.
So, in the end, is it worth teaching a preschooler to read? Here you need to approach each child individually. If you are great at teaching your child in a playful way, he is interested in learning letters and putting them into syllables and words - rejoice! Taking into account that at school there is not much time allotted for mastering the alphabet (about 3 months), and many children already know how to read by 1st grade, most likely, the skill of reading fluently will really make life easier for your first-grader. Some teachers warn parents that future schoolchildren must be able to read at least syllable by syllable, at a speed of at least 20-30 words per minute.
But if you have problems learning to read at home, do not force your child to read. Otherwise, you will cause the opposite reaction - an aversion to books and studying in general. For many children, learning to read is a complex and time-consuming task, and this does not at all indicate a low level of intelligence. If a future first-grader cannot read, there is generally nothing wrong with that. A good teacher will teach your child to read in any case, and will do it professionally.
In preparing for school, more important than reading skills is teaching the child to understand the text read, analyze it, and be able to answer questions about the text. Read together good fairy tales, stories about nature and animals. Play words: name words starting with a certain letter or those in which it appears, make words from given letters, divide words into syllables or sounds.
The world around us
Let's consider what a first-grader should know about the world around him when going to school. The child needs:
distinguish between domestic and wild animals, be able to name baby animals, know which animals live in the south and which in the north;
name several wintering and migratory birds, distinguish birds by appearance (woodpecker, sparrow, pigeon, crow, etc.);
know and distinguish plants characteristic of their native land, and name their features (spruce, birch, pine, larch, sunflower, clover, chamomile, etc.);
know the names of 2-3 indoor plants;
know the names of vegetables, fruits, berries;
have an understanding of various natural phenomena;
name in the correct sequence - days of the week, months, seasons, and also know the main signs of each season (spring - buds bloom on the trees, snow melts, the first flowers appear), poems and riddles about the seasons.
What else should a future first-grader know?
The skills listed above primarily relate to academic skills, but during their studies, a first-grader will also need others that are important for normal adaptation to school and social life in general.
So, what else should a child be able to do when going to school:
Understand and accurately carry out the tasks of an adult from 5-6 teams.
Follow the example.
Act at a given pace, without mistakes, first under dictation, and then independently, for 4-5 minutes (for example, an adult asks to draw a pattern of shapes: “circle - square - circle - square”, and then the child continues to draw the pattern for some time already myself).
See cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena.
Listen carefully, without distractions, or engage in monotonous activities for 30-35 minutes.
Remember and name from memory figures, words, pictures, symbols, numbers (6-10 pieces).
Maintain correct posture while sitting at your desk for 30-35 minutes.
Perform basic physical exercises (squats, jumping, bending, etc.), play simple sports games.
Feel free to be in a group of children and adults.
Be able to communicate politely with adults: say hello (“Hello”, not “Hello” or “Hello”), say goodbye, do not interrupt, ask for help correctly (say “Please”) and thank for the help provided, apologize if necessary.
The boy should let girls and women go ahead, open the door for them, and help. A girl should react correctly to the aggressive behavior of boys (when they pull her pigtails, push her, take things away).
Talk calmly, without shouting or unnecessary emotions.
Monitor the neatness of your appearance and the cleanliness of your personal belongings (add paper tissues and wet wipes to the list of necessary things for a schoolchild). Wash your hands with soap after walking and visiting the toilet, and before eating. Comb your hair, brush your teeth, use a handkerchief.
Find your bearings in time.
Seek medical help if necessary.
What should a future first-grader be like according to the Federal State Educational Standard?
The Federal State Educational Standard (FSES) for preschool education determines the “portrait” of a preschool educational institution graduate, and therefore the future first-grader. The emphasis in it is shifted from knowledge and skills to the level of general culture, the presence of qualities that “ensure social success.” This is how a senior preschooler who is ready to study at school is presented in the recommendations for the Federal State Educational Standard:
Physically developed, mastered basic cultural and hygienic skills
The child has developed basic physical qualities and the need for physical activity. Independently performs age-appropriate hygienic procedures and follows basic rules of a healthy lifestyle.
Curious, active, interested in new, unknown things in the world around him
He is interested in the new, unknown in the world around him (the world of objects and things, the world of relationships and his inner world). Asks questions to adults, likes to experiment. Able to act independently (in everyday life, in various types of children's activities). In cases of difficulty, seek help from an adult. Takes a lively, interested part in the educational process.
Emotionally responsive
The preschooler responds to the emotions of loved ones and friends. Empathizes with the characters of fairy tales, stories, stories. Reacts emotionally to works of fine art, music and art, and the natural world.
Mastered the means of communication and ways of interacting with adults and peers
The child adequately uses verbal and nonverbal means of communication, has dialogical speech and constructive ways of interacting with children and adults (negotiates, exchanges objects, distributes actions in cooperation).
Able to manage one’s behavior and plan one’s actions aimed at achieving a specific goal
A child based on primary value concepts, observing basic generally accepted norms and rules of behavior. A child’s behavior is primarily determined not by immediate desires and needs, but by demands from adults and primary value ideas about “what is good and what is bad.” The child is able to plan his actions aimed at achieving a specific goal. Complies with the rules of conduct on the street (road rules), in public places (transport, shops, clinics, theaters, etc.)
Able to solve intellectual and personal tasks (problems) appropriate for age
The child can apply independently acquired knowledge and methods of activity to solve new tasks (problems) posed by both adults and himself; Depending on the situation, it can transform ways of solving problems (problems). The child is able to propose his own idea and translate it into a drawing, construction, story, etc.
Having primary ideas about oneself, family, society, state, world and nature
The child has an idea of himself, his own belonging and the belonging of other people to a certain gender; about family composition, family relationships and relationships, distribution of family responsibilities, family traditions; about society, its cultural values; about the state and belonging to it; about the world.
Having mastered the universal prerequisites for educational activities
Possessing the ability to work according to rules and patterns, listen to an adult and follow his instructions.
Has mastered the necessary skills and abilities
The child has developed the skills and abilities necessary to carry out various types of children's activities.
The list of requirements for a modern first-grader is, of course, impressive. But in fact, thousands of children come to school every year with completely different levels of preschool preparation and begin to learn. Parents need to understand that a large amount of knowledge acquired before school starts is not the key to success. The main thing is the child’s psychological readiness to learn and the desire to acquire new knowledge. You can train, check and “coach”, but try to do it without fanaticism. Believe in the success of your future first-grader and instill this confidence in him!
