Domestic and foreign policy (expansion of Russian borders) in the 17th century. Foreign policy of Russia in the 17th century Foreign policy in the 17th century briefly

By the middle of the 17th century, the severe consequences of the Time of Troubles had largely been overcome. There was a further growth of large landholdings (mainly estates). Its connections with the market developed, specialization increased agriculture, small-scale production took shape, the number of cities grew (by the end of the century - 300). The exchange of goods between individual regions of the country expanded, and a unified economic system. However, the country's economy continued to develop within the framework of the serfdom system, which was reflected in the Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich adopted by the Zemsky Sobor. It also contained articles about the prestige of royal power and crimes against it. The power of the tsar increased, the state began to turn from an autocratic zemstvo into an autocratic bureaucratic one. The number of orders increased (up to 80), and the size of the bureaucracy increased. Attempts were made at military reform - regiments of the “new system” were created.

The growing influence of the church in the state in the first third of the 17th century was complicated by intra-church disagreements and led to a split in Russian Orthodox Church(1650-1660). At the same time, Patriarch Nikon (since 1652) began to lay claim to state power. The struggle continued for eight years, ending with the overthrow of Nikon in 1666. The Church compromised with the secular authorities.

From the middle of the 17th century, the country experienced an increase in social activity, developing into a series of uprisings and riots, the most significant of which were:

1650 - Bread riot in Novgorod and Pskov;

1662 - Copper Riot in Moscow;

1670-1671 - uprising led by Stepan Razin.

Expansion of Russia's borders in the 17th century

Class, national and religious contradictions caused mass protests by the population of Ukraine and Belarus, which were annexed to Poland under the Union of Lublin in 1569. The population of Ukraine, led by the Cossacks, repeatedly rose up to fight the Poles. In 1648, a new uprising began, led by Bogdan Khmelnytsky. Forced to remain on the sidelines for some time, Russia only in 1653 at the Zemsky Sobor decided to reunite Ukraine with Russia. A delegation was sent to Ukraine, headed by the boyar Buturlin. On January 8, 1654, the Rada (council) assembled in the city of Pereyaslavl spoke in favor of Ukraine joining Russia (it should be noted, however, that only Left Bank Ukraine became part of Russia).

In the 17th century, the process of development of Siberia continued. By 1620, the cities of Berezov, Verkhoturye, Narym, Turukhansk, Tomsk, and Krasnoyarsk were founded in Western Siberia. In 1632, the Yakut fort was founded. By 1640, Russian pioneers found themselves in Transbaikalia. The cities of Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk, and Selenginsk were built. The expedition of Ivan Moskvin (1639) reached the Pacific Ocean. Further expeditions of Semyon Dezhnev, Vasily Poyarkov, Erofey Khabarov significantly expanded the ideas of Russian people about Siberia.

Foreign policy

The main directions of foreign policy by the middle of the 17th century were: western - the return of lands lost in the Time of Troubles and southern - achieving security from the raids of the Crimean khans.

The fighting against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1632-1634 ended unsuccessfully for Russia. According to the Polyanovsky Peace Treaty (1634), the cities captured at the beginning of the war were returned to the Poles. A new clash began in 1654 and continued with varying success until 1667, when the Truce of Andrusovo was signed (Smolensk and all lands east of the Dnieper were returned to Russia). In 1686, the “Eternal Peace” was concluded with Poland, which assigned Kyiv to Russia. During these military operations, Russia conducted unsuccessful military operations against Sweden. In 1661, the Treaty of Kardis was concluded, according to which the entire Baltic coast remained with Sweden.

In the south, the Crimean Khanate posed the greatest danger. In 1637, the Don Cossacks managed to capture the Turkish fortress of Azov, which they held for five years. In 1681 the Peace of Bakhchisarai was concluded. The Dnieper was recognized as the border between Russia and Crimea. The Crimean Khanate promised not to attack Russia or help its enemies for 20 years. However, in 1686 the peace was dissolved by Russia, which united with Poland to fight against Turkish-Tatar aggression.

Development of Russia in the last quarter of the 17th century

After the death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, 14-year-old Fyodor Alekseevich (1676-1682) became tsar. In the years 1670-1680 there was a continuous struggle for power between the court groups of the Miloslavskys and Naryshkins. After the death of the childless Fyodor Alekseevich, taking advantage of the support of the archers, Princess Sophia came to rule the country, whose relationship with the growing Tsarevich Pyotr Alekseevich gradually worsened. An armed conflict took place in August 1689. Peter, supported by the “amusing” regiments and part of the archers, came to power.

For many years, Russian foreign policy in the 17th century was guided by several key goals. The first Romanovs sought to return as much of the East Slavic lands as possible, taken by Poland, and to gain access to the Baltic (which was controlled by Sweden). It was also during this period that the first wars against Turkey began. This confrontation was at initial stage and reached its apogee in the next century. Other regions where Russia sought to maintain its interests were the Caucasus and the Far East.

Troubles and war with Poland

The 17th century began tragically for Russia. The Rurik dynasty that ruled the country was ended. The brother-in-law of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, Boris Godunov, came to power. His rights to the throne remained controversial and numerous opponents of the monarch took advantage of this. In 1604, an army under the command of the impostor False Dmitry invaded Russia from Poland. The contender for the throne found every support in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This episode began the Russian-Polish War, which ended only in 1618.

The conflict between two long-time neighbors had deep historical roots. Therefore, the entire foreign policy of Russia in the 17th century was based on confrontation with Poland. The rivalry resulted in a series of wars. The first of them, in the 17th century, turned out to be unsuccessful for Russia. Although False Dmitry was overthrown and killed, the Poles later occupied Moscow on their own and controlled the Kremlin from 1610 to 1612.

Only the people's militia, assembled by national heroes Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, managed to expel the interventionists. Then a Zemsky Council was held, at which Mikhail Romanov was elected the legitimate king. The new dynasty stabilized the situation in the country. Nevertheless, many border lands remained in the hands of the Poles, including Smolensk. Therefore, all further Russian foreign policy in the 17th century was aimed at the return of original Russian cities.

Loss of the Baltic coast

Even Vasily Shuisky, fighting against the Poles, entered into an alliance with Sweden. In the Battle of Klushino in 1610, this coalition was defeated. Russia found itself paralyzed. The Swedes took advantage of the current situation and began to capture its cities near their border. They took control of Ivangorod, Korela, Yam, Gdov, Koporye and, finally, Novgorod.

Swedish expansion stopped under the walls of Pskov and Tikhvin. The sieges of these fortresses ended in a fiasco for the Scandinavians. Then the Russian army drove them out of their lands, although some of the fortresses remained in the hands of foreigners. The war with Sweden ended in 1617 with the signing of the Stolbovsky Peace Treaty. According to it, Russia lost access to the Baltic Sea and paid its neighbor a large indemnity of 20 thousand rubles. At the same time, the Swedes returned Novgorod. The consequence of the Stolbovo Peace was that Russian foreign policy in the 17th century acquired another important goal. Having recovered from the horrors of the Time of Troubles, the country began the struggle to return to the shores of the Baltic.

Smolensk War

During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich (1613 - 1645) there was only one major armed conflict with another country. It turned out to be the Smolensk War (1632 - 1634) against Poland. This campaign was led by commanders Mikhail Shein, Semyon Prozorovsky and Artemy Izmailov.

Before the war, Moscow diplomats tried to win over Sweden and the Ottoman Empire to their side. The anti-Polish coalition never came together. As a result, I had to fight alone. Nevertheless, Russia's foreign policy goals in the 17th century remained the same. The key task (return of Smolensk) was not completed. The months-long siege of the city ended with the surrender of Shein. The parties ended the war with the Peace of Polyanovsky. The Polish king Vladislav IV returned Trubchevsk and Serpeisk to Russia, and also renounced his claims to the Russian throne (preserved since the Time of Troubles). For the Romanovs it was an intermediate success. Further struggle was postponed to the future.

Conflict with Persia

Mikhail Fedorovich's heir, Alexey, was more active than his father in the international arena. And although his main interests were in the west, he had to face challenges in other regions. So, in 1651, a conflict broke out with Persia.

Foreign policy Russia in the 17th century, in short, began to come into contact with many states with which the Rurikovichs had not yet dealt. In the Caucasus, such a new country turned out to be Persia. The troops of her dynasty, the Safavids, attacked the lands controlled by the Russian kingdom. The main struggle was for Dagestan and the Caspian Sea. The trips ended in nothing. Alexey Mikhailovich did not want the conflict to escalate. He sent an embassy to Shah Abbas II and in 1653 the war was stopped and the status quo was restored on the border. Nevertheless, the Caspian issue persisted. Later, Peter I led the offensive here in the 18th century.

Annexation of Smolensk, Left Bank Ukraine and Kyiv

The main success of Alexei Mikhailovich in foreign policy was the next war with Poland (1654 - 1667). The first stage of the campaign resulted in the unconditional defeat of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Zaporozhye and Moscow troops entered Ukraine and thus actually reunited the lands of the Eastern Slavs.

In 1656, a temporary Truce of Vilna was concluded between the parties. It was caused by the Swedish invasion of Poland and the simultaneous outbreak of war between the Swedes and Russians. In 1660, the Poles tried to carry out a counteroffensive, but it ended in failure. The war finally ended in 1667 after the signing of the Truce of Andrusovo. According to that agreement, the Smolensk region, Kyiv and the entire Left Bank Ukraine were annexed to Moscow. Thus, Alexey Mikhailovich successfully completed the task to which Russian foreign policy was subordinated in the 17th century. The short truce could still be interrupted by war again, so the conflict required further negotiations, which ended under Princess Sophia.

Fight with Sweden

As mentioned above, having achieved success in Ukraine, Alexey Mikhailovich decided to try his luck in the Baltic. The long-gestating revenge war with Sweden began in 1656. She turned out to be two years old. The fighting spanned Livonia, Finland, Ingria and Karelia.

Russia's foreign policy of the 17th - 18th centuries, in short, set as its goal access to the Western seas, since this would allow establishing best connections with Europe. This is exactly what Alexey Mikhailovich wanted to achieve. In 1658, the Truce of Valiesar was concluded, according to which Russia retained part of the lands in Livonia. However, three years later, Moscow diplomats had to agree to restore the previous borders in order to avoid a war on two fronts against Sweden and Poland at the same time. This order was consolidated by the Treaty of Kardis. The Baltic ports were never obtained.

War with Turkey

At the end of the Russian-Polish confrontation, the Ottoman Empire intervened in it, which sought to conquer Right Bank Ukraine. In the spring of 1672, an army of 300,000 invaded. She defeated the Poles. Subsequently, the Turks and Crimean Tatars also fought against Russia. In particular, the Belgorod defensive line was attacked.

The main directions of Russian foreign policy in the 17th century in many ways turned out to be a logical prologue to the foreign policy of the 18th century. This pattern is especially evident in the example of the struggle for hegemony in the Black Sea. During the era of Alexei Mikhailovich and his son Fyodor, the Turks last tried to expand their possessions in Ukraine. That war ended in 1681. Türkiye and Russia drew borders along the Dnieper. The Zaporozhye Sich was also declared independent from Moscow.

Eternal peace with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

The entire domestic and foreign policy of Russia in the 17th century depended heavily on relations with Poland. Periods of war and peace influenced the economy, social situation and the mood of the population. Relations between the two powers were finally settled in 1682. That spring, the countries concluded Eternal Peace.

The articles of the agreement stipulated the division of the Hetmanate. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth abandoned the protectorate that had existed over the Zaporozhye Sich for a long time. The provisions of the Andrusovo Truce were confirmed. Kyiv was recognized as an “eternal” part of Russia - for this Moscow paid compensation in the amount of 146 thousand rubles. Subsequently, the agreement allowed the formation of an anti-Swedish coalition during the Northern War. Also thanks to the Perpetual Peace, Russia and Poland joined forces with the rest of Europe in the fight against the Ottoman Empire.

Treaty of Nerchinsk

Even during the time of Ivan the Terrible, Russia began the colonization of Siberia. Gradually, brave peasants, Cossacks, hunters and industrialists moved further and further to the east. In the 17th century they reached the Pacific Ocean. Here, the objectives of Russian foreign policy in the 17th century were to establish friendly relations with China.

For a long time the border between the two states was not marked, which led to various incidents and conflicts. To stop misunderstandings, a delegation of diplomats led by Fyodor Golovin went to the Far East. Russian and Chinese representatives met in Nerchinsk. In 1689, they signed an agreement according to which the border between the powers was established along the banks of the Argun River. Russia lost the Amur region and Albazin. The agreement turned out to be a diplomatic defeat for the government of Sofia Alekseevna.

Crimean campaigns

After reconciliation with Poland, Russian foreign policy at the end of the 17th century was directed towards the Black Sea and Turkey. For a long time, the country was haunted by the raids of the Crimean Khanate, a state that was in vassal relations with the Ottoman Empire. The campaign against a dangerous neighbor was led by Prince Vasily Golitsyn, the favorite of Princess Sofia Alekseevna.

In total, two Crimean campaigns took place (in 1687 and 1689). They weren't particularly successful. Golitsyn did not capture other people's fortresses. Nevertheless, Russia diverted significant forces of the Crimeans and Turks, which helped its European allies in the general anti-Ottoman war. Thanks to this, the Romanovs significantly increased their international prestige.

Azov campaigns

Sofya Alekseevna was deprived of power by her younger brother Peter, who grew up and did not want to share powers with the regent. The young tsar continued Golitsyn's work. His first military experience was connected precisely with the confrontation with Turkey.

In 1695 and 1696 Peter led two campaigns against Azov. On the second attempt, the Turkish fortress was captured. Nearby, the monarch ordered the founding of Taganrog. For his success near Azov, voivode Alexey Shein received the title of generalissimo. So, two directions of Russian foreign policy in the 17th century (southern and “Polish”) were marked by success. Now Peter turned his attention to the Baltic. In 1700 he began Northern War against Sweden, which immortalized his name. But that was already the history of the 18th century.

Results

The 17th century for Russia was rich in foreign policy events (both successes and failures). The result of the Time of Troubles at the beginning of the century was the loss of many territories, including the Baltic coast and the Smolensk region. The reigning Romanov dynasty set about correcting the mistakes of its predecessors.

The peculiarities of Russian foreign policy in the 17th century turned out to be such that the greatest success awaited it in the Polish direction. Not only was Smolensk returned, but also Kyiv and Left Bank Ukraine. Thus, Moscow for the first time began to control all the key lands of the Old Russian state.

The results in two other directions were more contradictory: the Baltic and the Black Sea. In the north, an attempt at revenge with Sweden failed, and this task fell on the shoulders of Peter I, who entered the new 18th century with his country. The same situation occurred with the southern seas. And if at the end of the 17th century Peter occupied Azov, then later he lost it, and the task of expansion in this region was completed only under Catherine II. Finally, under the first Romanovs, the colonization of Siberia continued, and the first contacts with China were established in the Far East.

In the history of Russia, the 17th century is important point in its development. Being surrounded by numerous enemies, important processes took place within the country that influenced further development states.

The main tasks of Russian foreign policy in the 17th century

At the beginning of the 17th century in Russia came Troubled times. The Rurik dynasty was interrupted and the Polish-Swedish intervention began. Only in 1612 was the country able to defend its sovereignty and reassert itself on the world stage by launching extensive foreign policy activities.

The main task of the new Russian dynasty was the return of Russian territories lost during the Time of Troubles. This also included the local task of gaining access to the Baltic Sea, because during the Russian Troubles these lands were occupied by Sweden.

Rice. 1. Map of Russia at the beginning of the 17th century.

The task of uniting the territories of the former Kievan Rus around Moscow remained historical. Moreover, it was not only about uniting the people, but also about increasing arable land and the number of taxpayers.

In other words, Russian foreign policy in the 17th century responded to the tasks of unifying and restoring the integrity of the country.

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And, of course, with the destruction of the Siberian Khanate, Russia’s road to Siberia was open. The development of wild but rich regions remained a priority for the weakened state.

Rice. 2. Siege of Chigirin.

Table “Russian Foreign Policy in the 17th Century”

Many modern European historians consider the development of Siberia to be colonization and the relationship of Moscow with the local population as a colony with the metropolis.

It is worth noting the emergence of the “Caspian issue” for Russia. The Rurikovichs did not have contact with all countries located in Eurasia. One of these was Persia.

In 1651, the Persian army entered Dagestan and the Caspian lands, wanting to claim their rights to them. As a result, military campaigns ended in nothing. Alexei Mikhailovich in 1653 managed to achieve the preservation of the position of the borders before the beginning Persian campaign. However, the struggle for the coast of the Caspian Lake was just beginning for Russia from that moment on.

Rice. 3. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

One of the reasons for the unsolved nature of most problems was Russia's technological backwardness compared to European countries. After the Thirty Years' War in Europe, military affairs made great progress, but it bypassed Russian military art.

What have we learned?

Speaking briefly about Russian foreign policy in the 17th century, it should be noted that Russia was concerned with the restoration of its historical borders and the return of territories lost during the Time of Troubles. Most of the problems facing it in the 17th century were never solved.

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The events of the 17th century had great value in development Russian state. The country was surrounded by numerous enemies, and important political processes took place within Russia that left a noticeable mark on its history.

The main tasks of Russian foreign policy in the 17th century

The beginning of the century - the years of the Great Troubles. The Rurik dynasty ended, Russia lost many lands and was forced to resist the Polish-Swedish attack. In this difficult situation, the country was not immediately able to defend its independence and reassert itself as a great power by launching large-scale foreign political activities.

Sagittarius - the basis of the Russian army in the 17th century

Russia considered its main foreign policy task to be the return of territories that had passed to the invaders during the Time of Troubles. It was necessary to provide access to the Baltic Sea, occupied by Sweden, and to return the Smolensk, Chernigov and Novgorod lands. In addition, relations with the Turks remained difficult. Ottoman Empire dominated the Black Sea, closing all waterways to its northern neighbor.

The liquidation of the Siberian Khanate made the road to Siberia free for Russia. Therefore, one of the priority tasks in the field of foreign policy in the 17th century was the use of new opportunities in the eastern direction. For a weakened state, the development of rich regions could greatly assist in its revival and further development.

The task of territorial unification of the lands of the former Kievan Rus around Moscow was considered historical. The goal was not only to create a unified society of people, but also to increase the area of ​​agricultural land and the number of peasants - potential taxpayers.

The main directions of Russia's foreign policy in the 17th century

Relations with other states in their own interests in those days could only be achieved through military action. Russia led them throughout almost the entire 17th century. The most significant military campaigns were:

• Smolensk War of 1632–1634. In it, Russia failed to achieve all the assigned tasks to liberate its lands. But as a result of the conclusion of the Peace of Polyanovsky, it was possible to return a number of cities, force the Poles to renounce their claims to the Russian throne and recognize Mikhail Romanov as sovereign;
• The Russian-Polish War, which began in 1654 after the reunification of Ukraine with Russia and lasted 13 years. Russia's task was to support the Orthodox population in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The war made it possible to return the Smolensk lands, as well as Kyiv and the surrounding territories. Russia was not allowed to achieve a complete victory by the outbreak of a military conflict with Sweden, which scattered the forces of the Russian army in two directions;
• The war with Sweden of 1656–1658, which ended with a truce for 3 years, and in 1661 with the conclusion of a peace treaty. Russia returned the lands captured by the Swedes, but the main goal - access to the Baltic - was not successful;
• The Russian-Turkish War, the main confrontation of which took place in 1676–1681. Russia was drawn into the war due to the Ottoman Empire's desire to intervene in the conflict between Russia and Poland. Were also undertaken in different years and the Crimean campaigns against the Tatars, who were considered allies of the Turks. But it was not possible to stop the raids of the Crimean Tatars, just as it was not possible to interrupt the dominance of the Ottoman Empire in the Black Sea.

More peaceful and successful were the actions of the state aimed at annexing the Siberian and Far Eastern lands. The names of the pioneers Semyon Dezhnev and Vasily Poyarkov are known to many Russians living at the present time.

Results of Russian foreign strategy in the 17th century

Having returned Novgorod, Smolensk, and captured Azov, Russia by the end of the century was left with an important unresolved problem: access to the seas was never won. Nevertheless, within a century Russia was able to return many of its western lands. Reunification with Ukraine allowed for a noticeable improvement in strategic positions. The country managed to raise its international authority by becoming a member of European military-political alliances.

Have a good day everyone! We continue our immersion in the history of Russia. Foreign policy of the 17th century is a topic that needs to be understood very well. Of course, it differs from the complexity and diversity of directions. However, it is worth remembering that the main directions have remained unchanged. This topic is important. You can't imagine how many guys trip over it during the exam. Therefore, I recommend reading this article to the end.

Episode of the Smolensk War

Directions

In the 17th century, the Moscow state faced its traditional main directions of foreign policy:

The Western direction included several tasks

1. Reunification with the Old Russian Ukrainian and Belarusian lands, which had been under the rule of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth since the 14th century. Since the beginning of the century, Poland began to actively pursue a policy of Polishing the Orthodox Ukrainian population, imposing Polish (the strictest) serfdom, introducing the Polish language and the Catholic faith. Such violent actions caused protest, first passive, when people united into brotherhoods and did not accept the new order, and then active, which resulted in the uprising of Bohdan Khmelnytsky. As a result, the matter ended with the fact that in 1654, left-bank Ukraine with Kiev on the right bank of the Dnieper recognized the supremacy of Muscovy and became part of it with the rights of autonomy. This led to the long Russian-Polish war of 1654 - 1667, about which read more.
2. The struggle for access to the Baltic Sea. You must remember that in the 16th century there was a long Livonian War for access to the Baltic states in order to establish trade through the Baltic Sea. But nothing worked out for Ivan the Terrible. Why, . Of course, the problem required solutions. As a result, under Alexei Mikhailovich, Muscovy began a war with Sweden from 1656 to 1658. The conflict ended with the Peace of Kardis, according to which Muscovy renounced all its acquisitions during the war in this region. There was no war on two fronts!

South direction

In the south, the key opponents of the Muscovite kingdom were the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire. The Crimeans continued to attack the south of the country, capture people and create all sorts of lawlessness. Türkiye generally had imperial plans to conquer Poland, Austria, and expand its territories in the Balkans.

When the war with Poland began in Ukraine, Türkiye decided to take advantage of the situation and attack it. Hetman of the Right Bank Independent Peter Doroshenko recognized the power of the Sultan, who, in turn, soon promised the hetman the acquisition of Kyiv, as well as other lands east of the Dnieper.

And as we said above, these lands were already behind Muscovy. Hence Russian-Turkish war 1672 - 1681 was inevitable. It ended with the Bakhchisaray Peace Treaty, according to which the border between the countries now ran along the Dnieper, the Ottomans recognized Kyiv and Left Bank Ukraine as Moscow; Cossacks could now fish, and Crimeans could roam near the Dnieper. Thus, the Muscovite kingdom conquered Ukraine not only from Poland, but also from Turkey.

East direction

I am sure many of you are asking yourself the question: what kind of eastern direction can there be, since Moscow annexed the Kazan Khanate (1552), the Astrakhan Khanate (1556), and the Siberian Khanate in 1581! Where further to the East? After all, the country had a small population.

The answer will be quite simple! The fact is that here we have the so-called spontaneous colonization. Many peasants fled from serfdom, wars and devastation, and turmoil to the East. Here they conveyed Russian to the locals, Orthodox faith. There were also various adventurers like Khabarov, Dezhnev, Poyarkov and others who wanted to find out what was next in the East!

Dezhnev's expedition

As a result, in 1689, the Treaty of Nerchinsk was concluded between Muscovy and China, according to which the border between the states passed along the Amur River. In fact, central Siberia and the Far East were not developed at all by Russian people. These were distinctive areas where the local population lived, who obtained food in traditional ways. If you think about it, even now in a number of regions of these territories the way of life has practically not changed.

So the Japanese could have easily captured Kamchatka, if only they had not been too carried away by slaughtering each other, and then had not protected themselves from the whole world with a policy of self-isolation. They had a great chance! And now they are forced to live on their islands, waiting for a new eruption of deadly volcanoes!

As you can see, there were a lot of events in the 16th century. And we haven't sorted them all out. In my training courses I give everything necessary materials to study this topic in the form of my own video lessons, author’s tables, presentations, and auxiliary webinars. Our guys also solve tests on this topic in the Unified State Exam format. It is not surprising that 90 points is the average result of our guys. So I invite you to join us while all the places are not yet filled. Otherwise it will be too late!

Best regards, Andrey Puchkov