Plan for parsing sentences with direct speech

Parsing simple sentence has firmly entered into the practice of elementary and high school. This is the most difficult and volumetric view grammatical analysis. It includes the characteristics and outline of the sentence, analysis by members indicating parts of speech.

The structure and meaning of a simple sentence is studied starting from the 5th grade. The full set of features of a simple sentence is indicated in the 8th grade, and in the 9th grade the focus is on complex sentences.

In this type of analysis, the levels of morphology and syntax are correlated: the student must be able to identify parts of speech, recognize their forms, find conjunctions, understand how words are connected in a phrase, know the signs of the main and minor members of a sentence.

Let's start with the simplest thing: we will help the children prepare for parsing in 5th grade. In elementary school, the student remembers the sequence of parsing and performs it at an elementary level, indicating the grammatical basis, syntactic connections between words, the type of sentence according to the composition and purpose of the statement, learns to draw up diagrams and find homogeneous members.

In elementary schools, different Russian language programs are used, so the level of requirements and student preparation are different. In the fifth grade, I took in children who studied in elementary school under the programs of the educational system "School 2100", "School of Russia" and "Primary School of the 21st Century". There are big differences. Teachers primary school are doing colossal work, in order to compensate for the shortcomings of their textbooks, and themselves “laid” continuity between primary and secondary schools.

In grade 5, the material on sentence analysis is generalized, expanded and built into more full form, in grades 6-7 it is improved taking into account newly studied morphological units (verb forms: participle and gerund; adverb and state category; function words: prepositions, conjunctions and particles).

Let us show with examples the differences between the level of requirements in the parsing format.

Plan for parsing a simple sentence

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

2. Find out the type of sentence by emotional coloring (non-exclamatory or exclamatory).

3. Find the grammatical basis of the sentence, underline it and indicate the methods of expression, indicate that the sentence is simple.

4. Determine the composition of the main members of the proposal (two-part or one-part).

5. Determine the presence of minor members (common or non-common).

6. Emphasize minor members sentences, indicate the ways of their expression (parts of speech): from the composition of the subject and the composition of the predicate.

7. Determine the presence of missing members of the sentence (complete or incomplete).

8. Determine the presence of a complication (complicated or not complicated).

9. Write down the characteristics of the proposal.

10. Create an outline of the proposal.

For analysis, we used sentences from Sergei Kozlov’s wonderful fairy tales about the Hedgehog and the Little Bear.

1) It was an extraordinary autumn day!

2) Everyone’s duty is to work.

3) Thirty mosquitoes ran out into the clearing and began to play their squeaky violins.

4) He has neither a father, nor a mother, nor a Hedgehog, nor a Bear.

5) And Belka took some nuts and a cup and hurried after.

6) And they put things in a basket: mushrooms, honey, a teapot, cups - and went to the river.

7) Pine needles, fir cones, and even cobwebs - they all straightened up, smiled and began to sing with all their might the last autumn song of the grass.

8) The Hedgehog lay, covered up to his nose with a blanket, and looked at the Little Bear with quiet eyes.

9) The hedgehog sat on a hill under a pine tree and looked at the moonlit valley, flooded with fog.

10) Across the river, the forest was dark, blazing with aspens.

11) So until the evening they ran, jumped, jumped off the cliff and screamed at the top of their lungs, setting off the stillness and silence of the autumn forest.

12) And he jumped like a real kangaroo.

13) Water, where are you running?

14) Maybe he's gone crazy?

15) It seems to me that he imagined himself... as the wind.

Examples of parsing simple sentences

Our topic today is sentences with direct speech. Examples of such sentences are found everywhere: in fiction, magazines, newspapers, and journalistic materials. Already from the very name “direct speech” it becomes clear that in this case the author of the text conveys the words of a person exactly as they were spoken.

What is the difference between direct speech and indirect speech?

With direct speech, any utterance retains its characteristics - syntactic, lexical and stylistic. It is connected with the words of the author only in intonation and meaning, while remaining an independent construction.

If we are talking about proposals with indirect speech, then the author conveys someone else’s speech without its syntactic, stylistic and lexical features, keeping only the content of the utterance unchanged. Moreover, depending on the author’s goals and context, the statement can be changed.

Let's take a closer look at sentences with direct speech. Examples of such structures might look like this:

• Ivan said: “Let’s quickly clean up the classroom and go to the park!”
• “It’s warm outside today,” Anna noted. “It seems like spring has finally come into its own.”
• “Would you like some tea?” - Daniel asked the guests.

Now let’s try to reformulate these same sentences so that instead of direct speech they use indirect speech:

• Ivan suggested quickly finishing cleaning the classroom and going to the park.
• Anna noted that it had become unusually warm outside and spring had finally come into its own.
• Daniel asked the guests if they would like to drink tea.

Basics of spelling sentences with direct speech

Punctuation when conveying direct speech directly depends on how the statement is positioned in a sentence relative to the words of the author.

Direct speech at the beginning of a sentence

The entire statement in this case is highlighted in quotation marks (“”). Depending on the type of exclamation or interrogative), the further transition to the author’s words may be different:

• for declarative sentences:“DIRECT SPEECH,” - the words of the author;
• for exclamatory (motivational) sentences:"DIRECT SPEECH!" - words of the author;
• for interrogative sentences:"DIRECT SPEECH?" - author's words.

Pay attention! In declarative sentences, there is NOT a period at the end of the quotation. But an exclamation or an exclamation mark is a must. In addition, in declarative sentences there is a comma after the quotation marks, but in other cases there is not.

Here are some examples:

• “There will be a lot of mushrooms in the forest today,” the grandfather noted.
• “Do you think there will be a lot of mushrooms in the forest today?” - asked the boy.
• “There are so many mushrooms in the forest today!” - Zhenya exclaimed.

Direct speech at the end of a sentence

In another case, direct speech may be located after the author's words. Here everything is much simpler: immediately after the author’s words a colon is placed, and the entire quote is again enclosed in quotation marks.

Let's consider similar sentences with direct speech. Examples might look like this:

• Anya said: “I read an interesting book.”
• The librarian asked: “Have you finished reading the book you borrowed a week ago?”
• Dima exclaimed: “I have never read a more interesting story in my life!”

Pay attention! In a declarative sentence, the quotation marks are closed first, and only then a period is added. But if you need to put an exclamation point, it must be placed exclusively inside quotation marks.

Direct speech between the words of the author

If a quote from someone’s statement is located between two fragments of the author’s words, the above rules seem to be combined.

Not clear? Then let's try with direct speech of this type:

• He said, “It looks like it’s going to rain today,” and put the umbrella in his bag.
• Igor asked: “How are you doing?” - and handed his classmate a bouquet of wild flowers.
• Katya shouted: “Faster! Everyone here!” - and began to wave her arms vigorously to attract attention.

You already know these rules, and therefore there should be no problems with such proposals at all - just be more careful!

Direct speech that is interrupted by the author's text

But this is a rather interesting type of proposal.

As always, direct speech begins with quotation marks. Before the author's words there is a comma and a dash, and after that there is a period, a dash and the continuation of the quotation. At the same time direct speech continues with a capital letter! At the end of a sentence, quotation marks are closed.

Let's look at such sentences with direct speech in practice. Examples that can be given in this case:

• “Let's buy a bouquet of flowers,” Lena suggested. “We’ll give it to mom.”
• “Grandma loves this set very much,” Roman noted. “My grandfather gave it to me.”

Pay attention! If, due to a break in direct speech, the first part loses its semantic completeness and a feeling of understatement appears, then after the author’s words you need to put a comma, and the continuation of direct speech needs to begin with a small letter.

• “It would be nice,” said Igor, “it would be nice to walk along the embankment in the evening.”
• “It seems,” the girl noted, “they promised rain today.”

Simply put, if a sentence can be divided into two, and the reader will still understand everything, a period is needed. And if one of the fragments of direct speech individually does not carry any meaning, it makes sense to put a comma and continue the thought with a small letter.

Parsing sentences with direct speech

With direct speech, it is practically no different from ordinary speech. However, you will need, among other things, to name the author and direct speech, parse them (as two separate sentences), explain the placement of punctuation marks, and also draw a diagram.

This is how, in practice, direct speech turns out to be completely simple and understandable. The main thing is to analyze each example and try to create your own options based on the model.

At school, they are often given the task of parsing sentences; There are also sentences with direct speech among them. To learn how to properly perform this analysis, read our article.

Direct speech

Direct speech is the literal transmission (as opposed to indirect) of the statement of a person.

Most often, direct speech is used to convey not speaking, but internal monologue and thoughts; ordinary speech, even monologue, is framed as a replica of a dialogue. Quotes are also most often used in direct speech.

Direct speech is in quotation marks; it contains the words of the author - a commentary part. They report who said it, to whom, and how.

The order of syntactic parsing of a sentence with direct speech

It is customary to begin the syntactic analysis of a sentence with direct speech differently from the analysis of other sentences.

It is necessary to first determine what is direct speech and what is the commentary part in the words of the author. Then you need to evaluate the location of direct speech relative to the author’s language and you can immediately draw up a diagram of direct speech.

It is necessary to continue the syntactic analysis of a sentence with direct speech in the same way as the analysis of a complex sentence, that is, to analyze it in parts.

It is necessary to emphasize the members of the sentence, write parts of speech in direct speech and characterize this part as a separate sentence. Then do the same for the commentary part.

How to make a diagram

First you need to determine where in the sentence there is direct speech relative to the words of the author, and find its boundaries.

If the signs are not placed, direct speech must be found. To do this, you need to differentiate the parts according to meaning.

The commentary part usually contains the verb “speaking” or “thinking” (“said”, “shouted”, “muttered”, “realized”, etc.)

Typically, in the diagram, direct speech is denoted by the letter “P”, and the words of the author are denoted by the letter “A”; if the part starts with capital letter, the letter in the diagram is also big if it starts with lowercase letter, then the letter in the diagram is lowercase.

If direct speech consists of several sentences

Sometimes there is not one sentence inside the quotation marks, but several. It could be, for example, like this: A: “P? P."

I thought, “But how can I solve this problem? It doesn't just affect me."

Parsing such a sentence is not more difficult, but just longer, since each sentence inside quotation marks must be parsed separately, and in full description indicate: “Direct speech consists of two sentences.”

How to characterize

First we give general characteristics: according to the purpose of the statement, intonation. Then we indicate that the sentence is in direct speech and give a separate description of each of the parts.

Direct speech itself can be expressed in a sentence that differs in intonation and purpose from the entire sentence; this must be indicated (for example, the entire declarative sentence is non-exclamatory, and direct speech is an incentive exclamatory sentence:

“Shut up immediately!” – the mother shouted.

A narrative sentence is non-exclamatory, and direct speech is an incentive exclamatory sentence).

The characteristics of the entire sentence in terms of the purpose of the statement and intonation coincide with the characteristics of the commentary part on the same points; that is, if the author’s words are a declarative non-exclamatory sentence (which is most often the case), then the entire sentence is a declarative non-exclamatory sentence.

An example of parsing a sentence with direct speech

adv. verb noun adv. verb noun

“Are we going already, mom?” – asked sadly Maxim.

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complicated by direct speech that comes before the words of the author. Direct speech is expressed by an interrogative non-exclamatory sentence, simple, one-part definitely personal, widespread; complicated by treatment. The commentary part is expressed in a simple two-part common sentence. Rating of the article

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When transmitted in writing, it requires special punctuation. It depends on the position of direct speech and the author’s words relative to each other.
The following cases are possible:

“It’s good that you came,” said the neighbor.
“I’m so glad to see you!” - said the neighbor.
“Will you come by tomorrow?” - asked the neighbor.

The neighbor said: “It’s good that you came in.”
The neighbor said: “I’m so glad to see you!”
The neighbor asked: “Will you come by tomorrow?”

Schemes:
r.a.: “P.r.”
r.a.: “P.r.!”
r.a.: “P.r.?”

“It’s good,” said the neighbor, “that you came in.”
“Olenka! - said the neighbor. “I’m so glad to see you!”
“Olenka,” the neighbor asked, “will you come in tomorrow?”

Schemes:
“P.r., - r.a., - p.r.”
“P.r.! - r.a. - P.r.!”
“P.r., - r.a., - p.r.?”

Note:

If the first part of direct speech ends with a period, interrogative or exclamation point, then the second part of direct speech begins with a capital (capital) letter.
If the first part of direct speech ends with a comma, semicolon, dash, colon, ellipsis, i.e. if the sentence is not complete, then the second part begins with a lowercase (small) letter.

For example:
“Paris is the capital of France,” he corrected his younger sister. “And not Italy.”

“Paris,” he corrected his younger sister, “is the capital of France, not Italy.”

He immediately corrected his younger sister: “Paris is the capital of France, not Italy” - and left the room so as not to interfere with the girls’ communication.

Having said: “Goodbye!”, he left the room so as not to interfere with the girls’ communication.

§2. Punctuation of dialogue

Dialogues and polylogues (conversation between several persons) in fiction, journalism, and more precisely, in printed publications are formatted without the use of quotation marks.

A dash is placed at the beginning of dialogue lines, for example:

“The crowd was noisy, everyone was talking loudly, shouting, cursing, but nothing really could be heard. The doctor approached a young woman holding a fat gray cat in her arms and asked:

Please, explain what is happening here? Why are there so many people, what is the reason for their excitement, and why are the city gates closed?
- The guards are not letting people out of the city...
- Why aren’t they released?
- So that they do not help those who have already left the city...
The woman dropped the fat cat. The cat plopped down like raw dough. The crowd roared."

(Yu. Olesha, Three fat men)

Individual lines can also be styled with dashes:

“When he came to his senses, it was already evening. The doctor looked around:
- What a shame! The glasses, of course, broke. When I look without glasses, I probably see as a non-nearsighted person sees if he wears glasses. It's very unpleasant."

(Yu. Olesha, Three Fat Men)

Note:

If direct speech is combined with the author’s speech, then different punctuation schemes can be used. Punctuation will vary depending on the relationship between direct speech and the author's speech. But quotes are not needed. Direct speech is separated with a dash.

1) R.a.: - P.r. For example:

Then he grumbled about the broken heels:
“I’m already short in stature, and now I’ll be an inch shorter.” Or maybe two inches, because two heels broke off? No, of course, only one inch... (Yu. Olesha, Three Fat Men)

2) - P.r., - r.a. For example:

- Guard! - the seller shouted, not hoping for anything and kicking his legs (Yu. Olesha, Three Fat Men).

3) R.a.: - P.r.! - r.a. For example:

And suddenly the guardsman with a broken nose said:
- Stop! - and raised the torch high (Y. Olesha, Three Fat Men).

4) -P.r., - r.a. - P.r. For example:

- Stop screaming! - he got angry. - Is it possible to scream so loudly! (Yu. Olesha, Three fat men)

That is, the logic of the design of direct speech and the author’s speech is preserved, but quotation marks are not used. Instead, a dash is always placed at the beginning of direct speech.