Letters a, y

After f, w, h, sch, c letters are written a, y (and are not written I, yu ), For example: sorry, Zhanna, boundary; ball, noodles; hour, candle, silent; platform, raincoat; heron, father; creepy, I'll say; noise, Shura, enormous; feeling, silent; pike, forgive me; in a row, to father.

In several foreign language common nouns after f, w letter is written yu : jury, julienne, brochure, parachute and some others, more rare.

In some foreign-language proper names, ethnic names after f, w, c letters are written I, yu , For example: Samogit Upland, Jules, Saint-Just, Zyuraitis, Siauliai, Zurich, Kotsyubinsky, Tsyurupa, Qu Yuan, Tsyavlovsky, Qianjiang, Qiang(nationality). In these cases, the sounds conveyed by letters f, w, c , are often pronounced softly.

Letters yu And I are written according to tradition after h in some surnames ( yu – mainly in Lithuanian), e.g.: Čiurlionis, Steponavičius, Mkrtchyan, Chyumina.

Letters and, s

After w, w, h, sch letter is written And (and not written s ), For example: fat, camelina, interpublishing, tell, sew, reeds, clean, rays, shield, look.

In some foreign language proper names after h letter is written s , eg: Truong Tinh(Vietnamese proper name).

After ts letter is written And or s .

Letter s is written in the following cases.

1. In the roots of words: gypsy, chick, chick, tiptoe, tiptoe, tiptoe, chick-chick, chick, chick, chick(and in derivative words, e.g.: gypsy, gypsy, gypsy, chick, chick, tut, tut, tut).

2. At the endings of nouns and adjectives, for example: cucumbers, archers, capitals, Klintsy, Lyubertsy; short, pale-faced, narrow-faced .

3. In the suffix of adjectives -yn, For example: Sestritsyn, Lisitsyn, Tsaritsyn, Trinity Day. They are also written geographical names on -tsyn, -tsino, For example: Tsaritsyn, Golitsyno .

In Russian surnames after ts letter is written And or s in accordance with tradition and with registration in official documents, for example: Tsipko, But Tsybin; Kunitsyn, Kuritsyn, Sinitsyn, Skobeltsyn, Solzhenitsyn, But Vitsin, Yeltsin, Tsitsin.

In all other cases, after ts letter is written And , namely:

a) in the roots of words, including foreign proper names, for example: circus, cycle, cylinder, tsigeyka, scurvy, mat, figure, shell, civilization, specificity, cyclone, barber, vaccine, revolution, tsutsik; Cicero, Circe, Zimmerwald, Cincinnati ;

b) in suffixes of foreign language origin, for example: organization, electrify, medicine, calcite, publicist, skepticism ;

c) after the first parts of complex and compound words and in sound abbreviations, for example: blitz interview, special boarding school, Central Election Commission .

Letters oh, oh, oh after the hissing ones

Letters oh, oh, oh in place of stressed vowels

After f, h, w, sch uh letter is written e , For example: tin, swing, rustle, ginseng, twitter, same(letter name), on the boundary, about a candle, a soul, a sling; Zhenya, Jack, Shannon .

After f, h, w, sch to convey a stressed vowel O letter is written O or e .

Letter O is written in the following cases.

1. At the endings of nouns and adjectives, as well as in the suffix of adverbs -O , For example: shoulder, knife, shoulder, Ilyich, hut, cloak; boundary, rein, candle, soul, sling; stranger, big, stranger, big; fresh, hot, good, general(short forms of neuter adjectives and adverbs).

2. In suffixes of nouns:

-OK, For example: circle, hook, cockerel, borscht, jump, push, and in derivatives from such words: circle, hook, jump etc.;

-onok And - chonok, For example: little bear, little mouse, little pebble, little barrel, little little arap ;

-onysh: uzhonysh ;

-onk(a) and -onk(and), for example: little book, little hand, shirt, vest, money, trousers, rhymes ;

-ovk(a) (in denominative derivative words), for example: chizhovka(female siskin), mouse(rodent), khrychovka, small things ;

-about(A): thicket, clearing(deforestation); same in word slum, where the suffix in modern language does not stand out, and in the ironic formation created on his model Khrushchev. Exception: in the word studies is written e ;

-otk(A): ratchet ;

-ovschin(A): stabbing .

3. In the suffix of adjectives -ov-, For example: hedgehog, brocade, penny, canvas, as well as in nouns on -ovka, -ovnik, derived from adjectives with a suffix -ov-(-ev-): pear And pear tree(cf. pear), hacksaw(cf. knife and option knife), cherry plum(cherry plum), guzhovka(horse-drawn), punch(punchy), tick‘cliff-billed heron’ ( tick-borne), fight(pugnacious, from brawler‘kind of plane’), raincoat(raincoat), speech(speech), hogweed(borscht), zhovnik(snake).

The word is spelled the same way gooseberry, where the suffix is ​​not distinguished in modern language.

Denominate nouns in -ovka type small saw, hacksaw, raincoat should be distinguished from verbal nouns like overnight stay.

In Russian surnames there is a hissing + -s(-ev) is written O or e in accordance with tradition and with registration in official documents: cf., for example, Chernyshov And Chernyshev, Kalachov And Kalachev, Khrushchov And Khrushchev; Emelyan Pugachev.

4. In the suffix of adjectives and adverbs -okhonk-, For example: fresh, good, good .

5. In place of a fluent vowel O in nouns and adjectives, for example: glutton, glutton, gluttonous(cf. eat), pulp(cf. I press), burn, arson, overburn, heartburn(cf. I'm burning, I'm burning); trouble(cf. gen. p. why the hell), seam(seam); princes(genus plural from princess), scabbard(genus from sheath- outdated variant of the word sheath), scrotum, scrotum(genus plural and diminution from purse), intestines, intestines(genus and diminution from guts), sauerkraut(decrease from sauerkraut), cat And terrible(from nightmare), glasses(from glasses), point(from point), ridiculous (short form husband. kind of from funny); This also includes words with the suffix -ok: hook, jump(gen. p. hook, jump) etc. (see above, point 2). However, in words accounting, accounting, account, account, calculation(cf. I will take into account, I will count, I will begin, I will count, I will count) the letter is written e .

As well as ridiculous, are written in necessary cases colloquial variants of short forms for husband. sort of terrible, must, need .

6. In those roots of Russian words where the vowel O after sibilants there is always shock and does not alternate with uh(in writing e): click(And keep quiet), zhoster, zhokh, glutton(and option glutton), already; clink glasses, crazy, grebe, prim, clink, clink; shuffle, rustle, blinkers(And saddlery, saddler).

The word is spelled the same way evening(And evening nice), although it is related to the word evening(And evening).

With letter O some Russians are written proper names, eg: Zhora, Zhostovo, Pechora(river), Pechory(city), Sholokhov .

7. In the roots of borrowed (foreign) words. List of basic words: borjom, joker, junk, joule, major, dude, drum major, force majeure; anchovy, kharcho, choker; hood, gherkin, cruchon, offshore, torshon, shock, ramrod, shop, shorts, shorts, show; the same in proper names, for example: John, Georges, Joyce, Chaucer, Shaw, Shchors .

In all other cases, to convey the stressed vowel o after f, h, w, sch letter is written e , namely:

1. In verb endings -eat, -eat, -eat, -eat, For example: you lie, cut your hair, bake, push .

2. In imperfective verbs -yow and verbal nouns in -yowling, For example: demarcate, uproot, migrate, obscure; demarcation, uprooting, shading; in passive participles -yovanny, For example: demarcated, uprooted, shaded .

3. In verbal nouns on -yovka, For example: overnight stay(from spend the night), uprooting, migration, delimitation, retouching(from retouch), peeling(from peel).

4. In the suffix of nouns -yor, For example: conductor, retoucher, trainee, boyfriend, trainer, massager .

5. In suffixes passive participles And verbal adjectives -yonn- And -yon-, For example: tense(And tense), burnt, baked, softened, detached, simplified; loaded, burnt, baked, baked, stewed, waxed; the same in words derived from such participles and adjectives, for example: tension, detachment, simplicity, erudition, tense, detached, simplified, strained, burnt, stewed, condensed milk .

6. In the place of the fugitive O in verbal forms of the past tense husband. kind: burned and prefixes ( lit, burned, burned, burned, set fire etc.; the same in participles: set fire etc.; Wed I'll light it, I'll light it), - man(read, took into account etc., cf. read, studied), walked and prefixes ( came, left etc., cf. went, came, left). At the same time, writing verb forms with the root burned contrasted with the writing of cognate nouns with the letter O : burn, arson, overburn.

7. In those roots of Russian words where the shock sound O corresponds in other words or forms of the same root to the vowel (stressed or unstressed) conveyed by the letter e.

Here is a list of basic words with such roots (in parentheses, words with the same root or forms with the letter e after f, h, w, sch ).

Roots with combination same :

chewed(chew),

gutter(gutters, groove, grooved),

yellow(yellow, yellowish, turn yellow, yolk),

acorn(acorns, stomach'little acorn', acorn),

bile, gall(options bile, gall; biliary, biliary),

wives, wifey, little wife, newlyweds(wife, woman, woman, feminine, getting married, getting married),

perch(pole, pole, pole),

millstone(millstone, millstone),

hard, rigidity(tough, harsh),

overarm(fathom And fathom),

heavy(heavier, grow heavier, outdated heavier).

Roots with combination what :

twine(twine, twine),

evening(evening, evening),

liver, hepatic(liver),

honor, honorable(honor),

bees, bee(bee, beekeeper),

counting, counting, crediting, report, accounting, counter, counting, crediting, accounting, crosswise, even, odd, even, rosary(count, recount, count, set off, take into account, deduction, accounts, accountant, odd),

shit(chebotar),

bangs, bangs, bangs(plural) ( brow, petition, beard),

canoe(shuttles, shuttle),

cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, underline(compare option scribble; cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, underline),

black(black, blacken, rabble, blackness, blackish),

callous, callousness(callous, become callous),

damn, damn, little devil(devils, devils, devils, devils, damn, devils),

dash(devil, devil, draws, draws, drawing),

comb, comb, comb, comb, comb, comb, comb, hairstyle, comb, comb, comb(scratch, scratch, comb, comb),

clear, clear, distinct(rosary),

tap dance(taps).

Roots with combination she :

cheap, cheap(cheap, cheap, cheaper, cheaper),

Koshevka(Kosheva),

wallet(wallet, purse),

millet, millet(millet),

lattice, sieve(plural) lattice(option: lattice; sieve, sieve),

silk, silk(silk, silky),

whisper, whisper(whisper, whisper, whispers),

fur, long-haired, short-haired(wool, woolen, woolen).

Roots with combination more :

dandy(foppish, foppish, flaunt, flaunt),

cheeks, cheek, slap, cheek(cheek, cheeky),

tickles(tickle, tickle),

lye, lye(crack, cracks),

click, click(click, click),

lye, lye(alkalis, alkaline),

puppy(whelp, puppy),

brush(bristle).

However, in proper names with the roots of the words listed in paragraph 7, the letter can be written O . In accordance with tradition and registration, the letter is written in official documents O in such proper names as, for example, Choboty(Name settlement), Chorny, Pshonnaya, Zholobov, Zholtikov(last names).

8. In the sentence n. pronouns what: about what, on what, as well as in words how much, no matter, and; in a word more .

9. In some borrowed words, where the letter e conveyed under special stress, different from Russian O, a vowel sound of the source language, for example: wifepremier, Schönbrunn, Schönberg .

Letters oh, oh in place of unstressed vowels

In an unstressed position after f, h, w, sch letter is written e uh(in writing e ), and with the drum O(in writing O or e ). This applies to roots, suffixes, and endings. Examples: a) tin(cf. tin), cap(cap), leg(leg), ironing(angling), cloud(candle); b) turn yellow(cf. yellow), whisper(whisper), peas(cockerel), punch, raincoat(penny, borscht), watchman(siskin), more(cf. big), redhead(to someone else's), mighty(hot). Some spellings with e after sibilants they are not checked by the shock position, for example: wish, stomach, gelatin, attic, move, lisp, rough, latch .

In a number of words of foreign origin after f, h, w a letter is written in an unstressed position O . List of basic words: Jonathan, jockey, juggler, majordomo, majoritarian, banjo, harmonic; chonguri, lecho, poncho, ranch, capriccio(compare option capriccio); chauvinism, chocolate, highway, driver; proper names, for example: Scotland, Jaurès, Chopin, Shostakovich, Boccaccio. Derivatives from words of foreign origin with stress are also written O after sibilants and forms of such words where the vowel after the sibilant is unstressed, for example: shock(from shock), torsion(from torchon), choker(from choker), cleaning rod(plural from ramrod).

Letter O written after sibilants not under stress in words with a prefix inter- and in compound words, if it begins the second part of the word, for example: interregional, intercommunity, intersectoral, leather and footwear.

Letter O after sibilants not under stress it is also written in individual formations not legalized by the literary norm, for example: furry(from asshole), prim(from prim), rustle(‘barely audible rustling’), freshly(from fresh, according to the model rough, clean).

Letters O And e after ts

After ts to convey a stressed vowel O letter is written O , to transmit percussion uh– letter e, For example: cluck, cap, dancer, dancer, dance, facing, crimson, face, face, cucumber, cucumbers, sheep; valuable, whole, whole(letter name), tsetse(fly), sheep, about father .

In an unstressed position after ts letter is written e – in accordance with the drum uh, and with shock O, for example: a) price(prices), strain(strains), censorship(censor), bird(pollen); b) dance(cf. dancer), scarlet(crimson), calico(pepper), swamp(porch), bird(pollen), fingers(wise men), scanty(big), kutse(Fine). Some spellings with e are not checked by the striking position, for example: kiss, cellophane .

In some words of foreign origin in an unstressed position after ts letter is written O : duke, intermezzo, mezzo, palazzo, scherzo, canzonetta, zoisite(mineral), pozzolanas(rocks). The word is spelled the same way clatter and its derivatives clatter, clatter(cf. clatter).

Letter O written after ts not under stress in words with the first parts blitz, social, special, if it begins the second part of the word, for example: blitz operation, blitz survey, social obligation, special clothing, special department.

Letter O after ts not under stress is also written when conveying non-normative stress variants that penetrate written speech, for example: dancer(stress variant found in poetry), plinth?(professional form named after plural word tso?kol – tso?koli).

Letter uh after the hissing and ts

Letter uh written after letters f, h, w, c only in the following special cases.

1. In abbreviations, for example: ZhEA(housing maintenance office), ZhES(railway power station), CHES(frequency electromagnetic sensing), CELT(color cathode ray tube), TsEM(Tsentroelektromontazh is the name of the trust).

2. After the console inter-, the first parts of complex and compound words at the beginning of roots starting with a letter uh , For example: interfloor, interethnic, Vnesheconombank, blitzemission, special exporter, special effect, special electrode .

3. When transmitting some Chinese words, for example: she(nationality in China), ren(the basic concept of Confucian philosophy), Lao She(Chinese writer) Chengdu, Shenyang(cities), Zhejiang(provinces), Shenzhen(industrial zone in China).

For many foreigners learning Russian, hissing sounds are a serious stumbling block. For example, in Spanish The sounds “zh” and “sh” are completely absent, so the name Natasha, so popular in Latin America, is pronounced by local residents as “Natacha”. But writing letters after sibilants is also difficult for native Russian speakers, especially for schoolchildren. The Russian language school course covers numerous examples to this rule.

Typically, children are offered exercises on the topic: “Insert the missing letters and justify your choice.” But many schoolchildren cannot insert the correct letter and get lost. Why is this happening? The specificity of the hissing “zh” and “sh” is such that any sound denoting a vowel letter and coming after them sounds hard. For example, “e” after “zh” and “sh” sounds like “o”; there is simply no other pronunciation option.

According to established spelling standards, people pronounce [zholty], not [zh’olty], the same thing in the words - “millet”, “went”, “whisper”. Therefore, in order to correctly write a vowel after hard hissing “sh”, “zh”, you cannot rely on hearing. You need to learn the rules.

When is it appropriate to write O

This is a question that is devoted to a separate section in the Russian language course. high school. First of all, for correct spelling you need to highlight the root. The rule says that “o” is written in the so-called vocabulary words, for which it is impossible to select test ones with the letter “е” in the root.

Most of them are foreign, but there are also native Russians among them. Here are typical examples:

• Major (a word of Latin origin meaning “chief”, “large”).
• Gooseberry (a Russian word that may have come from the Polish word "krzh" - "cross", due to the cross-shaped leaves of this berry plant).
• Glutton (originally Russian) and its cognate word “zhor” - “increased appetite.” Usually the word “zhor” is used in relation to fish that actively bites, and very rarely - in relation to a person, with irony.
• Names foreign origin: Zhora (diminutive of the name George, French version - Georges, English - George).

Spelling Ё at the root of a word

The vowel “е” is written if a test word can be found for the word in which the “e” is clearly heard. Here textbook examples, familiar to all junior schoolchildren in grades 3–4:

• Whisper - whisper, whisper.
• Walked, came - walked, came.
• Yellow - turn yellow.
• Millet - millet.

It should be borne in mind that before 1917, spelling rules were slightly different, therefore, in books published before the revolution, and some time after it, you can find a completely different spelling: “whisper”, “arrived”. If fragments from old books are used as educational material for schoolchildren, such words should be footnoted and written in the footnote: “in accordance with the old spelling.”

And also “erroneous” spelling of vowels is sometimes found among poets. For example, Alexander Blok in his poem “Factory” writes: “In the neighboring house the windows are zsolt.” Poet deliberately makes a mistake, because the word “yellow”, written with the letter “o”, helps to most accurately convey the unpleasant situation in the “residential area” where the factory is located. This is poetic license, an intentional misspelling used as a means artistic expression. This detail must be taken into account when analyzing the poem in literature lessons.

Determining correct spelling

There is one more important rule writing “o” or “e” after hissing words. If a noun and a verb sound the same, then “o” is written in the noun, and “e” in the verb. For example:

• I got a burn. But: I burned my hand with boiling water.
• Ivan was arrested for arson. Out of jealousy, he set fire to his neighbor's house.
• Charcoal burner (an obsolete name for the profession).
• Perezhogin (surname). But: During the war, grandfather burned all the furniture in the stove.
• Heartburn.

In order for students to understand this rule well, the following exercise will be effective: make up your own sentences with pairs of words (“arson” - “set fire”, “burn” - “burned”).

In suffixes

And also the “stumbling block” for schoolchildren is often the vowels “o” and “e” after sibilants in suffixes. A simple rule applies here: if a noun is formed from a participle, then “е” is written in the suffix. Examples: condensed milk (“condensed milk”), stew (“ beef stew"), zhzhenka ("burnt sugar"). In other cases it is written “o”: “darling”, “old woman”, “nag”. However, according to the rules of the old spelling, in old books you can find the spelling “tushonka”, “zhonka”. This needs to be taken into account when working with old-style books.

Modern rules for writing “o” and “e” after hissing words at the root of a word were officially introduced relatively recently. Students need practice to master them. The skills acquired in practical classes should be consolidated with the help of dictations, independent and verification work, essays and presentations.

In order to correctly write “o” and “e” after hissing words, you should remember the rule and relate it to specific word. After this, it is necessary to draw a conclusion, in accordance with the rule, about which letter is suitable in this case. You should not rely on hearing, because insidious “hissers” can mislead with their firm pronunciation. In addition, we should not forget about the features of the old spelling. The words “whisper” and “shol” in books do not mean that the author was illiterate, but that the work was written a long time ago.

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich

Letters o, e, e after sibilants

Letters oh, oh, oh after the hissing ones

Letters oh, oh, oh in place of stressed vowels

§ 17. After f, h, w, sch uh letter is written e , eg: tin, swing, rustle, ginseng, twitter, same(letter name), on the boundary, about a candle, a soul, a sling; Zhenya, Jack, Shannon.

Note. About cases of writing after hissing letters uh see § 25.

§ 18. After f, h, w, sch to convey a stressed vowel O letter is written O or e .

Letter O is written in the following cases.

1. At the endings of nouns and adjectives, as well as in the suffix of adverbs ?O, eg: shoulder, knife, shoulder, Ilyich, hut, cloak; boundary, rein, candle, soul, sling; stranger, big, stranger, big; fresh, hot, good, general(short forms of neuter adjectives and adverbs).

2. In suffixes of nouns:

?OK, eg: circle, hook, cockerel, borscht, jump, push, and in derivatives from such words: circle, hook, jump etc.;

?onok And ?Chonok, eg: little bear, little mouse, little pebble, little barrel, little little arap;

?onysh: uzhonysh;

?onk(a) and ?onk(and), eg: little book, little hand, shirt, vest, money, trousers, rhymes;

?ovk(a) (in denominate derivative words), for example: chizhovka(female siskin), mouse(rodent), khrychovka, small things;

?about(A): thicket, clearing(deforestation); same in word slum, where the suffix does not stand out in modern language, and in the ironic formation created on its model Khrushchev. Exception: in the word studies is written e ;

?otk(A): ratchet;

?ovshchin(A): stabbing.

3. In the suffix of adjectives ?ov-, eg: hedgehog, brocade, penny, canvas, as well as in nouns on ?sheep, ?ovnik, derived from adjectives with a suffix ?ov- (?ev-): pear And pear tree(cf. pear), hacksaw(cf. knife and option knife), cherry plum (cherry plum), guzhovka (horse-drawn), punch (punchy), tick‘cliff-billed heron’ ( tick-borne), fight (pugnacious, from brawler‘kind of plane’), raincoat (raincoat), speech (speech), hogweed (borscht), zhovnik (snake). The word is spelled the same way gooseberry, where the suffix is ​​not distinguished in modern language.

Note 1. Denominal nouns in ?sheep type small saw, hacksaw, raincoat should be distinguished from verbal nouns like overnight stay(see § 19, paragraph 3).

Note 2. In Russian surnames, the hissing + ?ov (?ev) is written O or e in accordance with tradition and with registration in official documents: cf., for example, Chernyshov And Chernyshev, Kalachov And Kalachev, Khrushchov And Khrushchev; Emelyan Pugachev.

4. In the suffix of adjectives and adverbs ?okhonk-, eg: fresh, good, good.

5. In place of a fluent vowel O in nouns and adjectives, for example: glutton, glutton, gluttonous(cf. eat), pulp(cf. I press), burn, arson, overburn, heartburn(cf. I'm burning, I'm burning); trouble(cf. gen. p. why the hell), seam (seam); princes(genus plural from princess), knife(genus from sheath? - outdated variant of the word sheath), scrotum, scrotum(genus plural and diminution from purse), intestines, intestines(genus and diminution from guts), sauerkraut(decrease from sauerkraut), cat And terrible(from nightmare), glasses(from glasses), point(from point), ridiculous(short form of masculine gender from funny); This also includes words with the suffix ?ok: hook, jump(gen. p. hook, jump) etc. (see above, point 2). However, in words accounting, accounting, account, account, calculation(cf. I will take into account, I will count, I will begin, I will count, I will count) the letter is written e (see § 19, paragraph 7).

Note. As well as ridiculous, where necessary, colloquial versions of the short forms husband are written. sort of terrible, must, need.

6. In those roots of Russian words where the vowel O after sibilants there is always shock and does not alternate with uh(in writing e): click(And keep quiet), zhoster, zhokh, glutton(and option glutton), already; clink glasses, crazy, grebe, prim, clink, clink; shuffle, rustle, blinkers(And saddlery, saddler).

The word is spelled the same way evening(And vecho?roshny), although it is related to the word evening(And evening) (cf. § 19, paragraph 7).

With letter O some Russian proper names are written, for example: Zhora, Zhostovo, Pechora(river), Pechory(city), Sholokhov.

7. In the roots of borrowed (foreign) words. List of basic words: borjom, joker, junk, joule, major, dude, drum major, force majeure; anchovy, kharcho, choker; hood, gherkin, cruchon, offshore, torshon, shock, ramrod, shop, shorts, shorts, show; the same in proper names, for example: John, Georges, Joyce, Chaucer, Shaw, Shchors.

§ 19. In all other cases, to convey the stressed vowel o after f, h, w, sch letter is written e , namely:

1. In verb endings ?eat, ?eat, ?eat, ?eat, eg: you lie, cut your hair, bake, push.

2. In imperfective verbs ?yowl and verbal nouns in ?yowling, eg: demarcate, uproot, migrate, obscure; demarcation, uprooting, shading; in passive participles ?vanny, eg: demarcated, uprooted, shaded.

3. In verbal nouns on ?yovka, eg: overnight stay(from spend the night), uprooting, migration, delimitation, retouching(from retouch), peeling(from peel).

4. In the suffix of nouns ?er, eg: conductor, retoucher, trainee, boyfriend, trainer, massager.

5. In suffixes of passive participles and verbal adjectives ?yonn- And ?yon-, eg: tense(And tense), burnt, baked, softened, detached, simplified; loaded, burnt, baked, baked, stewed, waxed; the same in words derived from such participles and adjectives, for example: tension, detachment, simplicity, erudition, tense, detached, simplified, strained, burnt, stewed, condensed milk.

6. In the place of the fugitive O in verbal forms of the past tense husband. kind: burned and prefixes ( lit, burned, burned, burned, set fire etc.; the same in participles: set fire etc.; Wed I'll light it, I'll light it), ?person (read, took into account etc., cf. read, studied), walked and prefixes ( came, left etc., cf. went, came, left). At the same time, writing verb forms with the root burned contrasted with the writing of cognate nouns with the letter O: burn, arson, overburn(see § 18, paragraph 5).

7. In those roots of Russian words where the shock sound O corresponds in other words or forms of the same root to the vowel (stressed or unstressed) conveyed by the letter e. The following is a list of basic words with such roots (in parentheses, words with the same root or forms with the letter e after f, h, w, sch ).

Roots with combination same :

chewed (chew),

gutter (gutters, groove, grooved),

yellow (yellow, yellowish, turn yellow, yolk),

acorn (acorns, stomach?k'little acorn', acorn),

bile, gall(cf. options bile, gallbladder; biliary, biliary),

wives, wifey, little wife, newlyweds (wife, woman, woman, feminine, getting married, getting married),

perch (pole, pole, pole),

millstone (millstone, millstone),

hard, rigidity (tough, harsh),

overarm (sa?zhen And soot),

heavy (heavier, grow heavier, outdated heavier).

Roots with combination what :

twine (twine, twine),

evening (evening, evening),

liver, hepatic (liver),

honor, honorable (honor),

bees, bee (bee, beekeeper),

counting, counting, crediting, report, accounting, counter, counting, crediting, accounting, crosswise, even, odd, even, rosary (count, re-count, count, offset, take into account, deduction, accounts?, accountant, not? even),

shit (chebotar),

bangs, bangs, bangs(plural) ( brow, petition, beard),

canoe (shuttles, shuttle),

cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, underline(compare option scratch; cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, underline),

black (black, blacken, rabble, blackness, blackish),

callous, callousness (callous, become callous),

damn, damn, little devil (damn, devils, devil, devil, damn, devilry),

dash (damn, damn, damn, draw, drawing),

comb, comb, comb, comb, comb, comb, comb, hairstyle, comb, comb, comb (scratch, scratch, comb, comb),

clear, clear, distinct (rosary?),

tap dance (what?).

Roots with combination she :

cheap, cheap (cheap, cheap, cheaper, cheaper),

Koshevka (Kosheva?),

wallet (wallet, purse),

millet, millet (millet),

lattice, sieve(plural) lattice(option: lattice; sieve, sieve),

silk, silk (silk, silky),

whisper, whisper (whisper, whisper, whispers),

fur, long-haired, short-haired (wool, woolen, woolen).

Roots with combination more :

dandy (foppish, foppish, flaunt, flaunt),

cheeks, cheek, slap, cheek (cheek, cheeky),

tickles (tickle, tickle),

lye, lye (crack, cracks),

click, click (click, click),

lye, lye (alkalis, alkaline),

puppy (whelp, puppy),

brush (bristle).

Note. However, in proper names with the roots of the words listed in paragraph 7, the letter can be written O . In accordance with tradition and registration, the letter is written in official documents O in such proper names as, for example, Choboty(name of locality), Chorny, Pshonnaya, Zholobov, Zholtikov(last names).

8. In the sentence n. pronouns what: about what, on what, as well as in words how much, no matter, and; in a word more.

9. In some borrowed words, where the letter e conveyed under special stress, different from Russian O, vowel sound of the source language, e.g. Prime Minister's wife, Schönbrunn, Schönberg.

Letters oh, oh in place of unstressed vowels

§ 20. In an unstressed position after f, h, w, sch letter is written e - in accordance with the drum uh(in writing e ), and with the drum O(in writing O or e ). This applies to roots, suffixes, and endings. Examples: a) tin(cf. tin), cap (what?), leg? (she?nkel), ironing (angling), tu?che (candle?); b) yellow(cf. yellow), whisper (whisper), polka dots (rooster?k), cotton, raincoat (penny, borscht), one hundred?we're born (chizho?m), more(cf. big), ry?zhem (someone else's), can I? (hot?). Some spellings with e after hissing ones they are not checked by the striking position, for example: wish, stomach, gelatin, attic, move, lisp, rough, latch.

§ 21. In a number of words of foreign origin after f, h, w a letter is written in an unstressed position O . List of basic words: Jonathan, jockey, juggler, majordomo, majoritarian, banjo, harmonic; chonguri, lecho, poncho, ranch, capriccio(compare option capriccio); chauvinism, chocolate, highway, driver; proper names, for example: Scotland, Jaurès, Chopin, Shostakovich, Boccaccio. Derivatives from words of foreign origin with stress are also written O after sibilants (see § 18, paragraph 7) and forms of such words where the vowel after the sibilant is unstressed, for example: shock(from shock), torsion(from torchon), choker(from what?ker), cleaning rod?(plural from ramrod).

Note 1. Letter O written after sibilants not under stress in words with a prefix inter- and in compound words, if it begins the second part of the word, for example: interregional, intercommunity, intersectoral, leather and footwear.

Note 2. Letter O after sibilants not under stress it is also written in individual formations not legalized by the literary norm, for example: Zhokhova?ty(from zhokh), chopornova?ty(from prim), good?(‘barely audible rustling’), on?fresh(from fresh, according to the model rough, clean).