We get acquainted with Tyutchev's work in elementary school, is a poem about landscape lyricism. However, Tyutchev’s main thing is not a picture, but an understanding of nature - thoughtful lyrics, and his other themes - life path human soul, intense romantic feeling. The harmony of his lyrics gives a sensitive character - a continuous dull excitement, due to which there is a gloomy, but continuous feeling of the approach of the general finale.
The theme of nature has always interested numerous Russian poets and occupied one of the main points in their work. Every painter had his own understanding of this complex action. The poetry of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev is full of deep lyricism, spiritual effort and tragedy. Far from magnificent pictures of nature are revealed to the reader, and one observes “accentuated being.” Tyutchev, like no other person, knew how to imagine the colors, smells, and sounds of the world around him.
In some cases, nature in Tyutchev’s depiction becomes dramatic, internal contradictions are brewing, but it is also imposed on nature from the outside, the world around reflects only those drives and excitement that “seethe” around it, without in any way affecting the deep secrets. Nature is full of forebodings and forecasts, hints, unsaid charm.
Due to his poetic talent and delicate sense of life, he accurately searches for colorful comparisons and epithets, depicting soft transitions from day to evening, from summer to autumn. Such a comparison instantly brings to mind the memory of night vigor and peace of mind nature. The poet conveys the “sweet, mysterious attractiveness” of the melting of nature, and the poetic character also experiences the same thing. The breakthrough of the everyday forces of the elements is clearly evident in the poems “Spring Thunderstorm,” which is permeated with a feeling of new life and fun. They show the rise of natural existence. A thunderstorm is the greatest period , the element, its madness is not accidental. It is presented as an unexpected manifestation. Epithets and metaphors colorfully show the scale and power of awakened nature, in the poem “Sea and Rock”, filled with thoughtful reflections. It is not aimed at self-restoration, but at destruction; here its inexplicable hostile trait is presented. In this contradiction, the poet saw the true beauty and essence of nature.
F.I. Tyutchev is a connoisseur of landscape, his landscape sensitivity was a revolutionary phenomenon in Russian literature. In the poetry of that time, nature practically did not exist, as well as the main subject of the image, and in Tyutchev’s lyrics nature takes a dominant position. The characteristic features of the worldview of this extraordinary poet are expressed directly in the landscape lyrics. Landscape lyricism is distinguished by philosophical depth. Nature for him has the highest power; it is personal, noble and personified. Tyutchev accepted nature as something active, in continuous movement.
Tyutchev's professionalism is surprising. He knows how to find in the simplest natural phenomena what serves as a true, mirror image of beauty and depict it simple style. In Tyutchev’s work there is the sublime and the earthly, cheerful and sad, active and grandiosely cool, but always inimitable, which is impossible to forget if you touch its beauty even once.
Man and the Universe, the meaning of life, the relationship between man and nature, chaos and Space, life, love... Eternal themes that have worried writers and poets at all times. They also worried F.I. Tyutcheva. But the images that the poet chose to embody his thoughts, the style of presentation, the depth and significance of the meaning he put into each line distinguish him from all other authors. Many of Tyutchev's poems are momentary impressions. In instant sensations, he tried to express all of himself, his thoughts and feelings, his experiences and anxieties, his perception of the world, which is often built on parallels and comparisons of human life and the natural world.
The charm of Russian nature entered the poet’s heart in his youth, when he lived on his family estate - the village of Ovstug, Bryansk district, Oryol province. Later, this feeling was strengthened when the young diplomat came from decorous Munich to Russia, when he finally returned to his homeland. Nature forever entered Tyutchev’s poetry and became the main object of his reproduction. He never tired of admiring the forest in bad autumn weather or the expanse of fields greeting early spring...
In Russian lyric poetry it is difficult to find an artist in whose work the natural world would occupy such a significant place, but in his poems Tyutchev sought not so much to depict the landscape as to express his experience in connection with it, his caring attitude towards it. He constantly rethought the pictures of nature he saw.
Tyutchev's works are distinguished by their special depth, unique intonations and shades of feelings. He rarely vigilantly sees subtle landscape details like “cobwebs” thin hair“, which “glitters on an idle furrow,” is a poetic detail that delighted L.N. Tolstoy, but there is always a “heartfelt” thought, deep and strong.
One of these deep and powerful thoughts is the judgment about the chaos contained in nature. This chaos appears before the poet’s gaze in the form of an incomprehensible mystery and is revealed in the stormy natural elements.
For example, in the early poem “What are you howling about, night wind?..”, the poet, listening to the sounds of this element, strives to unravel the mystery hidden in the chaos of the natural world:
What are you howling about, night wind?
Why are you complaining so madly?
Either dully plaintive or noisy?
The poet wants to merge with the “terrible songs”, with the “limitless” that is felt in them, he wants to experience the “ancient chaos”, and at the same time the night howl frightens him, revealing terrible forces and abysses:
ABOUT! don’t wake up sleeping storms -
Chaos is stirring beneath them!..
From this furious wind howling at night, a similar storm, chaos, rebellious thoughts and passions are born in the human soul.
Everything in this poem is woven from contradictions. The voice of the wind is “strange”, but speaks “in a language understandable to the heart”; his songs are “terrible”, but his story is “favorite”; chaos is terrible, but it is also “darling”. But such contradictions - characteristic feature Tyutchev’s poetry is artistically justified: the kindred “night soul” of man rushes towards the “night wind”.
The poet turns to the “infinite,” sublime in nature, and the language of the poem acquires a high sound: book words appear—“chaos,” “wind,” “lament,” and repetitions become frequent. The emotional upsurge is reflected in the use of the interjection “o” of questions, exclamations, repeated conjunctions, innuendoes...
Tyutchev manages to masterfully combine the conciseness of his poems and the power of feeling, which instantly embraces everyone who reads his lines. This is probably the peculiarity of the author’s worldview, who did not just write poetry, he thought in poetic language. And that’s why his thoughts poured out into such harmonious melodic lines:
The holy night has risen into the sky,
And a joyful day, a kind day,
She wove herself like a golden shroud,
A veil thrown over the abyss.
It is no coincidence that, speaking about Tyutchev’s poetry, I.S. Turgenev noted “the genuineness of his inspiration,” “the poetic breath that emanates from his pages.”
Tyutchev is attracted to nature by its constant renewal. He is able to sincerely rejoice at the appearance of the first leaves on bushes and trees, illuminated by the rays of the sun, to feel how in spring “the air breathes,” to hear how the wind “sways the stem in the field” and “the spruce branches move.” The poet sees a thunderstorm as a vivid expression of the renewal of life, when light gives way to darkness, flashes of lightning and then light again, when heat alternates with freshness, and silence with thunderclaps.
The natural element in the poem “Spring Thunderstorm” is presented in all its auditory, tactile and visual perceptibility. We see how “rain pearls hang, and the sun gilds the threads,” we feel the splashing rain and flying dust; We hear the “mountain noise” of young peals, the bird’s never-ending “forest din”.
The bright images in the poet’s poems not only sparkle and shine, they seem to sing, penetrating not so much with words as with real music into our hearts:
When the first thunder of spring
As if frolicking and playing.
Rumbling in the blue sky...
The poet subordinates all phonetic means of language to the transfer of the music of the May thunderstorm: the syllable “gro-” is repeated: thunderstorm, thunder, rumbles; The sound “r” rumbles: the first, frolicking, playing; the loud “g” makes noise, the melodious “o” and “a” echo, which, according to the observation of the poet Vs. A. Rozhdestvensky, convey a feeling of spaciousness and lightness. Before us is not just a picture of a thunderstorm that delighted and amazed a subtle soul - it is a transfer of joyful renewal in nature, a victorious affirmation of spring, a triumph of youth and beauty.
Throughout his life, the poet never ceased to admire the surrounding beauty and strove to convey all the greatness, all the splendor of the surrounding world, to convey this beauty to readers with the help of unique intonations, melodic, singing and ringing sounds, tones and halftones. Tyutchev loved spring - as an expression of beauty and fullness of life, as a triumph of the new, strong, bright. The same idea of awakening and renewal in nature permeates the poem familiar to us from childhood - " Spring waters"(Spring is coming, spring is coming!..), while reading which we involuntarily become imbued with the same feelings that the author experiences.
Tyutchev does not give a complete and accurate description of events and phenomena. It only guides us to a certain perception of what is happening. His poems make you not only think and reflect, but also feel, experience, sense, immersing yourself in magical world sounds, smells, colors and emotions. With a subtle interweaving of images, hints, and intonations, Tyutchev, as a talented artist of words, introduces us to a special world of hidden, invisible inner understanding of the essence. It is this smooth, imperceptible immersion of the reader into the depths of the world, the depths of phenomena, sometimes even himself, that is one of the most important features of Tyutchev’s poetry. Let's listen to the wonderful lines of the poem "Morning in the Mountains":
The azure of heaven laughs,
Washed by the night thunderstorm,
And it winds dewy between the mountains
The valley is a light stripe.
Only higher mountains up to half
Fogs cover the slope,
Like air ruins
The magic of created chambers.
How subtly the words and characteristics are chosen here, how skillfully, with the help of just a few strokes, the poet immerses us in the vast expanses of mountain valleys and in the depths of the azure sky.
But Tyutchev’s poems about nature do not always carry light delight, fun, carelessness and tranquility. The poet's work incorporates deep philosophical reflections about the essence of man, the meaning of life, the mystery of the world, the Universe. And often a feeling of anxiety, melancholy, fear of the unknown bursts into the poet’s works with completely different intonations, as, for example, in the poem “Day and Night”:
And the abyss is laid bare to us
With your fears and darkness,
And there are no barriers between her and us -
This is why the night is scary for us.
A tragic worldview is as characteristic of Tyutchev as an intoxication with a thirst for life. And this brings his work closer to the work of great composers, who could, in one work, reflect the joy of a spring drop, and the anxiety of foreboding and expectation of something terrible, inevitable.
The emotional world of Tyutchev’s nature lyrics is as rich, varied and rich as the human soul itself. Nature is close and akin to man because she herself is spiritualized: for the poet she is a feeling and thinking being, capable of not only being born, renewing and dying, but also experiencing, speaking, shouting, being indignant, laughing and admiring. This is the subject of the poem “Not what you think, nature...”, in which the poet speaks about the fullness of being in natural world and the richness of the experiences of this existence:
Not what you think, nature:
Not a cast, not a soulless face -
She has a soul, she has freedom,
It has love, it has language.
Tyutchev enters into polemics with skeptics who do not recognize this completeness of natural life. And the poet, unlike them, is able not only to admire nature, but also to vividly sense its secrets, its indignant storms, its demonic “gestures”, voices, “actions”, “feelings”. Behind the external edification of the lines, deep poetic content emerges. The artist sees rays penetrating into the very soul, feels the blossoming of spring, the ripening of fruit, hears the talk of the forest, the conversation of the stars, the meeting of the thunderstorm, the unearthly tongues of the rivers. Tyutchev's pantheism is reflected in many of his works about nature, and that is why his nature is so polyphonic, saturated with colors, sounds, and fragrances.
Tyutchev’s depiction of nature is inseparable from philosophical reflection about it. The miniature “Nature is a sphinx. And the stronger it is...” is filled with wise thoughts about the essence of nature: she is a mystery, a sphinx that destroys a person, or “She does not and never had a riddle.” In the mystery of nature lies its poetic charm. It is both mysterious and clear in its animation, it is chaotic and harmonious at the same time. Again we have before us a “heartfelt” thought, deep and strong, warmed by a feeling of “love.” V. Bryusov was right when he noted that “admiring the diverse manifestations of the life of nature” seems to Tyutchev “the highest bliss available to man.”
Composition
And a sweet thrill, like a stream,
Nature ran through my veins,
How hot her feet would be
Touched spring waters.
An interesting comparison can be made between the two verses. It should be noted that in the poem “Autumn Evening” the sky is hardly mentioned. On the contrary, it talks about the earth and everything connected with it: trees, leaves. Only once does Tyutchev speak of azure, but “foggy and quiet.” She looks like she's about to fall to the ground. In the poem “Summer Evening,” the author practically does not mention the earth, but talks more about the sky and stars. Everything strives upward, trying to get off the ground. The stars “raise” the vault of heaven. Tyutchev's lyrics occupy a special place in Russian poetry.
In Tyutchev's fresh and exciting, attractive poems, the beauty of poetic images is combined with the depth of thought and the sharpness of philosophical generalizations. Tyutchev's lyrics are a small part of a large whole, but this small is not perceived separately, but is in relationship with the whole world and, at the same time, carries within itself independent idea. The theme of nature occupies a special place in Tyutchev’s lyrics. Pisarev noted: “Tyutchev entered the consciousness of the reader, first of all, as a singer of nature...”. Tyutchev's nature is poetic and spiritual. She is alive, she can feel, rejoice and be sad: the sun is shining, the waters are sparkling,
Smile in everything, life in everything,
The trees tremble joyfully
Bathing in the blue sky.
The inspiration of nature, endowing it with human feelings and spirituality, gives rise to the perception of nature as a huge human being. This is especially evident in the poem “Summer Evening.” The poet associates sunset with a “hot bullet”; Tyutchev’s “bright stars” raise the vault of heaven.
And a sweet thrill, like a stream,
Nature ran through my veins,
How hot her feet would be
The spring waters have touched.
The poem “Autumn Evening” is similar in theme. The same spirituality of nature is felt in it, the perception of it in the form of a living organism:
The lordship of autumn evenings has
Touching, mysterious charm:
The ominous shine and diversity of trees,
There is a languid, light rustle of crimson leaves...”
The picture of an autumn evening is full of living, quivering breath. Evening nature is not only similar to a living creature in some individual signs. She is all alive and humanized. That is why the rustling of the leaves is light and languid, the lightness of the evening is full of an inexplicable attractive charm, and the earth is not only sad, but also humanly orphaned. Depicting nature as a living being, Tyutchev endows it not only with a variety of colors, but also with movement. The poet does not paint just one state of nature, but shows it in a variety of shades and states. This is what can be called being, nature. In the poem "Yesterday" Tyutchev depicts sunbeam. We not only see the movement of the beam, how it gradually made its way into the room, “grabbed the blanket,” “rose onto the bed,” but we also feel its touch. The living wealth of Tyutchev's nature is limited. Thus, nature is alive and sublime, but not everything that is objectively alive touches the poet. He is far from the prosaic face of poetry, its everyday life and objective simplicity. Tyutchev’s nature is universal, it manifests itself not only on earth, but also through space. In the poem “Morning in the Mountains,” the beginning reads simply as a landscape sketch:
The azure of heaven laughs,
Washed by the night thunderstorm,
And winds between the dewy mountains
Only half of the highest mountains
Fogs cover the slope,
Like air ruins
The magic of created chambers.
Tyutchev's poetry always strives upward, as if in order to experience eternity, to join the beauty of unearthly revelation:
And there, in solemn peace,
Caught in the morning
The White Mountain is shining,
Like an unearthly revelation. Perhaps that is why Tyutchev’s symbol of purity and truth is the sky. In the poem “The feast is over, the choirs have fallen silent...”, a generalized image of the world is first presented: “The feast is over, we got up late - The stars were sowing in the sky, The night has reached halfway...”. The second part, as it were, lifts the curtain. The sky theme, which was only slightly outlined at the beginning, now sounds strong and confident. One of the main themes of Tyutchev’s nature lyrics is the theme of night. Many of Tyutchev's poems are dedicated to nature not only different times year, but also at different times of the day, in particular at night. Here nature carries a philosophical meaning. It helps to penetrate into the “secret” of a person. Tyutchev’s night is not just beautiful, its beauty is majestic: Night for Tyutchev is first of all a holiday: “The holy night has risen on the horizon...”. There are so many secrets and mysteries in it.
Tyutchev's skill is impressive. He knows how to find in the most ordinary natural phenomena something that serves as an exact, mirror image of beauty, and describe it in simple language: “The warm summer rain was pouring - its streams sounded cheerfully on the leaves...” Tyutchev's poetry can be sublime and earthly, joyful and sad, lively and cosmically cold, but always unique, one that cannot be forgotten if you at least once touch its beauty. “He who does not feel him does not think about Tyutchev, thereby proving that he does not feel poetry.” These words of Turgenev perfectly depict the magnificence of Tyutchev’s poetry.
Tyutchev is a Russian poet who in his work glorified the image of nature as a living being endowed with human qualities and feelings. The unity of man and nature, inextricable integrity and subordination to the divine being, can be traced throughout the poet’s entire work. His world is a single whole, combining human existence and the existence of nature. “Autumn evening,” described by the poet in the poem of the same name, is full of inexplicable attractive charm, tremulous breathing, and humanly orphaned sadness: “... on everything there is that gentle smile of withering, which in a rational being we call the divine bashfulness of suffering.”
Nature, presented in Tyutchev’s lyrics, is multifaceted and diverse, in constant movement and change of phenomena. By this, the author additionally emphasizes the process inherent in all living things - the flow of life. “The gray shadows changed, the color faded, the sound fell asleep - life, movement resolved into unsteady darkness, into a distant roar...” And the sunbeam described in the poem “Yesterday” is so vividly and colorfully described in its movement that it seems you can feel its touch: “grabbed the blanket,” “climbed onto the bed.” All the pictures of natural life depicted by the poet are completely real and vital, presented in lightness, written in ordinary simple words.
Nature in Tyutchev’s works is a kind of connecting man with the divine essence. This directs the poet’s gaze upward, to the secrets of the mountain peaks, and then further into the cosmic abyss. He is drawn there by the hope of gaining an understanding of the essence of life, he carries him along in his poems, presenting first the image of mountains, then clouds and then the knowledge of the revelation of the mystery of eternity: “and there, in solemn peace, exposed in the morning, the white mountain shines like an unearthly revelation.” . It is the sky that is presented in his poems as a symbol of purity and truth, where “pure stars burned, answering mortal glances with immaculate rays...” The ellipsis used here by the poet calls for deeper reflection on what was said, to make an effort and to find the deep essence of the words.
The theme of night is one of the most important themes in the description of nature in Tyutchev’s lyrics. She's filled philosophical meaning, helps to penetrate into the “secret secrets” of the human essence. Here the description of nature is filled with extraordinary beauty and majesty. The poet depicts her as pure and holy: “the holy night has risen on the horizon...”. It is full of invisible secrets and mysteries, incomprehensible to mortal man. “A curtain fell on the world of the day, movement was exhausted, work fell asleep... Above the sleeping city, as in the tops of a forest, a wonderful nightly roar awoke... Where did it come from, this incomprehensible hum?... Or mortal thoughts, freed by sleep, a disembodied world, audible and invisible , now swarming in the chaos of the night?
In his work, a special place is given to the description of the night. He tried to find the truth of existence, and perhaps came into contact with it, and in his poems he showed ways and reflections so that a person would think not only about earthly concerns, but also open his spiritual eyes to see something greater, pure, eternal and real. The poet sees the human problems with which man has shrouded his eyes as something secondary and completely meaningless. And nature “one by one, she greets all her children, who accomplish their useless feats, with her all-consuming and peaceful abyss.”
Tyutchev very skillfully conveys through the description of nature the depth of his experiences, his mood and feelings. He feels nature very subtly, knows its character and knows how to choose words that will most clearly convey the meaning that the author puts into them. What worries the poet most is the isolation of man from the integrity of the world, from the divine principle, withdrawal into vanity and meaninglessness in comparison with the majesty of its existence. “And before it we are vaguely aware of ourselves - only a dream of nature.”
Tyutchev lived a life completely devoted to the knowledge of himself, human existence, nature and the invisible thread connecting everything into a single whole. His poetry is multifaceted and varied, sublime and mysterious, gentle earthly and cosmically cold, but always unique and beautiful, attracting with the bright colors of its amazing life.
Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev is not only a poet, he is a philosopher trying to understand the mysteries of existence, the place and role of man in life. In his works, he identifies the person himself with a traveler, on whose road there are happiness and sorrow, gains and losses, tears and joy. I.S. Aksenenko said about Tyutchev: “For Tyutchev, living means thinking.”
But Fyodor Ivanovich’s works had not only a philosophical and psychological orientation: he had many and lyrical works, in which he sought to convey admiration for the beauty of nature and its understanding.
Tyutchev was an excellent landscape painter who perfectly described nature with the help of artistic images. But he is not a simple contemplator of nature, he is trying to understand its meaning, to penetrate its life, as if into the soul of a person.
Tyutchev finds complete harmony in nature. However, just as in human life he saw contradictions and difficulties, so in the manifestations of nature he sees “chaos” and “abyss”.
The source of mysterious beauty, the highest power is nature. In Tyutchev’s works, the human mind bows before it:
Not what you think, nature:
Not a cast, not a soulless face.
She has a soul, she has freedom,
It has love, it has language.
The first thunder “frolics and plays”, spring is “blissfully indifferent”, “a mantle of gold is thrown” - all this causes the poet’s lively excitement. He is delighted and delighted by thunderstorms, storms, and rough seas. All this is reflected in the opening lines of some of F. Tyutchev’s works: “How good you are, O night sea...”, “Spring thunderstorm”, “In the original autumn...”, “How joyful is the roar of summer storms... ", etc. When I read the poems of this poet, I have feelings that are similar to the experiences and feelings of the author that possessed him at the time of their creation. At the same time, you begin to feel the charm and beauty of the world around you:
A swift stream runs down the mountain,
The noise of birds in the forest is not silent,
And the noise of the forest, and the noise of the mountains -
Everything cheerfully echoes the thunder.
You will say: windy Hebe,
Feeding Zeus's eagle,
A thunderous goblet from the sky,
Laughing, she spilled it on the ground.
A thunderstorm always causes fear in a person. These same lines show a completely different thunderstorm. All nature cheerfully echoes her: the flow is agile, and the din of birds does not stop.
However, the poet sees nature from the other side. For him, it acts as a kind of element, before which a person is completely powerless and alone. Much is inaccessible to man, he cannot understand everything, therefore the thought of the mystery and spontaneity of nature in F. Tyutchev’s soul causes anxiety and hopelessness:
The night sky is so gloomy
Clouded on all sides
It’s not a thunderstorm and I’m not thinking,
It's a lethargic, joyless dream.
The transience of human life evokes superstitious fear in the poet. This feeling intensifies at night, when the abyss of non-existence is exposed, tearing away the “fabric of the blessed cover” from the world:
And the abyss is laid bare to us
With your fears and darkness,
And there are no barriers between her and us -
This is why the night is scary for us!
But all those feelings that possessed the poet: joy, faith in the triumph of harmony and beauty, sadness or anxiety - were intertwined in his poems with nature. All this gives his lyrics a gripping power:
Oh, how in our declining years
We love more tenderly and more superstitiously.
Shine, shine, farewell light
Last love, dawn of evening!
Half the sky was covered in shadow,
Only there, in the west, does the radiance wander, -
Slow down, slow down, evening day,
Last, last, charm.
