There is a set of rules for constructing phrases in oral and written speech. This section of linguistics is called syntax, which translated from Greek means “composition.” The main members of a sentence with a consistent connection and functional semantic load are not subordinate to secondary units, have a dominant position and “dictate” the main meaning of the expression.
Semantic core of expression
The subject and predicate in sentences serve as the grammatical basis. What is the subject - this is the first of the main members in, answering questions by Him. : Who? or what? It means either an object or an action denoted by a predicate. What is a predicate - this is the second main member that answers the questions: “what to do or do?”, “What is this?”. Carries a functional load, complements the meaning of the subject.
In the structure of speech, the subject is expressed by a noun or and implies active value. To illustrate, you can cite simple, complete in meaning, phrases “Irina put the book down.” “She put the book down.” In both complete phrases, a dash is not placed between the subject and the predicate, since the subjects “Irina” in the first case and “she” in the second are units that perform an action, and the predicate is expressed in the past tense, denoting this action.
In Russian speech the subject can be expressed as noun, and the adjective used in s
There are uncommon speech patterns in which the connection between the main members that make up the grammatical core is omitted. Both the subject and the predicate in these cases “stand” in nominative case and are expressed by a noun or numeral. For example: “Start location – fire tower”; “The show starts at twelve.” In writing, these phrases are formatted with a dash between the subject and predicate, since the nominative case is used twice for the declension of both units of the main unit.
In addition, if both main members of a phrase are indicated by indefinite verbs, then according to linguistic norms a dash is placed between the subject and the predicate. A creative option is a humorous aphorism: “An active person is the architect of his own happiness.”
Important! If the particle “not” comes before the verb (in the infinitive), a dash sign is placed: “Living life is not a field to cross.” Such punctuation will be correct both grammatically and stylistically.
In what expressions is it used?
The spelling rule with a connecting dash sign depends on the competent selection of the basis - the main members, which do not depend on the minor ones. A dash can be used to connect parts of a sentence into different styles speech.
Mathematical and identity concepts
In a laconic figure of speech, which describes a mathematical operation using numerals, the subject and predicate are separated by a dash. For example: “Twice two is four”;
In simple and precise phrases containing identical concepts and definitions. Can be (geographical): “London is the capital of Great Britain”; “The Sava is a tributary of the Danube” are examples of sentences of classical identical combinations.
Folklore
The dash punctuation mark is often used in short speech patterns. folk art, which are instructive in nature. These are laconic folk expressions - sayings and proverbs with dashes, the spelling of which is subject to the rules of Russian grammar. The predicate is usually expressed as a whole phrase, which contains the logical meaning of the sentence.
Examples of wise folklore creativity:
- if you want to test a friend, look at him in anger;
- the cat is out of the house - the mice dance;
- out of sight, out of mind;
- no news – good news;
- what the eye does not see, the heart does not regret;
- found a friend - found a treasure.
In all of these cases, the rule is used when a dash is placed between both parts of the turn.
Imaginative commercials
If you come across a sentence where the predicate is expressed by a noun, you can use standard rule, using a graphic dash sign to indicate the final meaning. For example: “Almagel – balm for the stomach”, “ Toothpaste Pearls are for the whole family.” After the dash sign there is a combination in which the predicate is expressed by a noun that explains general meaning “catchphrase”, convincing and motivating to buy.
The technique of using short, apt and figurative phrases is very often used in popular aphorisms and “catchy” advertising texts.
Use in writing
In Russian grammar, a dash sign is placed between the subject and the predicate in four cases:
- Between two nouns, when the predicate is expressed by a noun (Happiness is the reward for courage).
- Between a pair of numerals (Fifteen fifteen – two hundred twenty five).
- Between verbs in the indefinite form - the infinitive (Guide - sensitively anticipate).
- Before the words: this, this, this means, this means, connecting the grammatical basis of the sentence (A grimy child is a happy child).
Punctuation mark in Russian and foreign fiction
In Russian writing, both modern and classical, punctuation using dashes is quite common. Expressions with a dash do not provide additional expressiveness and enhance the significance of what is being said.
A few examples from fiction:
- “Genius and villainy are two incompatible things.” (A.S. Pushkin);
- "The highest and most characteristic feature of our people is a sense of justice and a thirst for it.” (F.M. Dostoevsky);
- “Don’t spare anything for your friend, think a little about others too - that’s my simple magic.” (L.I. Oshanin);
- “Excessive pride is a sign of an insignificant soul” (I.A. Turgenev);
- “The madness of the brave is the wisdom of life” (M. Gorky).
In the works of foreign authors, the logical connective - a dash between the subject and the predicate - is also often used appropriately. An example would be
serve as a phrase from “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” by the American classic Mark Twain: “But now Tom was a free bird - that was also worth something!” Thanks to the use of punctuation, the phrase sounds short and very emotional.
Subject-predicate relations are expressed in a sentence using two main members - the subject and the predicate: Language develops. Speech correct And expressive.
The subject is a “grammatical object”, the main member in a sentence, denoting the subject of the message, and the predicate is a “predicate” - a sign of the subject, expresses the affirmation or denial of something about the subject. They are in a relationship of interconnection and mutual direction. The combination of the main members constitutes the predicative (grammatical) basis of the sentence and serves to express predicative relations and predicative connections.
From a grammatical point of view, the predicate depends on the subject and is likened to it, and such a connection is often considered as agreement of the predicate with the subject. For example, in such predicative combinations as language is being studied speech correct, stories read, word it is said the forms of the predicate depend on the morphological properties of the subjects; they agree in gender, number or only in number. However, the grammatical connection of the predicate does not fit into the usual framework of agreement. The form of the predicate has the opposite effect on the subject; it stands only in a certain form of case, gender and number. The agreement between subject and predicate is not purely attributive in nature, as in subordinating phrase, but turns into predicative agreement, into a kind of mutual coordination. Outwardly, such a connection resembles coordination, which is carried out throughout the entire system of forms, for example, language unit, language unit, language unit etc., and during coordination two specific word forms of the type are combined: Speech pronounced(noun only + conjugated form of the verb). The verb-predicate agrees with only one form of the noun in the nominative case; the verb-predicate does not combine with its other cases.
Predicate- the main member of a two-part sentence, grammatically dependent on the subject and expressing a predicative feature - a characteristic of the subject indicated by the subject.
The grammatical dependence of the predicate on the subject - predicative agreement - is manifested in the fact that the predicate has the same forms of person, number, gender as the subject:
Students rent exams. You you draw portrait. Artist drew scenery.
The main structural types of the predicate are distinguished taking into account the relationship between lexical and grammatical meanings, namely: whether they are expressed together, in one component; or separately, in two components.
According to their structure, there are three types of predicate: simple verb, compound and complex.
Simple predicate represented by one word-verb. It expresses lexical meaning - the name of the action attributed to the subject, which is indicated in the subject, grammatical features of person, number, tense, mood.
In a simple verbal predicate, the grammatical features of person, number, tense, mood and lexical meaning are expressed by the usual one form of the verb.
In a compound predicate grammatical and lexical meaning are expressed separately - in two forms. A compound predicate consists of two words - a connective and a connecting member. The copula not only connects the linking element with the subject, but is also the carrier grammatical meanings- face, time, inclination. The lexical meaning of a compound predicate lies in the connecting part.
Depending on the morphological nature of the linking part, two types of compound predicate are distinguished: a compound verb, in which the linking word is expressed by an infinitive: But my enemy became faint(Lermontov); and a compound nominal: in which the linking word is expressed by a noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, participle, adverb. For example, Levitan was an artist of sad landscapes(K. Paustovsky). Taiga stands dumbfounded, completely lost in thought. They are so kind. Three times three is nine. Faces became stricter.
Compound verb predicate consists of an auxiliary verb and an indefinite form of the verb, in which the auxiliary verb is divided into:
1) phase, i.e. denoting the beginning, end and continuation of an action: begin, become, begin, cease, cease, continue;
2) modal, i.e. denoting the possibility or impossibility of action: be able to, be able to, be able to, teach; want, wish, dream, try, try, try; thought processes, mental experiences : think, fear, hesitate, endure, love.
For example, people started singing loudly. The actor managed to make the audience laugh. He loved to tell funny stories.
Subject- this is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the question of the nominative case (who? what?).
Pay attention to the meaning (a) and the form of the expression (b) of the subject:
a) the subject is what is being said in a sentence (subject of speech);
b) the main form of expression of the subject - nominative(question who? what?).
Pay attention!
To the question what? answers not only the nominative, but also accusative case noun; The forms of the nominative and accusative cases can also coincide. To distinguish between these cases, you can substitute a noun of the 1st declension (for example - book): nominative case - book; accusative case - book.
Wed: Lies on the table pencil (book) - nominative case; I see a pencil(book) - accusative case.
Let's compare two sentences:
1. I didn't sleep; 2. I couldn't sleep.
In meaning they express approximately the same thing. However, in the first sentence ( I didn't sleep) is a subject because there is a pronoun in the nominative case ( I), in the second sentence ( I couldn't sleep) there is no subject because there is no pronoun in the nominative case ( to me- dative case).
Ways to Express Subject
A) Subject - one word:
| Form | Examples |
|---|---|
| 1. Name | |
| 1.1. Noun | Eldest son(Who?) left for the capital. |
| 1.2. Pronoun | He(Who?) left for the capital. |
| 1.3. Adjective | Senior(Who?) left for the capital. |
| 1.4. Communion | Raised(Who?) sword by sword will perish. |
| 1.5. Numeral | Two(Who?) went to the capital. |
| 2. Infinitive (infinitive form of the verb) | Love(What?) - This is wonderful. Live(What?) - serve the homeland. |
| 3. Unchangeable (notional or auxiliary) part of speech in the meaning of a noun | |
| 3.1. Adverb | The fateful day after tomorrow has arrived(What?). |
| 3.2. Pretext | "IN"(What?) is a pretext. |
| 3.3. Union | "A"(What?) - adversarial union. |
| 3.4. Particle | "Not"(What?) with verbs is written separately. |
| 3.5. Interjection | “Aw” came from all sides(What?). |
| 4. Indirect form of a name, conjugated form of a verb, sentence in the meaning of a noun | "Brother"(What?) - dative form of a noun. "Reading"(What?) - 1st person form of present tense verb. “Don’t forget yourself, don’t worry, work moderately” (What?) - was his motto. |
B) The subject is a whole, that is, a syntactically indivisible phrase (main + dependent word):
| Form | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Name in the nominative case (adverb) + name in the genitive case | Quantitative value | Five chairs stood against the wall. Several chairs stood against the wall. Some of the chairs stood against the wall. Many chairs stood against the wall. |
| 2. Name in the nominative case + name in the genitive case with the preposition from | Selective meaning | Two of us will go to the capital. Each of us will go to the capital. Many of us will go to the capital. |
| 3. Name in the nominative case + name in instrumental case with the preposition s (only with the predicate - in plural!) | The meaning of togetherness | Wed: Mother and son will go(plural) rest. Mother and son will go(units) rest. |
| 4. Nouns beginning, middle, end+ noun in genitive case | Phase value | It was the end of September. |
| 5. Noun + agreed name (phraseologism, terminological combination and phrase with metaphorical meaning) | The members of a phrase only collectively express a single or indivisible concept in a given context | The Milky Way spread across the sky. White flies(snowflakes) circled in the sky. A cap of light brown curls swayed on his head. |
| 6. Indefinite pronoun (from the basics who, what) + agreeable name | Undefined value | Something unpleasant was in his entire appearance. |
Pay attention!
1) You can always ask questions to the subject: who? What? , even if it does not change by case.
2) Nominative case- the only case with which the subject can be expressed.
Note. The subject can be expressed in the indirect case if it indicates the approximate amount of someone or something. Wed: Thirty ships went out to sea. About thirty ships went out to sea. Over thirty ships went out to sea.
Subject analysis plan
Indicate the way to express the subject:
- Single word: noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral, participle in the nominative case; an adverb or other unchangeable form in the meaning of a noun; infinitive.
- Syntactically indivisible phrase (indicate the meaning and form of the main word).
Sample parsing
The lake seemed to be covered with ice(Prishvin).
Subject lake expressed by a noun in the nominative case.
Around noon there are usually a lot of round high clouds(Turgenev).
Subject many clouds expressed as a syntactically indivisible (whole) phrase with a quantitative meaning; main word (noun) many) is in the nominative case.
In the dark, the bearded man stumbled over something(Sholokhov).
Subject bearded expressed by an adjective in the meaning of a noun in the nominative case.
But suddenly paying two hundred, three hundred, five hundred rubles for something, even the most necessary, seemed almost suicide to them(Goncharov).
Subject pay expressed by the infinitive.
About an hour has passed(Paustovsky).
Subject about an hour expressed by the indirect case of the noun hour with the preposition near and indicates the approximate amount of time.
The subject is a syntactic term. It is called the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject-object referred to in the sentence. The subject, as a rule, answers questions in the nominative case - “who?” - What?".
Please note
The presence of this member in a sentence is not always necessary. In cases where it is not present, the object can be determined based on the context.
The subject and predicate are the main parts of the sentence and carry the main semantic load. The subject of a sentence denotes an object, and answers the questions “What?” and “Who?”, the predicate is connected with the subject and indicates its actions or state.
All attention is on activity
The rules for agreeing between subject and predicate are very simple, despite the apparent ornateness of their wording. If the subject includes the words “row”, “many”, “minority”, “majority”, “part” and a controlled numeral in the genitive case, it is worth determining whether the persons are active in this case: “Some of the students passed homework at 5!”
If the passivity of the specified subject is emphasized, then the singular is used: “The students did not submit their homework. Most of them stood with their heads down on the sidelines.” The singular is also used when talking about an inanimate object: “A number of books in the library remained untouched.” If the subject is expressed by a quantitative-nominal combination (six people, nine minutes), then you should pay attention to whether it is active.
Compare: “Twenty-five Fs in the Russian Language were in Petya’s diary” and “Six students were awaiting grades.” Predicate in singular will look like a glove if: it indicates the passivity of the action (“Six students were waiting for grades”); refers to a subject denoting inanimate objects or animals (“After the opening of a Shawarma stand in the city, not a single one of the thirty cats remained on the streets”); predicate for a compound numeral ending in “one” (“Thirty cats are running away from the Shawarma seller / Thirty-one cats are running away from the Shawarma seller”).
But if cats and dogs unite against a malicious merchant, then we will be talking about “the equality and activity of the actors.” Conclusion - when working in a team and joint actions we use the plural (“Cats and dogs drove the Shawarma seller into a tree”).
If there is only one main character, then we put the predicate in the singular (“The Shawarma seller and his cook chased cats all day, but never caught one”). In the event that an appendix appears with the subject, it will not affect the agreement in any way (“The sellers of the Shawarma stall cook deliciously. But the Shawarma was delicious”).
If there are several subjects
Multiple subjects in a sentence are also not a problem. If direct word order is used, the predicate will be in the plural. Reverse order is a singular predicate. Compare: “Both the cat and the dog ran away from the seller” and “Both the cat and the dog ran away from the seller.”
Video on the topic
Subject- this is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the question of the nominative case (who? what?).
Pay attention to the meaning (a) and the form of the expression (b) of the subject:
a) the subject is what is being said in a sentence (subject of speech);
b) the main form of expression of the subject - nominative(question who? what?).
Pay attention!
To the question what? not only the nominative, but also the accusative case of the noun answers; The forms of the nominative and accusative cases can also coincide. To distinguish between these cases, you can substitute a noun of the 1st declension (for example - book): nominative case - book; accusative case - book.
Wed: Lies on the table pencil (book) - nominative case; I see a pencil(book) - accusative case.
Let's compare two sentences:
1. I didn't sleep; 2. I couldn't sleep.
In meaning they express approximately the same thing. However, in the first sentence ( I didn't sleep) is a subject because there is a pronoun in the nominative case ( I), in the second sentence ( I couldn't sleep) there is no subject because there is no pronoun in the nominative case ( to me- dative case).
Ways to Express Subject
A) Subject - one word:
| Form | Examples |
|---|---|
| 1. Name | |
| 1.1. Noun | Eldest son(Who?) left for the capital. |
| 1.2. Pronoun | He(Who?) left for the capital. |
| 1.3. Adjective | Senior(Who?) left for the capital. |
| 1.4. Communion | Raised(Who?) sword by sword will perish. |
| 1.5. Numeral | Two(Who?) went to the capital. |
| 2. Infinitive (infinitive form of the verb) | Love(What?) - This is wonderful. Live(What?) - serve the homeland. |
| 3. Unchangeable (notional or auxiliary) part of speech in the meaning of a noun | |
| 3.1. Adverb | The fateful day after tomorrow has arrived(What?). |
| 3.2. Pretext | "IN"(What?) is a pretext. |
| 3.3. Union | "A"(What?) - adversarial union. |
| 3.4. Particle | "Not"(What?) with verbs is written separately. |
| 3.5. Interjection | “Aw” came from all sides(What?). |
| 4. Indirect form of a name, conjugated form of a verb, sentence in the meaning of a noun | "Brother"(What?) - dative form of a noun. "Reading"(What?) - 1st person form of present tense verb. “Don’t forget yourself, don’t worry, work moderately” (What?) - was his motto. |
B) The subject is a whole, that is, a syntactically indivisible phrase (main + dependent word):
| Form | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Name in the nominative case (adverb) + name in the genitive case | Quantitative value | Five chairs stood against the wall. Several chairs stood against the wall. Some of the chairs stood against the wall. Many chairs stood against the wall. |
| 2. Name in the nominative case + name in the genitive case with the preposition from | Selective meaning | Two of us will go to the capital. Each of us will go to the capital. Many of us will go to the capital. |
| 3. Name in the nominative case + name in the instrumental case with the preposition s (only with the predicate - in the plural!) | The meaning of togetherness | Wed: Mother and son will go(plural) rest. Mother and son will go(units) rest. |
| 4. Nouns beginning, middle, end+ noun in genitive case | Phase value | It was the end of September. |
| 5. Noun + agreed name (phraseologism, terminological combination and phrase with metaphorical meaning) | The members of a phrase only collectively express a single or indivisible concept in a given context | The Milky Way spread across the sky. White flies(snowflakes) circled in the sky. A cap of light brown curls swayed on his head. |
| 6. Indefinite pronoun (from the basics who, what) + agreeable name | Undefined value | Something unpleasant was in his entire appearance. |
Pay attention!
1) You can always ask questions to the subject: who? What? , even if it does not change by case.
2) Nominative case- the only case with which the subject can be expressed.
Note. The subject can be expressed in the indirect case if it indicates the approximate amount of someone or something. Wed: Thirty ships went out to sea. About thirty ships went out to sea. Over thirty ships went out to sea.
Subject analysis plan
Indicate the way to express the subject:
- Single word: noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral, participle in the nominative case; an adverb or other unchangeable form in the meaning of a noun; infinitive.
- Syntactically indivisible phrase (indicate the meaning and form of the main word).
Sample parsing
The lake seemed to be covered with ice(Prishvin).
Subject lake expressed by a noun in the nominative case.
Around noon there are usually a lot of round high clouds(Turgenev).
Subject many clouds expressed as a syntactically indivisible (whole) phrase with a quantitative meaning; main word (noun) many) is in the nominative case.
In the dark, the bearded man stumbled over something(Sholokhov).
Subject bearded expressed by an adjective in the meaning of a noun in the nominative case.
But suddenly paying two hundred, three hundred, five hundred rubles for something, even the most necessary, seemed almost suicide to them(Goncharov).
Subject pay expressed by the infinitive.
About an hour has passed(Paustovsky).
Subject about an hour expressed by the indirect case of the noun hour with the preposition near and indicates the approximate amount of time.
