What is an adverbial phrase: specific examples. Participial and participial phrases - examples and rules

A participial phrase is a participle with dependent words. A participle is a part of speech that combines the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. It can be found using schematic clue words: doing-done (for active participles), done-done (for passive participles).

If the participial phrase is before the main word, it is not highlighted in the text with commas; if after it, it is highlighted:

Waiting for luggage passengers crowded around the transporter.

Passengers, waiting for luggage, crowded around the conveyor.

Both the participle and the participle phrase as a whole in a sentence always serve as a definition.

The participle answers the questions: What are you doing? or Having done what? And a single gerund, and participial phrase separated in writing by commas are circumstances.

Exceptions are cases when the gerund becomes an adverb, then in the syntactic structure it is considered precisely as an adverb.

In Russian syntax participle phrase is a participle with dependent words. In a sentence, as a rule, it is an integral syntactic structure, that is, it is not divided into parts, and serves as a definition.

Wolves avoid roads laid by man.

Participial phrase standing after the word being defined is always isolated.

But there are cases of highlighting this phrase even when it is far from the word being defined, for example:

Across the sky driven by the wind, ran ragged, gloomy clouds.

If the participial phrase has adverbial meaning reasons or concessions, even if it is before the noun being defined, it is separated by commas, for example:

Frightened by the crackle of firecrackers, the puppy hid under the bench.

Tired of exam anxiety, the boy quickly fell asleep.

Participial phrase constitutes the gerund itself surrounded by dependent words.

Noisy and playing on the rifts, the river carried its waters.

This phrase always stands out in a sentence, except for some special occasions, for example, if the participial phrase is a homogeneous circumstance along with the adverb and there is a conjunction between them And:

He spoke lazy And slightly stretching out the words.

In order to understand phrases, you need to remember what a participle and a gerund are.

The participle denotes the attribute of the subject, and the gerund denotes the attribute of the verb.

The participle answers the question: Which? which?, and the gerund: what to do, what to do?

A participial phrase is a participle with dependent words.

Accordingly, a participle with dependent words is called a participle phrase.

The participial phrase in a sentence in most cases appears in the form of a definition.

Examples of participles: looking, considering, thinking, dreaming, etc.

Example of a participial phrase: Young woman, sitting by the fire, looked attractive.

Sitting by the fire - this is a participial phrase.

Since it is in the middle of the sentence, it must be separated by commas on both sides.

If the participial phrase is at the beginning of the sentence, then there is no need to separate it with a comma.

If at the end, then a comma is placed before the turn.

For example: The girl wearing a red coat looked stunning.

The girl looked stunning wearing a red coat.

Examples of participles: learning, reading, unlocking, reading.

The participial phrase is always separated by a comma.



Yes, from a point of view parsing sentences, the participial phrase always performs the function of definition (because it answers the question Which/which/which/which? and is a sign).

For example:

1. child playing in the garden - child (what?) playing
2. strong wind dispersing clouds - wind (what?) dispersing

While the participial phrase will appear in the sentence in the syntactic role of an adverbial adverbial and answer the question how?:

1. the wind intensified, dispersing the clouds - intensified (how?) dispersing = circumstance of the course of action
2. playing calmly in the garden, the child was left without the attention of adults

• A participle phrase is a participle with dependent words and a participial phrase is a participle with dependent words!

  Participial phrase: I saw a cat lapping from a bowl.

  He listened to the music coming from the receiver.

  Participial phrase: I looked at the rising sun without taking my eyes off.

  The goose, seeing the children, flew away.

  A participle phrase is nothing more than a participle with dependent words. In a sentence it acts as a modifier because it defines a noun. It is separated by commas if it comes after the noun being defined.

  A participial phrase is a participle with dependent words. In a sentence it acts as a circumstance and is always separated by commas.

  In Russian, a participle phrase is usually called a participle with a dependent word.

  The participial phrase is separated by commas if it appears in the sentence after the noun, the attribute of which it denotes. If it comes before a noun, it is not separated by commas.

  Grandfather, who came to us, was very ill.

  Grandfather came to us and went to rest.

  We call the attribute of a verb a participle, and a participial phrase is a gerund coupled with a word dependent on it. In sentences, the participial phrase is always separated by commas, no matter where it is found.

  Having described a circle, the paper airplane crashed behind a woodpile..

  Mother walked through the door, taking off her gloves as she walked..

  The participle phrase is a participle with dependent words and answers the questions: how? When? Why? for what purpose? how?. For example: Bees flying out of the hive hover over the flowering willows, collecting golden pollen. In this sentence, the adverbial phrase is separated by commas. And the participial phrase is a participle with dependent words, that is, verb + adjective. The participle answers the questions: which one? which? which? which? what is he doing? what did he do? For example: flying, crazy.

  A participial phrase is a participle together with dependent words. The participial phrase is always a definition in a sentence, since it determines the noun that comes before or after it. The participial phrase is set off with commas only if it comes after the noun being defined, but if before, it is not set off with commas.

  For example:

  There was a boy standing on the shore waiting for the ship.

  An adverbial phrase is a participle together with dependent words. The participial phrase in the sentence acts as an adverbial circumstance. Always separated by commas.

  For example:

  Masha walked home, singing the song.

  To remember the rules and practice distinguishing one from the other, there are many tests both for home use and online. I bring to your attention a few:

  Russian language test by Zakharyina

  Questions may arise

  And on this portal you can read in more detail about syntactic traps, in which cases the participial phrase cannot be used at all and why.

  

The opinions of linguists about what a gerund is are divided. Some believe that it refers to a special form of the verb, others suggest that it is an independent part of speech. We will support the second option.

The participle is an independent part of speech. It contains the signs of an adverb and a verb, shows when, why and how an action is performed by a predicate verb, and has an additional effect. If the participle in a sentence is not alone, but has words dependent on it, then this set of words is called a participial phrase. The article will tell you how and when to separate gerunds in a sentence.

What is separation?

In Russian, the concept of isolation is a way of clarifying and highlighting a certain set of words in a sentence. Only members of a sentence that are secondary can be isolated; this is how they differ from non-isolated members. Isolations are necessary so that the reader can more accurately understand the described picture of the action taking place. Not only lonely gerunds, but also participle phrases can be isolated.

Examples of single gerunds

If an isolated adverbial clause does not have dependent words in the sentence, then it is called a single gerund. When writing a sentence, this part of speech is always highlighted with commas on both sides.

The location of the gerund in a sentence can be anywhere. Here are examples correct selection single participles separated by commas:

1. Staring, she could not utter a word.
2. When I returned, I found my sister at home.
3. Without training, you cannot achieve success in sports.

Accordingly, the following gerunds were highlighted with a comma:

• staring;
• having returned;
• without training.

In the letter you can find several repeated participles. They are called homogeneous. At the same time, they are separated by commas and separated by this punctuation mark as separate parts of speech. Examples of such sentences:

1. Laughing, humming and spinning, Natasha hurried to her first date.
2. Chuckling and winking, Pasha closed the door.
3. She was silent, angry, but cowardly.

Homogeneous gerunds in a sentence can refer to different predicates. For example: Playing and laughing, she, inspired, rushed towards her dreams.

Separating single gerunds with commas

Isolation of single gerundial participles occurs in the following cases:

1. If the gerund plays the role of the second predicate in a sentence. Preserves the meaning of the verb. Indicates the condition, cause or time of an action, but not its image. Having run away, Marina lost her purse. After the holiday, the guests left without calming down.
2. If in your mind you can check the sentence by replacing the gerund with a verb, or make a complex one from a simple sentence. When Marina ran away, she rubbed her purse. The guests, although they did not calm down after the holiday, left.

Isolation of single gerunds does not occur if:

1. A single gerund has lost its verbal meaning or has a close connection with the predicate. Masha ran into the room without knocking. Zhenya climbed down from the tree silently and slowly.
2. If gerunds are circumstances of the manner of action and they cannot be replaced by verbs. Zhenya got down silently and took his time.
3. If a single gerund can be replaced with a noun. Masha ran into the room without knocking.

Identification of single gerunds depending on their location in a sentence

The separation of gerunds may not occur if they are at the beginning or end of the sentence, but in the middle they are separated by commas. Let's compare two sentences:

1. Tanya tried on the slippers slowly.
2. On the way, slowly, Tanya admired the flowers.

In the first sentence, the participle is not separated by commas, since it is represented by a circumstance of the manner of action. It can be replaced with the word “leisurely”.

In the second sentence, the gerund represents the adverbial reason (“since I was in no hurry”).

How is an adverbial phrase formed?

If a sentence contains a part of speech that answers the questions “by doing what?”, “by doing what?” and called a gerund, with dependent words, then this set of words is usually called a participial phrase.

In a sentence, this phrase always performs the function of an adverbial circumstance and relates to the verb, as it denotes an additional action. Additional actions are performed by the same person, phenomenon or thing that performs the main actions.

Examples of participial phrases

The separation of gerunds and participial phrases occurs regardless of where they stand in relation to the predicate verb. For example:

1. We walked across the sky all day dark clouds, then opening the sun, then closing it again.
2. Walking next to his mother, the baby looked at her in surprise and fascination.
3. Joy, while bringing happiness to some people, gave others inescapable grief.
4. I looked at the sunrise without taking my eyes off.
5. The baby, following his mother's hand, made the same movements.

What do you need to remember when using gerunds and participial phrases in a sentence?

The basic rules for using participial phrases when writing text are as follows:

1. Expressed by a predicate verb, the main action and the additional action, expressed by the participial phrase, must relate to one person, object or phenomenon.
2. Most often, the isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases is used when writing a one-part, definitely personal sentence, as well as with a verb in the imperative mood.
3. If the sentence is impersonal in the infinitive, then it is also possible to use the participial phrase.
4. The isolation of gerunds and the isolation of circumstances are one and the same thing, since the gerund expresses a sign of circumstance in a sentence.

In what cases are gerunds and participial phrases not separated by commas?

Isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases is not carried out if:

1. Circumstances are connected by the conjunction “and” with a non-isolated circumstance or predicate. She hated him and accepted his signs of attention. Dasha played noisily and screamed with joy.
2. Circumstances come closer to adverbs. They lose their additional meaning and acquire the value of a sign of action. This:

• gerunds that have become phraseological units (without closing your eyes, rolling up your sleeves, headlong, opening your mouth, and others). For example: Petya worked carelessly. But, rolling up her sleeves, she washed her hands in the bath. It should be remembered that phraseological introductory phrases (apparently, in other words, in fact, others) are separated by a comma.
• participles that carry the main semantic load. Without them, the predicate does not fully express the thought. This part of speech usually comes after the predicate. The “adverbiality” of these gerunds is obvious in sentences where there is a group of homogeneous members - gerunds and adverbs. For example: He answered me without embarrassment and frankly. Without being embarrassed- this is a gerund, and frankly- adverb.

Commas do not distinguish gerunds containing the dependent word “which” in all their variations. He wanted to get rid of the letter, reading which he recalled his recent grief.

What should we distinguish from gerunds?

Isolating gerunds, many do not think that these could be adverbs or prepositions.

The following adverbs are distinguished:

• happily;
• sneaking;
• joking;
• silently;
• sitting;
• standing;
• lying down and others.

The gerunds that are the same as these words retain an additional effect. This occurs during formation and connection with other gerunds. Anya rode standing all the way. He will do this job jokingly (easy). These sentences use adverbs.

Standing at the top, Anya looked down. All the way, having fun and playing, Yana did not close her mouth. In these sentences, commas separate the participial phrase in the first sentence and homogeneous participles in the second sentence.

Prepositions include: starting from, based on. Commas are not used, since the adverbial part can be removed from the sentence and its meaning will not change. It's been snowing since night (it's been snowing since night).

Isolation of participles and gerunds: what is the difference?

Participial and adverbial phrases perform different functions in a sentence and have the following morphological differences:

1. A participial phrase or single participle refers to the word (noun or pronoun) being defined. The gerund or participial phrase is closely related to the predicate verb. In this case, the participle changes according to numbers, gender, cases, has a complete and short form, and the gerund is an unchangeable word form.
2. The participial phrase and the participle serve as a definition in a sentence, and the gerund and participial phrases act as various circumstances.
3. Participles and gerunds are distinguished by suffixes. Participles have such suffixes as -ush-(-yush-), -ash-(-yash)- -vsh-, -sh- at real participles and - om-(-em-), -im-- -enn-, -nn-, -t- for the passive. While gerunds have the following suffixes: -a-, -ya-, -uchi-, -yuchi-, -v-, -lice-, -shi-.

1. If a sentence contains a conjunction next to an adverbial phrase, they are separated by a comma. Unions are not included in circulation. For example: He smiled at his friend and, jumping over the puddle, ran home. The exception is the conjunction “a”, which comes before the participial phrase. In this case, it is included in circulation. For example: A person needs to understand what the meaning of life is, and having understood this, he will tell others.
2. If a sentence consists of several participial phrases or single participles, then commas are placed between them as when listing homogeneous members of the sentence. For example: She approached, staggering and holding her friend by the shoulder with one hand and holding the other on her belt.
3. If one sentence contains several participial phrases relating to different predicates, then each of them is separated by commas. For example: Pushing the gate with his foot, he ran out onto the road and, not paying attention to the people, rushed away.
4. The participial phrase is always separated by commas on both sides.

Isolating participles will not cause problems if you learn to correctly identify this part of speech in any sentence.

How to help your child consolidate the material he has learned?

After the child has studied the theoretical material, he should be encouraged to consolidate it with practical exercises.

Initially, children must work orally with sentences and learn to find participial phrases and single gerunds in them. After this, students should be asked to write sentences and place them. In addition, the child must explain his choice in placing commas.

After children have mastered simple sentences, you can give them sentences with conjunctions and allied words. At the same time, before finding an adverbial phrase or a single participle, the grammatical basis should be highlighted.

They complicate the task with complex compound sentences that have several grammatical bases and homogeneous participial phrases.

Communion - inconjugated form of the verb. Denotes a sign of an object that occurs in time, as an action that the object produces, or as an action to which it is subjected by another object ( summoner - summoned).

Communion combines signs of verb and adjective. Like the shape verb The participle has the grammatical meaning of the verb:

• transitivity and intransitivity of action
• pledge
• time
• control
• compatibility with adverb.

How adjective, participle:

• denotes an attribute of an object
• varies by gender, number and case
• when declension has the same system as the adjective case endings
• acts as a sentence in a sentence definitions and predicate.

Participle- an unconjugated form of a verb that combines grammatical properties verbs and adverbs. Signs verb:

• control
• ability to be defined by an adverb

The gerunds do not have a passive voice. Like adverbs, the gerunds do not change: they do not agree, they are not controlled, but they adjoin.

Most often, gerunds adjoin to the predicate-verb and are circumstance. In this case, they do not allow replacement by the conjugated form of the verb. May indicate an additional action accompanying the action, expressed by the predicate. In this case the gerund is minor predicate and replacement with a conjugated form of the verb is possible. Less commonly, the gerund adjoins nominal predicate expressed by a short passive participle, short adjective or noun.

May also apply to other members of the sentence:

• addition (maintaining silence)
• definition-participle (sleeping leaning on his elbow)
• adverbial adverbial participle (drinking without wincing)

The use of gerunds is possible only provided that the actions belonging to the gerund and the predicate belong to the same person ( Having finished her homework, the girl went for a walk).

Formation of participles. Active participles can be formed from transitive and intransitive verbs, and passive participles - only from transitive ones. Passive present participles are not formed from the verbs bake, reap, shave, weed, etc. Present participles, active and passive, are formed from imperfective verbs and are not formed from perfective verbs that do not have present tense forms. Passive participles of the past tense, as a rule, are formed from verbs only of the perfect form. Thus, only active past participles can be formed from perfective intransitive verbs, for example: jumped, stood etc.

Present participles, active and passive, are formed from the base of the present tense of the verb through suffixes -ush- (-yush-), -ash- (-box-)- for active participles and suffixes -eat, -im-- for passive participles.

Past participles, active and passive, are formed from the stem of the indefinite form (or past tense) by means of suffixes -vsh- and -sh- for active participles and - nn; -enn-, -t--for passive participles.

Stylistic character of participles.

The participle is the most important means of designating the characteristics of objects in the form of an agreed upon definition. The participle not only figuratively characterizes an object, but represents its characteristic in dynamics. At the same time, it “compresses” information.

In modern Russian, participles are widely used in scientific style. Fine the function of participles is most clearly manifested when they are used as definitions : He saw her inflamed, sometimes perplexed and suffering, sometimes smiling and calming his face (L.T.). But predicates expressed by participles can also add special expressiveness to artistic speech: And the wind poured into the round window like a damp stream - it seemed as if the sky was burned by a red-smoky dawn (Ahm.).

Participles that have received a metaphorical meaning usually become linguistic tropes: screaming contradictions, unfading glory.

The scope of wide figurative use of adjectival participles - journalistic style. Here the expressive function is played by participles, meaning extremely high degree manifestations of the intensity of action: blatant lawlessness, massive blow.

The aesthetic assessment of participles is influenced by the negative attitude of writers towards dissonant suffixes -shi, -lice, -ush-, -yush-. The writer either completely abandons dissonant verb forms, shortening the text, or replaces them with others that do not have “hissing” suffixes.

In common parlance, the postfix -xia is omitted for participles formed from reflexive verbs: "unbreakable dishes", instead of unbreakable.

Replacing a passive participle with an active one, formed from a reflexive verb, can lead to a distortion of the meaning as a result of changes in the shades of voice meanings: Parcels sent to Moscow by plane arrive there on the same day (the passive participle is superimposed on the general return).

The formation of verbal forms in -but, -to from not is perceived as a violation of the literary norm transitive verbs: start - started, arrive - received.

Participles in modern Russian by stylistic coloring fall into two diametrically opposed groups:

• book forms with suffixes -а, -я, -в: breathing, knowing, saying
• colloquial with the suffixes - lice, -shi: having said, having come.

IN literary language last and early this century, the use of gerunds in - lice, - shi was stylistically unlimited. Nowadays they are used as a stylistic means to express vernacular language. But it would be incorrect to say that absolutely all participles in -lice, -shi are stylistically marked. Reflexive verbs form neutral gerunds: blushing, crying, staying, smiling. Those few gerunds are also stylistically neutral irreflexive verbs, which cannot be formed without -shi: grown up, lay down, spread out, kindled.

Participles, which stand out sharply for their stylistic coloring, nowadays attract the attention of word artists who highly value common verbs in -a, -i, -v. It is worth putting such participles into action - and the picture will immediately come to life.

Participles that figuratively depict an action often serve as tropes.

In the Russian language there are many unproductive verbs from which gerunds cannot be formed: go, knit, smear, protect, burn etc.

IN analytical report FIPI said about the results of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language: “Most often they are incorrectly classified as parts of speech verbal adjectives, derived function words, there is no distinction between participles and gerunds, adjectives and adverbs, participles and adjectives.”

We would like to once again remind you of the differences between verbal adjectives and participles.

Participles and verbal adjectives

Both forms can be formed from the same verb participles , so verbal adjectives . If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb burn using the suffix - box - a participle is formed burning, and using the suffix - yuch - - adjective combustible. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn - or - them -), it is more difficult to distinguish them.

However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case as well.

1. Pr and parts indicate a temporary sign of an object associated with his participation (active or passive) in an action, and adjectives denote a permanent attribute of an object (for example, ‘arising as a result of an action’, ‘capable of participating in an action’), for example:

She was raised in strict rules (=She was brought up with strict rules)- participle;

She was brought up, educated (=She was well-mannered and educated).

2. The word in full form with the suffix -n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is verbal adjective , if it is formed from the verb NSV andhas no dependent words , and is a participle if it is formed from a verb SV and/or has dependent words, cf.:

unmown meadows ( adjective ),

not mowed meadows ( participle, because there is a dependent word ),

mown meadows ( participle, because NE ).

3. Since only transitive verbs of the NSV can have passive present participles, words with suffixes -them-, -eating- are adjectives if they are formed from a verb SV or an intransitive verb:

? waterproof boots(adjective, because the verb to get wet in the meaning ‘to let water through’ is intransitive),

? invincible army(adjective, because the verb is to defeat SV).

Let us dwell in more detail on the formation of the forms of some participles and gerunds.

Participle forms

1. From options wandered - wandered, acquired - acquired, dragged - dragged the first is used in book speech, the second in colloquial speech.

2. Unprefixed verbs with suffix -Well- type go out, get wet, dry up retain this suffix in participles, for example: deaf, sticky, wet, blind.

Prefixed verbs of this type tend to lose the suffix in the participle form, for example: frozen, deaf, stuck, sour, wet, blind. IN in some cases forms with the suffix ( stuck, disappeared) or parallel forms: with and without suffix ( withered - withered, withered - withered, dried up - dried up, comprehended - comprehended, stuck - stuck, withered - withered and some others).

3. When using reflexive participles with a suffix -xia one should take into account the possibility of their two meanings coinciding - passive and reflexive, which can give rise to ambiguity, for example: the combination “animals going to the zoo” (instead of: animals sent to the zoo).

Forms of participles

1. From optionshaving taken - having taken, having met - having met, having bought - having bought etc. first (with suffix-V ) is normative for a literary language, the second (with the suffix- lice ) is colloquial in nature. Forms on- lice preserved in proverbs and sayings, for example:Having given your word, be strong; When you take off your head, you don't cry through your hair .

2. Possible optionsfrozen - frozen, locked - locked, wiped - wiped, stretched - spread, erased - erased (the second form in each pair is conversational in nature). But onlybringing out (not “having brought it out”),sweeping (not “sweep it out”),having acquired (not “having found”),driving (not “driving”),making a mistake (not “mistaken”),passing (not “carried through”), etc.

In pairs sticking out - sticking out(cf. run with your tongue out), putting - putting(cf. hand on heart), gaping - gaping(cf. listen open-mouthed), fastened - fastened(cf. agree reluctantly), breaking - breaking(cf. rush headlong), having lowered - after(cf. work carelessly) etc. the second forms are outdated and are preserved only in stable phraseological expressions. Wed. also outdated shade in forms remembering, meeting, noticing, bored, discovering, turning, leaving, forgiving, falling out of love, setting apart, seeing, hearing etc.

3. Stylistically colored (like ancient folk speech) are the adverbial forms in -uchi(-yuchi) : looking, warming, walking, driving, regretting, tenacious etc. In the meaning of adverbs, the forms are used playfully(cf. do it playfully), sneaking(cf. slink), happily(cf. live happily ever after), skillfully(cf. use skillfully) and some others.

Participial phrase

Large quantity Errors are allowed in the use of participial phrases. Let's look at this with a specific example. Let's take a sentence:

The book lying on the table has been read.

« Fruits of the new harvest, shipped from the south, are already arriving in the industrial centers of the country " You may feel a little uneasy reading this sentence out loud. And indeed: isn’t it possible that the fruits “send themselves” to the north? The point is that the suffix-xiain verbal forms it has not only a reflexive meaning (cf.:The students goVhiking),but also a passive meaning when an object experiences someone’s influence (cf.:Replies to letters are sent by the secretary without delay).To avoid possible ambiguity, in such cases we use instead of the participle-xiaparticiple on-my(passive present participle), i.e. instead of the construction “Fruits,departing..."we write:Fruits,sent...Instead of "Girl"brought uploominggrandmother..." -Girl,brought upgrandma...

Using a participial phrase helps remove ambiguity in a sentence. For example:Students had an internshipVone of the plant's workshops, which was recently reorganized(was one of the workshops or the plant as a whole reorganized?).

The participial phrase brings the necessary clarity: 1)...in one of the plant’s workshops, recently reorganized;2) ...in one of the workshops of the recently reorganized plant.

The stylistic feature of participles and participial phrases is that they give the statement a bookish character.A.S. Pushkin wrote: “We do not say:a carriage galloping across a bridge; servant sweeping the room;we say:which gallops, which sweeps..."The above reasoning of Pushkin, who noted the “expressive brevity of participles,” has the following continuation: “The richer the language in expressions and turns of phrase, the better for a skilled writer. The written language is enlivened every minute by expressions born in conversation, but it should not renounce what it has acquired over the centuries.”

Participial phrase

Everyone knows the textbook phrase from A.P. Chekhov’s story: “ Approaching this station, my hat fell off".

Its meaning is clear, but the sentence is constructed unsuccessfully: the rule for using participial phrases is violated.

The adverbial phrase usually moves freely within the sentence: it can appear at the beginning, in the middle and at the end.

For example: 1) Upon entering the classroom, the teacher greeted the students; 2) The teacher, entering the class, greeted the students; 3) The teacher greeted the students upon entering the class. As the examples show, the action expressed by the gerund (entering) refers to the subject.

This provision is not observed in the epigraph: it refers to two active objects in grammatical meaning this word is about the passenger (he was approaching the station) and about the hat (it flew off), and the action of the passenger does not relate to the subject. It is easy to verify the incorrect construction of this sentence if you rearrange the adverbial phrase: “As the passenger approached the station, his hat flew off.”

Compare in a student essay: “ Living and moving in an aristocratic society, Onegin developed the habits and views inherent in this society”(it turned out that in an aristocratic society “habits and views lived and circulated”).

It is possible to use the adverbial phrase in an impersonal sentence in the infinitive form of the verb, for example: When crossing the street, you need to carefully monitor traffic. In such sentences there is neither a grammatical nor a logical subject (i.e., the subject of speech expressed in an impersonal sentence by the indirect case of a noun). But a sentence like: “ Approaching the forest, I felt cold": it does not contain an infinitive to which an adverbial phrase could refer.

The adverbial phrase, like the participle, is usually used in book speech. Its undoubted advantage is brevity and laconism. Let's compare two sentences: After I completed homework, I went for a walk. - After finishing my homework, I went for a walk. It is easy to notice that the second sentence, more condensed in its vocabulary, sounds more energetic than the first.

Participles and participial phrases are highly expressive, which is why they are widely used in the language of fiction. For example: The fogs, swirling and twisting, crawled there along the wrinkles of the neighboring rocks(M. Yu. Lermontov); From time to time, light ripples ran along the river from the wind, sparkling in the sun(V. G. Korolenko).

Participles and gerunds

Rule: If the participial phrase comes after the word being defined, then it is separated by commas on both sides: The blue southern sky, darkened with dust, is cloudy. Rule: In the suffix -enn- after the hissing ones, under stress, e (ё) is written, although it is pronounced [o]: burned, decided. Rule: In short passive participles, one letter n is written: read, told. Rule: If the participle is formed from verbs ending in -at, -yat, then the letters a or i are written before -nn- and -n-: plow - plowed - plowed; oblige - obligated - obligated. If the participle is formed from any other verbs (not -at or -yat), then the letter e is written before -nn- and -n-: study - studied - studied. Rule: In full passive participles with the suffixes -enn- and -nn- two letters n (nn) are written if:

1) the participle has a prefix (except not): boiled fish, plowed field;

2) the participle has words dependent on it: fish fried in oil;
3) perfect participle: solved example;
4) the participle is formed from verbs with the suffixes -ova-, -eva-, (-irova-): pickled mushrooms, asphalt highway. If a word does not have any of the listed characteristics, it is written with one n: boiled fish, fried fish.
(page 146)
Rule: Not with full participles written separately:
1) if the participle has dependent words, i.e. forms a participle phrase: On the table lay a letter that I had not sent. — There was an unsent letter on the table;
2) if the sentence contains a contrast with the conjunction a: The vase contained not withered, but fresh flowers. Not written together with full participles:
1) if it does not have dependent words: incessant rain;
2) if the participle without is not used: a hateful look. With short participles the particle is not written separately: The letter was not sent. The book has not been read. (page 146)

Rule: Particle Not written separately with gerunds: Answered without hesitation.
Rule:
The participial phrase is always separated by commas: Howling angrily, the cold autumn wind blows. A cold autumn wind is blowing, howling angrily. The cold autumn wind blows, howling angrily.

Participles have a number of correspondences among adjectives, partly in origin going back to participles. These include:

1) Active present participles and adjectives with the same root:
Blushing - red;
bluish - blue;
whitening - white.

2) Participles of the present tense of the active voice (as well as reflexive ones) and adjectives with the suffix -uchy, -yuchy, -achy, yachy, which are Old Russian participles in origin:
Flowing - free-flowing;
sitting - sedentary;
prickly - prickly.

3) An active present participle (usually with a negation) and an adjective coinciding with a passive present participle with a negative prefix not-: Not burning - incombustible;
not fading - unfading;
not getting wet - waterproof.

4) Present passive participles (usually with negation) and adjectives with the prefix un- and the suffix -im:
Inadmissible - unacceptable;
not defeated - invincible;
untamed - indomitable.

5) Active past participles and adjectives formed from participles with the suffix -ly:
Tanned - tanned;
burnt - burnt;
blue - blue.

6) Next in meaning from the participles are the unprefixed adjectives na-ly, which do not have fully corresponding participles; for them there are only more distant participles with prefixes:
Ripened - ripe;
ripe - mature;
withered - lethargic.

7) Passive past participles and adjectives that were formed from these participles; usually the first with prefixes, and the second without prefixes:
Boiled - boiled;
grated - grated;
broken - beaten.

8) Active and passive participles and adjectives homonymous with them, formed from these participles:
A) A stone shining in the sun is a brilliant report.
A cape jutting out into the sea is a prominent figure.
Jackals wandering in the forest - a wandering smile. The director calling the technician - a defiant tone.
b) A person respected by all, a respected comrade.
A driver-controlled car is a controlled balloon.

tbobolovich.narod.ru

Participle and gerund

Communion and gerunds in Russian- these are two special forms of the verb that differ in meaning, grammatical and syntactic features. Participles denote a sign by action and answer questions Which? Which? What do you do? What did he do? What did he do? Participles denote an additional action and answer questions Doing what? What did you do?

Rules regarding the use and spelling of participles and gerunds with examples are given in the table.

· availability of full and short forms;

-ush-/-yush-/-ash-/-box-(actual participles NV);

-vsh-/-sh-(actual participles PV);

-eat-/-om-/-im-(passive participles NV);

-nn-/-enn-/-t-(passive participles PV).

The syntactic role is adverbial.

The girl was walking down the street smiling.

Syntactic role is a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.

Features of participial and participial phrases

Participial and participial phrases- these are syntactic constructions that differ general meaning and a function in a sentence:

Participial phrase is a participle with dependent words. In a sentence, like a single gerund, they perform the syntactic role of a separate adverbial adverb (set off on both sides with commas) and denote an additional action.

Test on the topic

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Material on the Russian language (grade 6) on the topic:
Table “Difference between participle and gerund”

The table will help you understand the differences between participles and gerunds

Preview:

Table1. Differences between participle and gerund

What are you doing? What did the lice do? What did you do? What are you doing eating?

HOW? HOW?

What am I doing? What did you do? What did the lice do?

Developing, remembering, written, moving

Having developed, remember, I wrote lice

Refers to a noun (pronoun)

Refers to a verb (predicate)

Present tense: -ush-(yush), - ash-(yush) - valid.

I eat-, -im- – passive

Vsh-, -sh- – valid

Nn-, -enn-, -t- – passive

Imperfect form (present time):

Perfective (past tense):

A participial phrase is a participle with words dependent on it

Software is a separate definition

An adverbial phrase is a gerund with words dependent on it

DO is a separate circumstance

üOn the porch stood a man who was arming people.

ü Pierre could not fall asleep for a long time, thinking about what had happened.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

A lesson in repeating and summarizing the studied material on the topics “Communion” and “Partition”. Students are offered multi-level tasks. The lesson is built using modular technology. Pre is attached.

Summary of a lesson in the Russian language on summarizing what has been learned in the form of the game “Starry Hour”.

I taught this lesson while participating in the “Teacher of the Year” competition. The class to whom I was giving a lesson was unfamiliar to me (this was the condition of the test). But thanks to the skit at the beginning of the lesson, guys a.

Summary of a general lesson in 6th grade according to the program of M.M. Razumovskaya.

The selected material for the test allows you to test your knowledge on the topics: “Partipulations” and “Gerundial Participles” most fully.

The lesson reinforces the skills of forming participles and gerunds and spelling their suffixes.

The collection represents control tests, testing work, allowing you to practice a difficult topic for sixth-graders: “Communion and gerunds.” Tasks are worked out by op.

2.7. Participle and gerund

Difficulties associated with the use of a special form of the verb - the participle - in speech can be divided into two groups: in the formation of participle forms and in the use of participles.

Errors in the formation of participles usually consist in incorrect construction of the formative basis (cf.: the use of the wrong form galloping instead of normative - galloping) and in the wrong choice of formative suffix. Since the choice of a form-building basis is common for conjugated and non-conjugated forms, if there is difficulty, you should use the recommendations given in paragraph 2.6.

When choosing a formative suffix in the formation of a participle form special attention Please note the following cases.

1. Most active past participles are formed using suffixes -вш- from the stem of the infinitive (past tense) ending in a vowel:

write - wrote, decide - decided.

The suffix -ш- is used if the stem of the infinitive ends in a consonant:

carry - carried, carry - carried.



2. Passive past participles use the suffixes -nn- (-n-), -enn- (-en-) and -t- ( cleaned, made, finished). In speech, quite often there is an error associated with the use of one suffix instead of another.

For example, in the sentence: The room has been cleaned– instead of the normative form removed with the suffix -n- the suffix -t- was mistakenly used.

3. It should be remembered that when forming a participle, all word-forming prefixes and suffixes of the verb must be preserved. The most common mistake is dropping the suffix -sya when forming participles from reflexive verbs.

For example, in the sentence: The wind tore off the remaining leaves on the trees– the suffix -sya was illegally omitted. The following sentence would be grammatically correct: The wind tore off the remaining leaves on the trees.

4. It should be taken into account that some verbs are characterized by the absence or infrequency of certain forms of participles. Thus, according to the rules of Russian grammar, passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs:

Passive participles cannot be formed from verbs like get up, lie down etc., since these verbs cannot be combined with accusative case without pretext.

At the same time, the absence of certain forms of participles may be due not to grammatical laws, but to tradition.

arrest, protect, beat, take, wake up, carry, twirl, twist, transport, knit, iron, look, cook, warm, smash, load, gnaw, crush, hold, regret, fry, reap, wait, burn, call, know, have, boil, put, glue, prick, feed, paint, sculpt, treat, pour, revenge, grind, wash, find, plow, sing, bake, write, saw, drink, weed, spoil, hide, tear, cut, chop, salt, set, guard, dry, sprinkle, weave, stew, pull, teach, bury, clean, whisper, sew etc.

2) There are no forms of passive past participles for transitive verbs:

When using participles in speech, special attention should be paid to the following points.

1. The contrast between active and passive participles is related to the meaning they express.

Active participles (suffixes -ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -yash-, -vsh-, -sh-) denote the attribute of who (what) directly performs the action:

a singing girl, a boy drawing.

Passive participles (suffixes -om-, -em-, -im-; -nn- (-n-), -enn- (-en-), -t-) indicate a sign of who (what) is experiencing an action:

a book you read, a magazine you bought.

In speech, a fairly common mistake is to use active participles instead of passive ones, and vice versa.

For example, in the sentence: I had one ticket won– the passive participle is used incorrectly, since in this case this construction means: I won a ticket, and not a specific prize, amount of money, etc. By lucky ticket. It is grammatically correct to use the active participle ( winning ticket), since the defined noun does not experience, but produces an action.

2. In Russian, the passive meaning can be expressed both by passive participles and by active participles from reflexive verbs with the suffix -sya.

In some cases, both possible forms are used in literary language:

project approved by everyone - project approved by everyone.

In other cases, either only the passive participle or only the active participle of the reflexive verb is used.

Wed: a built house is a house under construction.

It should be remembered that the main expresser of the meaning of passivity is precisely the passive participle, and where it is present, the reflexive participle is usually unacceptable.

Thus, the following phrases will be grammatically incorrect: a child dressing up as a nanny; carpenter's box. In this case, the use of passive participles is mandatory: a child dressed by a nanny; a box made by a carpenter.

The reflexive participle is usually used when the corresponding passive participle is not available in the language or is rarely used. For example, forms of passive past participles from imperfective verbs are not formed or are rarely used.

Wed: a paper written by a student last year; a report written by a student over the course of a year.

3. It should also be remembered that in Russian there are no and cannot be future participles. You cannot use participles in relation to the future! Therefore, constructions like:

In just a few years we will have the whole complex enterprises that could cause an environmental disaster.

When forming forms of gerunds, the following points must be taken into account.

1. Imperfective participles are formed from the stem of the present tense of imperfective verbs using the suffixes -а/-я:

take – take – taking; cry - cry - crying.

A number of imperfective verbs also form participles using the suffix -uchi/-yuchi:

being, driving, regretting, playing, walking, sneaking.

However, they did not receive any widespread use in the literary language. Typically, the forms in -uchi/-yuchi are perceived either as outdated or as a means of stylizing folk and ancient speech.

In addition, not all imperfective verbs are capable of forming gerunds. As a rule, verbs that do not have vowels in the present tense do not form participles (cf.: weave - weave):

beat, twist, lie, bend, eat, reap(hand) reap(rye), wait, burn, lie, pour, crush, drink, tear, send, sleep, weave, rub, sew.

There are no or no participles from verbs with alternating consonants z–zh, s–sh in the stems of the infinitive and present tense (cf.: knit - knit, dance - dance):

weigh, knit, seem, mow, lick, dance, cut, scratch.

Imperfective verbs in -ch, na-nut do not form participles:

protect, burn, might, oven, flog, guard, cut, flow, wither, go out, stall, grow stronger, freeze, get wet, smell, drown, pull.

Imperfect participles from verbs are not used:

arrest, run, stab, climb, plow, sing, be born, freeze, want.

2. Perfective participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive (past tense) of perfective verbs, mainly using the suffix -в:

buy - having bought, decide - having decided.

From a number of verbs of the perfect form, gerunds are formed using the suffix -а/-я ( enter - entering, subtract - subtract etc.) or suffixes -louse, -shi ( offended, upset etc.).

In the vast majority of cases, forms with the suffix -в are used: they are shorter and more euphonious. The cacophony of forms like having written M. Gorky especially emphasized. But it should be borne in mind that reflexive verbs usually have only one form - laughing, wrapped up. The use of the suffix -shi instead of the suffix -v is also typical for many verbs with a consonant as a stem: grow up - grown up; save - having saved.

The use of the suffix -а/-я in the formation of perfect participles (cf.: putting - putting, hearing - hearing, noticing - noticing) was a fairly common phenomenon in the 19th – early 20th centuries. For example, such forms were widely used by M. Gorky: leaning, approaching, getting off etc. Currently, many of these forms are out of use.

3. The main mistake when forming participles is the use of one suffix instead of another.

For example, in the sentence: I dialed the number after hanging up– the form of the gerund with the suffix -a was mistakenly used. From verbs with a sibilant stem, perfective participles are usually formed using the suffix -a, but the normative version will be the form with the suffix -v (putting phone).



Errors of this kind are quite common when using phraseological units. Many of them contain obsolete forms of gerunds ( hand on heart, damn my head). Arbitrary replacement of such forms with modern forms in some idiomatic expressions (rushed headlong) is an error!

Quite regularly in speech, the so-called filling of “empty cells” is observed, that is, the erroneous formation of gerunds from verbs that in a literary language cannot have gerund forms at all (for example: While sleeping, he shuddered).

Correct spelling: what are participles and gerunds, rules with examples

In the Russian language there are special parts of speech adjacent to a noun or verb. Some linguists consider them to be special verbal forms and explain this by the presence of similar features.

Morphological features

Let's consider in detail, what are participles and gerunds. Even ancient grammarians noted their duality, so they gave them a name meaning “participation” in a noun, adjective or verb.

Declined, that is, it changes according to gender, number, case, has a short and full form. At the same time, it has the properties of a verb. For example, having the form:

• checking notebooks (imperfect form) – the one who checks (what is he doing?);
• checker (perfect form) – the one who checked (what did he do?).

Besides , time matters. This is a permanent feature of these parts of speech, having the form either present time(creating) or past(built). There is also the presence return form(admitted Xia).

It is characterized by the presence of two voices - passive and active. Passive participles denote a sign of an object experiencing an action (parcel received - parcel received). Real ones reflect the attribute of an object that independently produces an action (a running person is one who runs himself).

From all of the above the following conclusion follows: this part speech denotes an attribute of an object by action, manifested in time.



Participle

The term originated in the 18th century and means " attitude to action”, as indicated by the first part of the word “dee-” (doer, action). In modern grammar, this name has a part of speech that means additive action in relation to the main thing expressed by the verb. Therefore, this form has verbal characteristics:

• view perfect(opening), imperfect (closing);
• repayment(pretending sya).

Perhaps this is where the similarity of the parts of speech under consideration is limited, but there are numerous differences.

How are they different?

First of all, it should be noted that participle does not change, that is, does not decline or conjugate. Therefore, in his morphemic composition no inflection. On the contrary, the endings of participles are their distinguishing feature.

The questions they answer will help you distinguish between these verb forms:

1. Full Communion(which (-th; -oe, -ies) ?); short (what (-a; -o, -s)?).
2. Participle(what by doing? what by doing? how? in what way?).

Another difference is the different syntactic role. The participle performs the function of an adverbial circumstance (Bending, winding, the river into the distance.). Short Communion is only a predicate (The doors to the world of beautiful dreams are open.). The complete one could be:

3. definition (Foaming waves crashed against high, inaccessible rocks.);
4. part of a compound nominal predicate (The bread was moldy).



The formation of participles and gerunds occurs in a suffixal way.

Participles are formed from verbs of the corresponding type. Table 1.