Subject-predicate relations are expressed in a sentence using two main members - the subject and the predicate: Language develops. Speech correct And expressive.
The subject is a “grammatical object”, the main member in a sentence, denoting the subject of the message, and the predicate is a “predicate” - a sign of the subject, expresses the affirmation or denial of something about the subject. They are in a relationship of interconnection and mutual direction. The combination of the main members constitutes the predicative (grammatical) basis of the sentence and serves to express predicative relations and predicative connections.
From a grammatical point of view, the predicate depends on the subject and is likened to it, and such a connection is often considered as agreement of the predicate with the subject. For example, in such predicative combinations as language is being studied speech correct, stories read, word it is said the forms of the predicate depend on the morphological properties of the subjects; they agree in gender, number or only in number. However, the grammatical connection of the predicate does not fit into the usual framework of agreement. The form of the predicate has the opposite effect on the subject, it stands only in a certain case form, gender and number. The agreement between subject and predicate is not purely attributive in nature, as in subordinating phrase, but turns into predicative agreement, into a kind of mutual coordination. Outwardly, such a connection resembles coordination, which is carried out throughout the entire system of forms, for example, language unit, language unit, language unit etc., and during coordination two specific word forms of the type are combined: Speech pronounced(noun only + conjugated form of the verb). The verb-predicate agrees with only one form of the noun in the nominative case; the verb-predicate does not combine with its other cases.
Predicate- main member a two-part sentence, grammatically dependent on the subject and expressing a predicative feature - a characteristic of the object indicated by the subject.
The grammatical dependence of the predicate on the subject - predicative agreement - is manifested in the fact that the predicate has the same forms of person, number, gender as the subject:
Students rent out exams. You you draw portrait. Artist drew scenery.
The main structural types of the predicate are distinguished taking into account the relationship between lexical and grammatical meanings, namely: whether they are expressed together, in one component; or separately, in two components.
According to their structure, there are three types of predicate: simple verb, compound and complex.
Simple predicate represented by one word-verb. It expresses lexical meaning - the name of the action attributed to the subject, which is indicated in the subject, grammatical features of person, number, tense, mood.
In a simple verbal predicate, the grammatical features of person, number, tense, mood and lexical meaning are expressed by the usual one form of the verb.
In a compound predicate grammatical and lexical meaning are expressed separately - in two forms. A compound predicate consists of two words - a connective and a connecting member. The copula not only connects the linking element with the subject, but is also the carrier of grammatical meanings - person, tense, mood. The lexical meaning of a compound predicate lies in the connecting part.
Depending on the morphological nature of the linking part, two types of compound predicate are distinguished: a compound verb, in which the linking word is expressed by an infinitive: But my enemy became faint(Lermontov); and compound nominal: in which the linking word is expressed noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, participle, adverb. For example, Levitan was an artist of sad landscapes(K. Paustovsky). Taiga stands dumbfounded, completely lost in thought. They are so kind. Three times three is nine. Faces became stricter.
Compound verb predicate consists of an auxiliary verb and an indefinite form of the verb, in which the auxiliary verb is divided into:
1) phase, i.e. denoting the beginning, end and continuation of an action: begin, become, begin, cease, stop, continue;
2) modal, i.e. denoting the possibility or impossibility of action: be able to, be able to, be able to, teach; want, wish, dream, try, try, try; thought processes, mental experiences : think, fear, hesitate, endure, love.
For example, people started singing loudly. The actor managed to make the audience laugh. He loved to tell funny stories.
The main members of the proposal are subject and predicate.
Subject
Subject- this is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the predicate and answers questions in the nominative case Who? or What?
Ways to Express Subject
| Ways of expression | Examples |
|---|---|
| 1. Noun in the nominative case (or other part of speech, used in the meaning of a noun) |
Blizzard came right away. (N. Ostrovsky) Gathered discussed the agenda. |
| 2. Pronoun in the nominative case | Every went to the room assigned to him. (A. Pushkin) |
| 3. Indefinite form of the verb | Protect nature means protecting the Motherland. (K. Paustovsky) |
| 4. Phraseologisms | We went out into the field from small to large. |
| 5. Own name | A wide strip, from edge to edge, stretches Milky Way. (V. Arsenyev) |
| 6. Syntactically integral phrase | Grandma and I quietly went to their attic. (M. Gorky) |
Predicate
Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject and answers questions what does the item do? what's happening to him? what is he like? etc.
The predicate is expressed by a verb in the form of one of the moods.
The predicate may be simple And composite.
A predicate expressed by one verb in the form of any mood is called simple verbal predicate.
In a simple verbal predicate, the lexical and grammatical meanings expressed in one word. The predicate expresses the nature of the movement; at the same time, verbs indicate real action.
Composite is a predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.
A compound predicate can be verbal And personal. It consists of two parts: one part (the copula) expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, the other (verbal and nominal) - the main lexical meaning of the predicate. There are verbs as connectives be and auxiliary verbs.
Compound verb is called a predicate, which consists of an auxiliary verb expressing the grammatical meaning of the predicate and an indefinite form of the verb expressing its main lexical meaning.
Auxiliary verbs express the meaning of the beginning, end, duration of an action, its desirability or possibility.
Combinations of some short adjectives ( must, glad, ready, obliged, capable, intends etc.) and a functional linking verb be in the form of one of the moods.
Compound nominal called a predicate, which consists of a linking verb expressing the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part (adjective, noun, etc.), expressing its main lexical meaning.
The most commonly used is the linking verb be, expressing only grammatical meanings.
Note:
Verbs that have the meaning of movement and state can act as connectives: come, come, return etc.; sit, stand etc.
Nominal part of a compound predicate is expressed by an adjective, a noun, a short passive participle etc.
Note:
The nominal part may include conjunctions as if, as if, exactly, adding to the predicate the meaning of comparison.
An educated person is distinguished, first of all, by his ability to competently express his thoughts both orally and on paper. In order to follow the rules of punctuation, you need to know everything about the main parts of the sentence.
The grammatical basis of a sentence (aka predicative) consists of the main members of the sentence, which are subject And predicate . Usually the subject is written out and highlighted with one line, and the predicate with two.
The article answers the most important issues:
- How to find the grammatical basis of a sentence?
- Which parts of a sentence form its grammatical basis?
- What does the grammatical basis consist of?
The subject is a word that indicates the subject to which the predicate refers. For example: The sun came out from behind the mountains. The sun is the subject expressed by a noun. A wide variety of parts of speech can act as the subject.
The subject can be expressed not only in single words, but also in phrases.
- The combination of a noun in the nominative case with a noun in instrumental case.For example: Katya and Arina love to do figure skating.
- A pronoun, as well as a numeral and an adjective in superlatives.For example: The bravest came forward.
- A pronoun or noun in the nominative case combined with a participle or adjective. For example: Someone bad tore up her album with drawings.
- A combination of a numeral in the nominative case and a noun used in the genitive case. For example: Seven guys went out into the yard.
I wonder what the subjects can may even be a phraseological unit.
Predicate
The predicate is connected with the subject and answers questions such as “what does the object do?”, “what happens to it?”, “what is it like?” The predicate in a sentence can be expressed through several parts of speech:
Compound predicates
The predicate often consists of several words. Such predicates are called compound. Compound predicates can be verbal or nominal.
Composite verbal predicates are expressed in the following ways:
Compound nominal predicate may consist of:
- Linking verbs to be and short adjectives. For example: Today Margarita was especially beautiful.
- Verbs become, appear, be considered and other semi-nominal verbs combined with a noun. He finally became a doctor!
- Verbs that mean the state of an object. Marina works as a teacher.
- Verb combined with adjective in different forms.His dog was more beautiful others.
In a two-part sentence, both main members are present. However, there are also sentences in which only one main member is used. They are called one-component.
The subject of one-part sentences is most often a noun in the nominative case.
It can be expressed by means of a verb in its different forms.
In one-piece definitely personal in a sentence, the predicate is expressed by a verb in the first/second person, singular/ plural and present/future tense in indicative mood or a verb in imperative mood. Today I'm going for a walk. Don't touch a dirty dog!
In a single-component indefinite-personal predicate, the verb is in the third person and plural, present, future or past tense in the indicative mood. Also, the predicate can be expressed by a verb in the imperative or conditional mood. There's a knock on the door! Let him call Aunt Dasha. If I had been informed earlier, I would not have been late.
IN generalized-personal In a sentence, the predicate is expressed either by a verb in the second person singular or plural, or by a verb in the third person and plural. This is how they now talk to visitors.
In one-piece impersonal the predicate is a verb in the third person form singular and present or future tense. The predicate can also be a neuter verb in the past tense or conditional mood. I feel sick. It was getting dark.
It is important to remember that the number of grammatical stems in a sentence is not limited. How to determine the grammatical basis complex sentence? The grammatical basis of a complex sentence is as easy to determine as the stem simple sentence. The only difference is their quantity.
Subject- this is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the question of the nominative case (who? what?).
Pay attention to the meaning (a) and the form of the expression (b) of the subject:
a) the subject is what is being said in a sentence (subject of speech);
b) the main form of expression of the subject - nominative(question who? what?).
Pay attention!
To the question what? answers not only the nominative, but also accusative case noun; The forms of the nominative and accusative cases can also coincide. To distinguish between these cases, you can substitute a noun of the 1st declension (for example - book): nominative case - book; accusative case - book.
Wed: Lies on the table pencil (book) - nominative case; I see a pencil(book) - accusative case.
Let's compare two sentences:
1. I didn't sleep; 2. I couldn't sleep.
In meaning they express approximately the same thing. However, in the first sentence ( I didn't sleep) is a subject because there is a pronoun in the nominative case ( I), in the second sentence ( I couldn't sleep) there is no subject because there is no pronoun in the nominative case ( to me- dative case).
Ways to Express Subject
A) Subject - one word:
| Form | Examples |
|---|---|
| 1. Name | |
| 1.1. Noun | Eldest son(Who?) left for the capital. |
| 1.2. Pronoun | He(Who?) left for the capital. |
| 1.3. Adjective | Senior(Who?) left for the capital. |
| 1.4. Communion | Raised(Who?) sword by sword will perish. |
| 1.5. Numeral | Two(Who?) left for the capital. |
| 2. Infinitive (infinitive form of the verb) | Love(What?) - This is wonderful. Live(What?) - serve the homeland. |
| 3. Unchangeable (notional or auxiliary) part of speech in the meaning of a noun | |
| 3.1. Adverb | The fateful day after tomorrow has arrived(What?). |
| 3.2. Pretext | "IN"(What?) is a pretext. |
| 3.3. Union | "A"(What?) - adversarial union. |
| 3.4. Particle | "Not"(What?) with verbs is written separately. |
| 3.5. Interjection | “Aw” came from all sides(What?). |
| 4. Indirect form of a name, conjugated form of a verb, sentence in the meaning of a noun | "Brother"(What?) - dative form of a noun. "Reading"(What?) - 1st person form of present tense verb. “Don’t forget yourself, don’t worry, work moderately” (What?) - was his motto. |
B) The subject is a whole, that is, a syntactically indivisible phrase (main + dependent word):
| Form | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Name in the nominative case (adverb) + name in the genitive case | Quantitative value | Five chairs stood against the wall. Several chairs stood against the wall. Some of the chairs stood against the wall. Many chairs stood against the wall. |
| 2. Name in the nominative case + name in the genitive case with the preposition from | Selective value | Two of us will go to the capital. Each of us will go to the capital. Many of us will go to the capital. |
| 3. Name in the nominative case + name in the instrumental case with the preposition s (only with the predicate - in the plural!) | The meaning of togetherness | Wed: Mother and son will go(plural) rest. Mother and son will go(units) rest. |
| 4. Nouns beginning, middle, end+ noun in genitive case | Phase value | It was the end of September. |
| 5. Noun + agreed name (phraseologism, terminological combination and phrase with metaphorical meaning) | The members of a phrase only collectively express a single or indivisible concept in a given context | The Milky Way spread across the sky. White flies(snowflakes) circled in the sky. A cap of light brown curls swayed on his head. |
| 6. Indefinite pronoun (from the basics who, what) + agreeable name | Undefined value | Something unpleasant was in his entire appearance. |
Pay attention!
1) You can always ask questions to the subject: who? What? , even if it does not change by case.
2) Nominative case- the only case with which the subject can be expressed.
Note. The subject can be expressed in the indirect case if it indicates the approximate amount of someone or something. Wed: Thirty ships went out to sea. About thirty ships went out to sea. Over thirty ships went out to sea.
Subject analysis plan
Indicate the way to express the subject:
- Single word: noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral, participle in the nominative case; an adverb or other unchangeable form in the meaning of a noun; infinitive.
- Syntactically indivisible phrase (indicate the meaning and form of the main word).
Sample parsing
The lake seemed to be covered with ice(Prishvin).
Subject lake expressed by a noun in the nominative case.
Around noon there are usually a lot of round high clouds(Turgenev).
Subject many clouds expressed as a syntactically indivisible (whole) phrase with a quantitative meaning; main word (noun) many) is in the nominative case.
In the dark, the bearded man stumbled over something(Sholokhov).
Subject bearded expressed by an adjective in the meaning of a noun in the nominative case.
But suddenly paying two hundred, three hundred, five hundred rubles for something, even the most necessary thing, seemed almost suicide to them(Goncharov).
Subject pay expressed by the infinitive.
About an hour has passed(Paustovsky).
Subject about an hour expressed by the indirect case of the noun hour with the preposition near and indicates the approximate amount of time.
In this chapter:
§1. The main members of a sentence are the subject and the predicate.
Subject
The subject is the main member of the sentence, independent of other members of the sentence. The subject answers the questions of the IP: who? What?
The subject of a sentence is expressed in different ways.
What is the subject expressed by?
The subject can be a word or phrase.
Most often the subject is expressed:
1) noun: mother, laughter, love;
2) words that have the function of a noun: nouns derived from adjectives or participles: patient, manager, greeter, ice cream, canteen;
3) pronouns: we, no one, anything;
4) numerals: three, five;
5) indefinite form of the verb: Smoking is harmful to health;
6) a phrase, if it has the meaning:
a) togetherness: husband and wife, duck and ducklings, me and my friend;
b) uncertainty or generality: Something unfamiliar appeared in the distance. One of the guests closed the window;
c) quantities: 2 million people live in the city;
d) selectivity: Any of them could become the first. Most students passed the test;
e) phraseological unit: The white nights have come.
Predicate
Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting what is said about the subject, which is the subject. The predicate depends on the subject and agrees with it. It answers various questions: what does the object do? what's happening to him? what is he like? Who is he? what is this? what is the subject? All these questions are variations of the question: what is being said about the subject? The choice of a specific question depends on the structure of the sentence.
The predicate contains the most important grammatical characteristic of a sentence: its grammatical meaning.
Grammatical meaning- this is the generalized meaning of a sentence, which characterizes its content in terms of two parameters:
- reality-irreality,
- time.
Reality-irreality expressed by the mood of the verb.
- Verbs in the indicative mood are characteristic of statements that reflect the real situation: It’s raining, It’s getting light.
- Verbs in the imperative and conditional moods are characteristic of sentences that reflect not a real, but a desirable situation. Don't forget your umbrella! I wish it didn't rain today!
Time- an indicator of the correlation of the situation with the moment of speech. Time is expressed by verb forms of present, past and future tense.
Simple and compound predicate
The predicate in two-part sentences can be simple or compound. Compounds are divided into compound verbal and compound nominal.
Simple predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word. A simple predicate is always a verb. It is expressed by a verb in the form of one of the moods. In the indicative mood, verbs can be in one of three tenses: present - past - future.
He knows poetry by heart.
indicative mood, present time
He knew the poems by heart.
indicative mood, past time
He will learn poetry by heart.
indicative mood, bud. time
You will learn these verses by heart.
imperative
In a circle you would learn poetry by heart.
conditional mood
Compound predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.
If in a simple verbal predicate the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word, then in a compound predicate they are expressed in different words. For example:
Suddenly the baby stopped singing and started laughing.
He stopped singing and started laughing - compound predicates. The words sing, laugh call an action, while expressing lexical meaning. The grammatical meaning is expressed by the words: stopped, started
Compound predicates are verbal and nominal.
Compound verb predicate
A compound verbal predicate is a predicate consisting of an auxiliary word and an indefinite form of the verb. Examples:
He finished working.
I want to help you.
Auxiliary words are divided into two groups:
1) verbs with the meaning of the beginning-continuation-end of an action, for example: start, finish, continue, stop, stop;
2) verbs and short adjectives with the meaning of possibility, desirability, necessity: be able, able, want, want, wish, strive, try; glad, ready, must, obliged, intends.
In a compound verbal predicate, auxiliary words express the grammatical meaning, and the indefinite form of the verb expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.
In the event that the auxiliary word is short adjective, then it is used with a copula. The connective is the verb to be. Here are relevant examples with the copula in the past tense:
I was so glad to meet you!
In the present tense the word is is not used, it is omitted: the connective is zero, for example:
I'm so glad to meet you!
In the future tense, the connective be is put in the future tense. Example:
I'll be glad to meet you.
Compound nominal predicate
A compound nominal is a predicate consisting of a linking verb and a nominal part. Linking verbs express the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and the nominal part expresses its lexical meaning.
1. The linking verb to be expresses only grammatical meaning. Yesterday she was beautiful. In the present tense the copula is zero: She is beautiful.
2. Linking verbs become, become, become, appear, be considered, appear, be called, introduce themselves: The house from afar seemed like a dot.
3. Linking verbs with the meaning of movement or location in space: come, arrive, sit, lie, stand: The mother returned from work tired. The mother sat thoughtful, sad.
In all these cases, linking verbs can be replaced by the verb to be. The sentences will be synonymous, for example:
The mother sat thoughtful, sad. Synonymous: The mother was thoughtful, sad.
He was considered the most talented of us. Synonymous: He was the most talented of us.
With such a replacement, of course, all the nuances of meaning are not conveyed. Therefore, the language offers various linking verbs that emphasize different shades of meaning.
Combinations of linking verbs with auxiliary words are possible: She dreamed of becoming an actress.
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is expressed in Russian in different ways, and, paradoxically, not only by names. Although the most common and characteristic is the use of names as the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Naturally, names can be replaced by pronouns. And since the role of adjectives and participles is similar, participles can also appear along with adjectives. Adverbs and adverbial combinations are also possible in the nominal part. Examples:
1) noun: Mother is a doctor., Anastasia will be an actress.,
2) adjective: He grew up strong and handsome.,
3) numeral: Twice two is four.,
4) pronoun: You will be mine., Who was nobody will become everything (“International”),
5) participle: The essay turned out to be lost., The daughter was completely cured.,
6) adverb and adverbial combination: The shoes were just right. The trousers were just right.
The nominal part can contain not only individual words, but also syntactically indivisible phrases. Examples:
She ran into the room with a cheerful face.
She sat with thoughtful eyes.
It is impossible to say: She ran in with a face., She sat with eyes., because the phrases with a cheerful face and with thoughtful eyes are syntactically indivisible - this is the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
Test of strength
Find out your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Which parts of the sentence are considered the main ones?
- subject and object
- definition, circumstance and addition
- subject and predicate
Can the subject be expressed by words derived from adjectives or participles: manager, sick, in love?
Can the subject be expressed in phrases, for example: me and my friends?
What is the subject in the sentence: Any of you can prepare for the Unified State Exam and pass it successfully.?
- any
- any of you
What characteristics are included in the grammatical meaning of a sentence?
- reality - unreality and time
- type and time
Is it true that a simple verbal predicate is a predicate whose lexical and grammatical meaning is expressed by one verb?
Is it true that a compound predicate is a special type of predicate whose lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words?
I can't help you.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
What is the predicate in the sentence: He was always considered serious.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
What is the predicate in the sentence: Twice two is four.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
