For Europeans, Indonesian, which does not include pitch changes and is written in the Latin alphabet, is certainly one of the most accessible languages of Southeast Asia.
Locals rarely speak English, even in tourist areas such as Bali, so learning a few basic phrases in Indonesian can be very useful for any visitor to the country.
Elderly and highly respected men in Indonesia are addressed by adding "pak" (Mr.) to their name, and women by adding "bu" (Mistress).
Common phrases |
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terima kasi |
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Please | kembali/silahkan | flounder/silahkan |
Sorry | ||
Hello | ||
Goodbye | sampai zumpa |
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I don't understand | saya tidak mengerti | saya tidak men'erti |
What is your name? | apa yang menjadi nama anda? | apa yan" mennyadi nama anda? |
How are you? | apa kabar? |
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Where is the toilet here? | di mana adalah kamar kecil? | di mana adalah kamar ketshil? |
What is the price? | berapa hati-hati berharga? | berapa hati-hati berhaega? |
One ticket to... | satu helai karcis ke... | satu halai kartshis ke... |
What time is it? | adalah waktu yang mana? | adalah waktu yang" mana? |
No smoking | don't push |
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pint of masuk |
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jalan keluar |
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Do you speak English? | apakah anda berbicara dalam bahasa? | apakah anda berbitshara dalam bahasa? |
Where is it located? | di mana ialah..? | di mana ialah..? |
Hotel |
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I need to order a room | saya perlu untuk mencadangkan | saya perlu whituk mentshadan "kan |
membalikan |
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I want to pay the bill | saya mau membayar rekening | Saya Mau Membayar Rekin" |
Room, number | ||
Shop (shopping) |
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Cash | membayar dengan uang tunai | membayar dengan uang tunai |
By card | membayar dengan kartu | memory dengan card |
Pack | ||
No change | so hello tan"gal |
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tertutup |
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men"abaikan |
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Very expensive | san"t waved |
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den "an murah |
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Transport |
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Trolleybus | trolleybus |
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Stop | Berhenti |
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Please make a stop | Tshoba Berhenti |
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Arrival | kedatangan |
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Departure | keberan "katan |
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kereta api |
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Airport | pelabuhan blow |
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Emergency cases |
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Help me | tolong saya |
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Fire service | pasukan pemadam kebakaran | pasukan pemadam kebakaran |
Ambulance | outpatient |
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Hospital | rumah sakit |
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membuat saya |
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Restaurant |
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I want to book a table | saya mau memesan meja | saya mau memesan meya |
Check please (bill) | coba periksa (rekening) | tshoba periksa (rekenin") |
Language of Indonesia
What is the language in Indonesia?
The main language of communication on the islands of Bali, Java and others is Indonesian. The language of Indonesia was formed in the first half of the last century based on Malay. It belongs to the Western group of Malayo-Polynesian languages. About twenty million residents speak the Indonesian language fluently. In total, more than two hundred million people speak it.
The Indonesian alphabet consists of 23 Latin letters.
A distinctive feature of the language is not a pronounced accent. In fact, the Indonesian language assumes that all syllables are stressed. For this reason, all vowel sounds are pronounced without reduction (not reduced).
Today, the official language of Indonesia is studied at universities such as Moscow State University and MGIMO. Before traveling to the islands, tourists can take a short course from teachers of the above universities. Many note that the official language in Indonesia is quite understandable, and you can learn the basics in a few lessons.
Western group of Malayo-Polynesian languages, Austronesian family. The official language of Indonesia since 1945. More than 150 million carriers. It has no dialects. Continuation of the Malay language. Loanwords from Javanese, Sundanese, Dutch, English, Arabic and Sanskrit.The type of language is neutral (with a clear movement towards nominativity), fundamentally isolating. The name is most often used as a stem, a verb with affixes.
Alphabet and pronunciation
In use since the beginning of the twentieth century.In square brackets the transcription is indicated for those letters whose pronunciation differs from the standard one for the Latin alphabet.
a, b, c [h], d, e, é [open], f, g, h, i, j [j], k, kh, l, m, n, ng [closed], ny [ny ], o, p, r, s, sy [w], t, u, v, w, z
Accent quantitative (long stressed vowel), on the penultimate syllable or (if the penultimate e) on the 3rd from the end.
Noun and adjective
In Indonesian they are less closely related in structure than in Indo-European languages. Typologically, this is due to the structure of neutral languages, in which the adjective is formally and semantically closer to predicates (verbs).Noun morphologically invariable, except for reduplication: in the plural the stem is doubled, for example, orang “person” - orang-orang (in the current spelling orang 2) “people”.
Adjective as an independent part of speech it is not always distinguished, but it has some independent characteristics. Examples: baik "good" - lebih baik "more good, better", kurang baik "less good", terbaik "the best", sebaik-baiknya "best (of them)", paling baik "best of all", baik-baik "very good, very good", orang baik-baik "good people"; berani "brave" - orang seberani singa "a man as brave as a lion."
Verb and adjective
Predicates have the categories of aspect, transitivity and voice (in this case, transitivity and voice are expressed independently of each other) and are not conjugated.Types: general (not particularly marked), intensive (formed by reduplication) and perfect (prefix ter-).
Transitive verbs are marked with the suffixes -i, -kan and the prefix per-.
Deposits: active (prefixes me-, men-, mem-, meng-, meny-), passive (more precisely, stative, formed using affixes denoting the person of a real object: ku- for the 1st, kau- for the 2nd, di -...[-nya] for the 3rd), reflexive (ber-), mutual (ber-...-an or...-me..., for example tolong-metolong "help each other", bertunangan "engaged").
Numerals
1 satu2 duas
3 tiga
4 empat
5 lima
6 enam
7 tujuh
8 delapan
9 sembilan
10 sepuluh
11 sebelas
12 duabelas etc.
100 seratus
1000 seribu
1000000 sejuta
135 seratus tigapuluh lima
3rd, all three - kettiga
1/3 sepertiga
Numerals are usually used with counting words, for example seorang anak "one (person) child"
Personal pronouns
Basically they behave like nouns, but there are so-called enclitic forms that denote the object of a verb or possessiveness of a noun phrase: for the 1st person -ku, for the 2nd - -mu, for the 3rd - -nya.Full forms:
saya, aku "I", engkau, kau, kamu "you", (d)ia, biliau "he (she, it)", kami "we (without you, without you)", kita "we (with you, with you)", kamu "you", mereka "they"; tuan "master", bapak "father", mak "mother" are also used as personal pronouns.
Word formation
Quite poorly developed; Among the means of word formation are affixation, conversion, reduplication and compounding (conjunction).Affixes per-, pe(ng, m, n, ny)-, se-, -an, -i, -kan (mostly transitives), infixes (guruh "thunder" - g em uruh "thunderous", tapak and t el apak "foot").
Conversion: saya kata "I say" - sepatah kata "one word".
Reduplication: 1) partial: le laki "male", tangga "stairs" - tetangga "neighboring, neighboring"; 2) with changes: gerak “to move” - gerak-gerik “behavior”, sayur “vegetables” - sayur-mayur “different vegetables”; 3) complete - grammatical means.
Compounding words: tanya "ask" + jawab "answer" = tanya jawab "dialogue", air "water" + mata "eye(s)" = air mata "tears".
Syntax
The sentence contrasts the noun and verb phrases. In a noun phrase, if necessary, only the last member is morphologically formed, even if it is an adjective (i.e., doubles in the plural, takes enclitic possessive pronouns).The definition always comes after the word being defined.
Basic word order in a sentence: predicate - subject (- object if necessary). The adverbial adverbial usually comes at the beginning of the sentence.
Most common phrases
| How are you? (also used as a greeting) | Apa kabar? | |
| How are you doing? | Kamu gimana kabarnya? | |
| Who are you? | Kamu siapa? | |
| What is your name? | Siapa namamu? | |
| How old are you? | Berapa umur anda? | |
| Where are you from? | Kamu asalnya dari mana? | |
| Are you busy now? | Apakah kamu sedang sibuk? | |
| Are you still there? | Apakah kamu masih disana? (Masih ada disana?) | |
| Where is...? | Di manakah...? | |
| When … ? | Kapankah... ? | |
| How to say...? | Bagaimana anda mengatakan… ? | |
| What did you eat today? | Kamu makan apa hari ini? |
| Yes | Ya | |
| No | Tidak | |
| Thank you | Terima kasih | |
| You're welcome (you're welcome) | Terima kasih kembali | |
| Sorry (sorry) | Maafkan saya | |
| Hello | Helo | |
| Good morning/afternoon/evening/night | Selamat pagi/siang/sore/malam | |
| See you later (see you later) | Sampai jumpa | |
| Bye | Dah | |
| Goodbye | Selamat tinggal | |
Text
Disuatu ranah yang indah dan tenteram dihilir Sungai Sa"dan diam seorang tuan tanah dengan isterinya dan seorang anak perempuannya yang sudah remaja Dorilana namnya.Analysis: In (di-) one + some valley which is (yang) beautiful and (dan) calm in the lower reaches (hilir) of the Sadan River to live (diam) one-person owner (tuan) + land (tanah) c (dengan) wife (isteri)-his and one-person child + woman-his who is already (sudah) adult Dorylana name-his/her.
Translation: In a beautiful and calm valley in the lower reaches of the Sadan River there lived a landowner with his wife and already grown-up daughter named Dorilana.
INDONESIAN LANGUAGES(or Malay) languages were traditionally considered as one of the branches of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which, in turn, were included in a larger linguistic group - the Austronesian family of languages. Currently, the idea of the internal classification of Austronesian languages has changed somewhat ( cm. AUSTRONESIAN LANGUAGES), however, the term “Indonesian languages” remains quite commonly used, especially considering that this group includes the largest languages of the Austronesian family in terms of the number of speakers (one of which, national Indonesian, is by this parameter one of the largest languages in the world ; the number of its speakers exceeds 150 million people). The languages included in the Indonesian branch are distributed from the island of Madagascar off the east coast of Africa (Malagasy or Malagasy) to Taiwan (Formosan languages), but their main areas of distribution are Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines.
According to researchers, there are approximately 250 languages and dialects in Indonesia, but extensive research is required to confirm or refute this. Of the most important native languages of the local population, the largest in terms of the number of speakers (about 80 million people) is Javanese, widespread in the central and western part of the island of Java and has a long written tradition (from the 8th century AD) and a rich literature. It is followed by Sundanese (Sunda), spoken in western Java, and Madurese, spoken on the nearby island of Madura and eastern Java. The next largest group includes Acehnese (Ache) and Gayo in northern Sumatra; Batak and Minangkabau languages in central Sumatra; Lampong languages in southern Sumatra; and Malay, spoken on the east coast of Sumatra, West Malaysia, southern Thailand and the coast of Kalimantan. Dayak languages are also spoken in Kalimantan, among which the Ngaju language should be mentioned. One of the groups of languages of Kalimantan (Baritos) also includes the Malagasy language, which is geographically remote from the rest of the Baritos languages by many thousands of kilometers. Other important languages include Balinese, Buginese and Makassar (the latter two languages are spoken in the south of Sulawesi). The territory of distribution of the languages of the Indonesian branch in the east extends to the Moluccas Islands.
In the Philippines, where almost 90 languages are represented, more than 85% of the population speaks one of the following languages: Tagalog, which is the basis of the official language of the Philippines; Cebuano (Sugbuanon); Hiligaynon (Panayan) and Ilocano; Bicol; Varay-Varay (Samara).
In addition to local languages, Indonesia has a national language, the basis of which is the Malay language and which is called the Indonesian language; the term “Bahasa Indonesia” is often used to refer to it, which, in fact, simply means “Indonesian language”. Malay in the proper sense was the native language of the inhabitants of the Malay Peninsula and nearby eastern Sumatra; it is close to the Minangkabau language spoken in west-central Sumatra. In a simplified form, Malay was the lingua franca of all coastal areas of the Indonesian archipelago even before the arrival of Europeans. Its use by the Minangkabau people since 1910 as a literary language led to its further spread and strengthening of its position in rivalry with Dutch, which was the language of the Indonesian intelligentsia. In October 1928, the Second Youth Congress, held in Jakarta, proclaimed the Indonesian language as a national language, and in 1938, the Indonesian Language Congress was held in Solo, which aimed to discuss problems associated with its use and development. After the Japanese invasion in 1942, all languages except Japanese and Indonesian (which the Dutch and Japanese called Malay) were banned. This gave a powerful impetus to the spread of the Indonesian language and necessitated bringing it into line with the needs of modern society. In the period before World War II, the development of the Indonesian language was greatly influenced by the Malay language of Sumatra, but today the influence of Jakarta, which is the seat of government, is rapidly increasing. Javanese, Sundanese and Minangkabau influences continue. Writing based on the Latin alphabet.
Since the 1970s, the Indonesian and Malaysian governments have compiled a common vocabulary, unified spelling, and smoothed out other differences between Indonesian and Malay.
The Malay language was declared the official language of the Malayan (now Malaysian) Federation and Brunei in 1956. During its history, the Malay language has experienced three significant influences: Indian (300-1200 AD); Muslim (11001600); and European (since 1600). During the period of Indian influence, the Old Javanese and Malay languages absorbed many borrowings from Sanskrit through translations Ramayana And Mahabharata. Later, Islam became the main religion of Indonesia and Malaysia, bringing with it hundreds of borrowings, now an integral part of the Malay language. Initially, the European contribution was limited mainly to words borrowed from Portuguese, Dutch and English and denoting hitherto unknown objects, such as “window”, “pen”, “table”, “ink” and many others. etc. The Dutch influence remained very strong, and Dutch usages and syntactic structures are noticeable in modern Indonesian.
The structure of Indonesian languages is based on affixes (prefixes, infixes and suffixes) that are attached to words equal to the root morpheme: Indonesian rumah"house", perumahan"housing". In Indonesian, nouns have no inflectional affixes, verbs do not express person and number, there are no different classes of nouns and verbs, and there is only one form of adjective. Verb tenses are expressed, if necessary, using various function words. First person plural pronouns have exclusive and inclusive forms: kami"we (excluding the interlocutor)", but kita"we (including the interlocutor)".
Counting words, or classifiers, are widely used. In relation to a person, "one" will be seorang; in relation to an animal seekor, For example: seekor kutjing"one cat" The plural is expressed in several ways, although if the context clearly indicates plurality, it is often not formally expressed in any way. To express the plural, reduplication (doubling) is used, and in writing it is indicated by a superscript (2), for example: buku"book" buku 2 (read buku-buku) "books". Reduplication is also used to express repetition, duration, reciprocity of action and to express a number of other meanings. See also Tagalog LANGUAGE.
Michael Bordt and Liswati Seram
Translation from English:
Roman Laryushkin (e-mail: [email protected])
First edition: Jakarta, September 1991
Second edition: Jakarta, February 1995
Adobe Acrobat version: Ottawa, October 1995
HTML version, April 1996
Multilingual project by Ilya Frankwww. franklang. ru
Russian version: Simferopol, July 2003.
Day 1. Politeness. 3
Day 2. Taxi.. 4
Day 3. More about politeness.. 5
Day 4. Numbers. 6
Day 5. Simple sentences. 7
Day 6. Questions... 8
Day 7. Phrases... 9
Appendix 1. Pronunciation. 10
RULES.. 10
PRONUNCIATION GUIDE.... 10
Vowels. 10
Diphthongs.. 11
Consonants (easy part). 11
Appendix 2. How to find words in the dictionary. 12
Table A-1. Determining the root in words starting with “me” and “pe”. 12
Appendix 3. Dictionary. 14
Grammar notes.. 14
Introduction
Let's face it - whether you're in Indonesia for a week or 10 years, it's not only polite and helpful to know at least a little of the language, but in many cases it's absolutely necessary. Unless you want to be caught at the Borobudur Hotel (one of Jakarta's oldest luxury hotels) or restricted to traveling with an interpreter, you need to be able to communicate with these fun, friendly and strange people. This booklet gives you an effortless approach to learning the basics of the Indonesian language, Bahasa Indonesia.
You should also encounter a structured, functional approach to learning Indonesian. In phrase books you can find many phrases for special occasions (“Is this play a comedy or a tragedy?”). They are usually poorly organized for social situations (going to the market, at customs), when you most likely will not have the time or desire to carry around with a stupid phrasebook, even if you took it with you, which is extremely implausible. With these books, you can either memorize a couple hundred phrases that may or may not have any application. Or you can keep this book in your pocket and hope that your fingers are fast enough to find the translation of the phrase “turn left here” before the taxi takes you completely out of town in a straight line.
Grammarians and dictionaries, although good for long-term language learning, will be even more of a nuisance in a taxi and at the supermarket checkout. Teaching tapes also have their place in the study of oral communication, but this approach requires time and effort to achieve practical results.
What is required for a short-term guest, and even for a newly arrived long-term guest, is a list of commonly used, useful, and necessary words and phrases, grouped so that the most useful ones can be learned and used first.
The most useful phrase book I found is this Indonesian Words and Phrases by the American Women's Association. It covers some of the most important core concepts and I highly recommend it, but no one wants to memorize an entire book on their first day in a new country. The following list of words, grouped by day, will help you get through the first week while you make plans to study the language more deeply.
Variants of words in the following dictionary are given in square brackets through a vertical line (for example = [morning | afternoon | afternoon | evening]; pagi - morning, etc.). The words to be inserted (...) can be replaced from any phrasebook or dictionary in Appendix 3.
Apps include a pronunciation guide, help with looking up words in the dictionary, and a short list of essential words.
Before you start, make sure you are truly interested in learning the language. It's not easy to meet an Indonesian on the street, and the language may not be useful unless you're visiting Indonesia itself. The language will also be useful in neighboring countries such as Malaysia, Brunei or East Timor. If you realize this and are still confident in your decision, go ahead and get new knowledge!
Set yourself a goal. Any language takes time to learn. In general, it is somewhat similar to bodybuilding: you need to do it regularly and devote yourself completely to studying. Even if you can't attend a class, that doesn't mean you can take a couple of days off. Remember, this is a long-term goal, not a spontaneous decision. Many people give up learning a language after a month or a couple of weeks, so try not to lose motivation, no matter how difficult and difficult it gets.
Pronunciation. Indonesian is pronounced the same way it is written. In this it is similar to Latin, Spanish and international phonetic transcription. Each syllable consists of no more than 1 vowel and 1-2 consonants. The exception is diphthongs.
A-E-I-O-U."A" is pronounced "A" in Indonesian. "E" is pronounced "E", "I" is pronounced "I", "O" is pronounced "O". "U" is pronounced "U". Similar to Latin. "C" is pronounced like "H".
Learn the simplest things first. Understanding the basics is the easiest and most fun part, you feel pretty confident and understand a lot. Here are some basic words and expressions in Indonesian:
- Terima kasih ( te-ri-ma ka-si)- Thank you
- Maaf ( ma-af)- Sorry
- Apa kabar? ( a-pa ka-bar?)- How are you?
- Permisi ( per-mi-si)- Sorry
- Saya/Aku ( sa-ya/a-ku) - I (official/unofficial)
- Anda/Kamu ( an-da/ka-mu) - You (official/informal)
- Saya mau makan ( sa-ya ma-u ma-kan) I'm hungry
Surround yourself with language. This will come in handy later, especially on days when you start to lose motivation. There are many fun and convenient ways to introduce a foreign language into your life. Subscribe to Indonesian press newsletters, start watching Indonesian movies with subtitles, listen to Indonesian music and songs, etc.
If possible, sign up for courses. However, unless you live in Oceania or East/Southeast Asia, courses may not be so easy to find. However, you can hire a tutor or join a language club. It's much easier to achieve a goal if you have a clear schedule and communication with other stakeholders.
Buy a dictionary. It is likely that you will find a Russian-Indonesian dictionary in a bookstore, but don’t be afraid to ask for other literature. A dictionary will help you in your learning, especially when you encounter unfamiliar words. Online translators may produce incorrect translations, so use only reliable sources.
