The main features of the conversational style of speech. Conversational style of speech in everyday life

Introduction

Conclusion

Introduction

Everyday vocabulary is vocabulary that serves non-productive relationships between people, that is, relationships in everyday life. Most often, everyday vocabulary is represented by colloquial speech. Colloquial speech is a functional type of literary language. It performs the functions of communication and influence. Colloquial speech serves a sphere of communication that is characterized by informality of relations between participants and ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, family settings, at informal meetings, meetings, informal anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, during confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss and a subordinate, etc.

The next characteristic sign colloquial speech- the direct nature of the speech act, that is, it is realized only with the direct participation of speakers, regardless of the form in which it is realized - dialogical or monological.

The activity of the participants is confirmed by statements, replicas, interjections, and simply sounds made.

The structure and content of conversational speech, the choice of verbal and non-verbal means of communication are greatly influenced by extralinguistic (extra-linguistic) factors: the personality of the addresser (speaker) and the addressee (listener), the degree of their acquaintance and proximity, background knowledge (the general stock of knowledge of the speakers), the speech situation (context of the utterance). Sometimes, instead of a verbal answer, it is enough to make a gesture with your hand, give your face the desired expression - and the interlocutor understands what your partner wanted to say. Thus, the extra-linguistic situation becomes an integral part of communication. Without knowledge of this situation, the meaning of the statement may be unclear. Gestures and facial expressions also play an important role in spoken language.

Colloquial speech is uncodified speech; the norms and rules of its functioning are not recorded in various kinds of dictionaries and grammars. She is not so strict in observing the norms of literary language. It actively uses forms that are classified in dictionaries as colloquial. “The litter does not discredit them,” writes the famous linguist M.P. Panov. “The litter warns: do not call a person with whom you are in strictly official relations a darling, do not offer to shove him somewhere, do not tell him that he is lanky and sometimes grumpy. In official papers, do not use the words look, to your heart's content, to your heart's content, penny wise, after all? In this regard, colloquial speech is contrasted with codified book speech. Colloquial speech, like book speech, has oral and written forms. Active study of spoken language began in the 60s. XX century. They began to analyze tape and manual recordings of relaxed, natural oral speech. Scientists have identified specific linguistic features of colloquial speech in phonetics, morphology, syntax, word formation, and vocabulary.

conversational style speech Russian

Peculiarities conversational style

Conversational style is a speech style that has the following characteristics:

used in conversations with familiar people in a relaxed atmosphere;

the task is to exchange impressions (communication);

the statement is usually relaxed, lively, free in the choice of words and expressions, it usually reveals the author’s attitude to the subject of speech and the interlocutor;

Characteristic linguistic means include: colloquial words and expressions, emotional and evaluative means, in particular with the suffixes - ochk-, - enk-. - ik-, - k-, - ovat-. - evat-, perfective verbs with the prefix for - with the meaning of the beginning of action, appeal;

incentive, interrogative, exclamatory sentences.

contrasts with book styles in general;

inherent communication function;

forms a system that has its own characteristics in phonetics, phraseology, vocabulary, and syntax. For example: phraseology - escaping with the help of vodka and drugs is not fashionable these days. Vocabulary - a thrill, hugging a computer, getting on the Internet.

Colloquial speech is a functional type of literary language. It performs the functions of communication and influence. Colloquial speech serves a sphere of communication that is characterized by informality of relations between participants and ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, family settings, at informal meetings, meetings, informal anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, during confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss and a subordinate, etc.

The topics of conversation are determined by the needs of communication. They can vary from narrow everyday ones to professional, industrial, moral and ethical, philosophical, etc.

Important feature colloquial speech is its unpreparedness, spontaneity (lat. spontaneus - spontaneous). The speaker creates, creates his speech immediately “completely”. As researchers note, linguistic conversational features are often not realized and not recorded by consciousness. Therefore, often when native speakers are presented with their own colloquial utterances for normative assessment, they evaluate them as erroneous.

The next characteristic feature of colloquial speech: - the direct nature of the speech act, that is, it is realized only with the direct participation of speakers, regardless of the form in which it is realized - dialogical or monological. The activity of the participants is confirmed by statements, replicas, interjections, and simply sounds made.

The structure and content of conversational speech, the choice of verbal and non-verbal means of communication are greatly influenced by extralinguistic (extra-linguistic) factors: the personality of the addresser (speaker) and the addressee (listener), the degree of their acquaintance and proximity, background knowledge (the general stock of knowledge of the speakers), the speech situation (context of the utterance). For example, to the question “Well, how?” depending on the specific circumstances, the answers can be very different: “Five”, “Met”, “Got it”, “Lost”, “Unanimously”. Sometimes, instead of a verbal answer, it is enough to make a gesture with your hand, give your face the desired expression - and the interlocutor understands what your partner wanted to say. Thus, the extra-linguistic situation becomes an integral part of communication. Without knowledge of this situation, the meaning of the statement may be unclear. Gestures and facial expressions also play an important role in spoken language.

In this regard, colloquial speech is contrasted with codified book speech. Colloquial speech, like book speech, has oral and written forms. For example, a geologist writes an article for a special magazine about mineral deposits in Siberia. He uses bookish speech in writing. The scientist makes a presentation on this topic at an international conference. His speech is bookish, but his form is oral. After the conference, he writes a letter to a work colleague about his impressions. The text of the letter is colloquial speech, written form.

At home, with his family, the geologist tells how he spoke at the conference, which old friends he met, what they talked about, what gifts he brought. His speech is conversational, its form is oral.

Active study of spoken language began in the 60s. XX century. They began to analyze tape and manual recordings of relaxed, natural oral speech. Scientists have identified specific linguistic features of colloquial speech in phonetics, morphology, syntax, word formation, and vocabulary. For example, in the field of vocabulary, colloquial speech is characterized by a system of its own methods of nomination (naming): various types of contractions (evening - evening newspaper, motor - powerboat, enter - in educational institution); non-word combinations (Do you have something to write with? - pencil, pen, Give me something to cover myself with - blanket, rug, sheet); single-word derivatives with transparent internal shape(opener - can opener, rattle - motorcycle), etc. Colloquial words are highly expressive (porridge, okroshka - about confusion, jelly, knucklehead - about a lethargic, spineless person).

Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its use

In the vocabulary of the modern Russian language, from the point of view of the scope of its use, two main layers are distinguished: national words and words limited in their functioning by dialect and social environment. National vocabulary is the commonly used vocabulary for all speakers of the Russian language. She is necessary material to express concepts, thoughts and feelings. The bulk of these words are stable and used in all styles of speech (water, earth, book, table, spring, author, alphabet, promise, walk, talk, start, kind, good, red, quickly, beautiful, etc.).

Dialectal vocabulary is characterized by limited use. It is not part of the lexical system of the common language. This or that dialect word belongs to one or more dialects (dialects) of the national language.

A dialect is a type of language that functions in a certain territory and is characterized by specific dialectal features (in addition to features characteristic of the entire language).

These features are the result of local changes in the national language at different times. The history of the development of dialects is connected with the history of their speakers. At present, only traces of the distant past have been preserved in dialects.

Dialectal vocabulary is words that are characteristic of one dialect or several dialects: susa"ly "skul" (Smolensk), beckon "to wait, hesitate" (Arkhangelsk), basko "good, beautiful" (Novgorod), pokhleya " “put” (Vladimir), borsha”t “grumble” (Vologda), o”taka “father” (Ryazan), zubi”sha “gums” (Bryansk) and words known to all dialects of Northern Russian, Southern Russian dialects and Central Russian dialects. Compare: Northern Russian dialect words: yell “plow the ground”, plow 1) “sweep the floor”,

) “it’s bad to cut bread, in thick slices”, drag “to harrow the ground after plowing”, laney “last year”; South Russian: skorodit “to harrow the ground after plowing”, letos “last year”, paneva “peasant homespun woolen skirt of a special cut (rubbed)”, kachka “duck”; Central Russian: bridge 1) “seni”,

) “steps leading from the entryway to the courtyard”, anadys “recently”, behind the “pop” apron.

The Northern Russian type of residential building is designated by the word izba, and the Southern Russian type by the word hut, but the word izba is known far beyond the borders of the Northern Russian dialect. Probably because in the Old Russian language the word isba meant a heated room.

Based on the nature of the differences in dialect vocabulary, non-opposed and contrasted dialect words are distinguished.

Non-opposite lexical units are words that exist in some dialects and are not used in others due to the lack of corresponding objects, concepts, etc.

In this dialect vocabulary the following groups of words are distinguished:

Words associated with the features of the local landscape, with local natural conditions.

For example, Smolensk, Pskov - bachio "swamp, swampy place", harrier "especially swampy place in the swamp." In areas where there are no swamps, such words are absent.

Words denoting features of the material culture of the region (ethnographic dialectisms), for example, types of clothing that are common in one territory and absent in another. Wed. the already mentioned southern Russian word paneva (panya "va): in the territory of northern Russian dialects, peasants wore sundresses rather than panevas; in the Pskov and Smolensk regions andara"ki ("skirt made of homespun linen canvas"). The Smolensk casing, burka and, accordingly, the Tula fur coat, sheepskin coat are not different names the same item, but designate different items - specific local types of clothing.

This also includes a group of words that denote different household items with the same or similar function. For example, a bucket - tse "bar - a bowl - a tub - the names of objects in which water is stored in the house in winter, but there is a difference between them: a bucket is a metal or wooden vessel with handles in the form of a bow, a tse" bar is a large wooden bucket with ears, only cattle are allowed to drink from it, dezhka is a wooden vessel, but without ears and handles, kadka is a wooden vessel (barrel), different in shape from both the tsebra and the dezhka.

Different types dishes for storing and settling milk in different places are called by different words: stolbu"n - jug (kukshin) - ku"khlik - pot - makhotka - gourlach - jug (zban).

Most of the dialect vocabulary consists of words that are opposed to the corresponding names in other dialects. Their oppositions can be expressed by the following differences:

actual lexical differences, when to designate the same object, phenomenon, concept in different dialects (adverbs) are used different words: pole - rubel - stick “an object used to fasten sheaves, hay on a cart”; jelly - well (kolo"dez); grip - rogach - forks "an object used to remove pots and cast iron from the oven"; squirrel - veksha - vave"rka; cloud - gloomy; boring - dreary, etc.;
lexical-semantic differences, in which, as in the previous case, different words denote similar phenomena, concepts, but these differences are associated here with additional shades in the meaning of words. For example, the word moos (about a cow) in many dialects means general concept, and in some dialects it has the connotation “quietly”; This word is contrasted with the verb roars, which in some dialects denotes a general concept, and in others has the additional connotation of “loudly.” Wed. adjectives sick - sick - kvely, which in some dialects are used to mean “sick in general”, and in others have additional connotations: sick when talking about a person with a cold, kvely when talking about a person with poor health, sick has the general meaning of “sick at all";
semantic differences, when the same word in different dialects has different meaning: weather - “weather in general”, “good weather”, “bad weather”; gai - “forest in general”, “young forest”, “young birch forest”, “ small area in the forest", "tall big forest";
word-formation differences, when the same-root words of different dialects differ from each other in word-formation structure with the same meaning: scourge - biya "k - bichik - bichu"k - bichovka "scourge, part of the flail"; povet - povetka - subpovetka - povetye - subpovetie "building for agricultural implements"; here - that car "here"; there - that "poppy - that" lobes "there";
phonetic differences, in which the same root morpheme can differ in different dialects by individual sounds, but this does not depend on the characteristics of the phonetic system of the dialect and does not affect the latter, since it concerns only a single word: banya - baynya; trouser - hook - rutabaga - belly "rutabaga"; karomysel - karomisel - karemisel “a device on which buckets are carried”; estate - usya "dba; log - berno" - berveno";
accentological differences in which words of different dialects that are identical in meaning are contrasted according to the place of stress: cold - cold (liter, holodno), studeno - studeno (liter. studeno); morkva - morkva, carrot - carrot (liter, morko "v) ; talk - talk (liter, talk).

Dialects are one of the sources of enriching the vocabulary of the Russian literary language in different periods of its existence. This process was especially intense during the formation of the Russian national language. The assimilation of dialect words into the literary language was caused primarily by the absence in it of the necessary words to denote certain realities characterizing various aspects of human life and nature.

Slang vocabulary (or jargon) is words and expressions found in the speech of people related by occupation, pastime, etc. In the past, social jargons were widespread (the jargon of noble salons, the language of merchants, etc.). Nowadays, they usually talk about the jargon of people of a certain profession, student, youth, about slang words in the speech of schoolchildren; for example, common words among students are; grandmothers “money”, cool “special, very good”, sachkovat “idle”, hut “apartment”. Jargons are conventional, artificial names and have correspondences in the literary language.

Jargons are very unstable, they change relatively quickly and are a sign of a certain time, generation, and in different places The slang of people of the same category may be different. One of the characteristic features of student jargon of the late 70s was the use of distorted foreign words, mainly Anglicisms: shuz, label, mafon, etc. A type of jargon is argo - conditional lexical groups, used mainly by declassed elements: feather “knife”, plywood “money”, stand on a nix, etc.

It develops and changes under the influence of material production, social relations, the level of culture, as well as geographical conditions and has a huge impact on other aspects of people’s lives. Everyday vocabulary is vocabulary that names the sphere of non-productive relations between people, that is, everyday life. Everyday vocabulary can exist in both written and oral form. But most often everyday vocabulary is the vocabulary of oral speech.

Like the vocabulary of written speech, the vocabulary of oral speech is stylistically marked. It is not used in special forms of written speech and has a colloquial flavor.

Unlike written speech, in oral speech there is no emphasis on the formality of communication: it is characterized by ease of communication, unpreparedness, situational nature, most often physical contact of communication, and dialogical nature.

These features of oral speech largely explain stylistic features her characteristic vocabulary. The vocabulary of oral speech in comparison with neutral appears as a whole as stylistically reduced.

The scope of its use is the area of everyday everyday, as well as, to a large extent, professional communication of an informal nature.

Depending on the degree of literariness and stylistic decline, two main layers of oral vocabulary can be distinguished: colloquial and vernacular.

Colloquial vocabulary is words that are used in informal, relaxed communication. Being a stylistically colored layer of vocabulary, colloquial vocabulary does not go beyond the vocabulary of the literary language.

Most colloquial words are characterized in one way or another by evaluative use: reveler, neat, crammed, big-eyed, big-nosed, shove (“stuck in”), dumbfounded (“greatly perplex”), fearful (“to avoid something, to get rid of someone— anything"), etc.

Conversational marking is characteristic of the most diverse groups of this vocabulary.

A significant number of colloquial words are formed by semantic contraction of phrases through suffixal derivation: soda (< газированная вода), зачетка (< зачетная книжка), зенитка (< зенитное орудие), читалка (< читальный зал), электричка (< электрический поезд) и мн. др.

The everyday and stylistically reduced nature of such words is well realized when comparing them with compound nominations. The second component of the combinations (nouns) is represented in these words of colloquial vocabulary by the suffix: carbonated water "carbonated water" (a).

With semantic contraction, there may be a complete elimination of one of the components of the phrase, and then the omitted word does not receive any reflection in the structure of the colloquial nomination. Can be eliminated as a defined word (chemistry< химическая завивка, декрет < maternity leave; Wed: She gave herself chemistry; She is on maternity leave), and the defining one (garden, kindergarten< kindergarten, language< иностранный язык; ср.: Петя перестал ходить в садик. Он уже изучает язык). Эти процессы - характерное явление разговорной речи.

Colloquial vocabulary also includes many words of a professional and business nature used in informal communication: steering wheel "steering wheel", brick "no-travel sign", stake out (stake out a topic - "make an application for research"; the direct nominative meaning of the verb - "put up a pillar to designate something: a border, a site, the beginning of some work"), defend "defend a dissertation", settle down "get academic degree", sign "register, formalize marriage", etc.

Colloquial vocabulary is stylistically reduced words that, unlike colloquial vocabulary, are outside the strictly standardized literary language.

Colloquial vocabulary is used for a reduced, rude assessment of the denoted. Such words are characterized by a pronounced expression of negative evaluation: big, ugly, dismissive, “go a long distance.”

Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary, as already noted, is distinguished by varying degrees of stylistic decline. There is no sharp boundary between them. Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary is important structural element organization of conversational and everyday style.

General characteristics colloquial speech

Colloquial speech is used in cases where there is unpreparedness of the speech act, ease of the speech act and direct participation of the speakers in the speech act. The spontaneity of communication excludes the written form of speech, and ease is typical only for informal communication, therefore colloquial speech is oral informal speech.

Philologists discuss the question of which factor in colloquial speech determines its essence, about the boundaries of colloquial speech. But what remains undoubted is that the features of colloquial speech are most clearly expressed when communicating with relatives, friends, close acquaintances and less clearly when communicating with strangers who meet by chance. This property of colloquial speech can be called personal communication (a person addresses personally Ivan or Peter, whose interests, understanding capabilities, etc. are well known to him). The features of colloquial speech also appear more clearly in cases where the speakers not only hear, but also see each other, the objects being discussed, and less clearly in conversations on the phone. This property of colloquial speech can be called the situational nature of communication ( relying on the situation, using not only words and intonation, but also facial expressions and gestures to convey information).

In cases where the conversation takes place between little or no acquaintances strangers or the use of facial expressions and gestures is excluded (talking on the phone), colloquial speech loses a number of its characteristic features. This is like the periphery of colloquial speech.

Peripheral spoken language and non-spoken spoken language are often difficult to distinguish. Colloquial speech has much in common with non-literary speech (dialectal speech, various jargons), since they are united by oral form, unpreparedness, informality and spontaneity of communication. But dialects and jargons (as well as vernacular) are outside the boundaries of the literary language, and colloquial speech is one of its functional varieties.

Colloquial speech, unlike other varieties of literary language, is uncodified speech, therefore, when using colloquial speech, the question of the admissibility or inadmissibility of using this or that does not arise. grammatical form, designs, etc. The speaker is free to invent new formations (Poems cannot be read in a whisper; Is there something on TV today?), to use inaccurate designations: We arrived with these. spacesuits or something (instead of gas masks), “Seda” (the second dish made from chicken with onions and tomatoes according to the recipe of a woman named Seda). He can sometimes use a non-literary word because of its expressiveness (mura) and rearrange the phrase on the fly (He had nothing to do with linguistics; Bagrin had nothing to do with linguistics).

However, all this does not mean complete freedom. Colloquial speech is an uncodified but standardized variety of literary language. The norms of colloquial speech are based on those features that are widespread in the speech of cultural native speakers of the Russian language and do not cause condemnation in conversational conditions. The use of jargon (Where are you going?), expressions unacceptable in a literary language (expletive), illiterate phrases like I didn’t hold you back a bit violates the norms of colloquial speech; She's skinny all the way. Of course, outside the norms of colloquial speech there are dialectal errors in pronunciation (s "astra), word usage (chapelnik instead of frying pan), etc. These are the norms of colloquial speech as a type of literary language.

But there are certain norms inherent in colloquial speech that distinguish it from other varieties of literary language. Thus, incomplete answers are normative for colloquial speech, and complete answers are non-normative (although they can occur); a normatively collectively closed designation of objects, institutions, city districts, etc. He lives behind Sharik, i.e. further than where the ball bearing factory is located). II non-normative official expanded designations (universal steam juice cooker, stationery glue, casein glue) and names (Saratov Order of the Red Banner of Labor state university named after N.G. Chernyshevsky). Let us consider sequentially the phonetic norms of colloquial speech, as well as the lexical, morphological and syntactic features inherent in it.

In contrast to the phonetic norms of official literary speech, colloquial speech is characterized by significantly less clarity of pronunciation. Due to the fact that, as a rule, facts that are familiar and known to the interlocutor are reported, the speaker does not strain his speech organs. Every teacher knows very well from his own experience that if he has a sore throat or cough, it is much more difficult for him to speak in class than at home. Formal speech for a whole class causes a sore throat and cough, as it requires greater clarity of pronunciation, i.e. tension of the corresponding muscles. The same is observed when talking on the phone (the lack of visual perception of the interlocutor also requires greater clarity of pronunciation). In an informal home environment, when the interlocutors understand each other literally, there is no need for special strain on the speech organs. Sounds are pronounced unclearly, the ends of words and especially phrases are swallowed, the pronunciation of many words is so simplified that entire syllables are dropped out (tery instead of now, gar"t instead of says). Such unclear pronunciation can lead to mishearings and incompleteness: What salary did they give her? ( was heard as “How much sugar should I put”), I have an apron here (was heard as “I’m having a heart attack”), etc. Such facts of incorrect perception of what was said are rare, not because the clarity of pronunciation is usually sufficient (when listening to tape recordings of spoken language). mishearings occur constantly), and not because there are few similar words in the language (tape recordings are deciphered), but because the interlocutors know what is being said.

The rhythm of spoken speech arises not only due to the unstressed nature of those words that are not important or informative for the interlocutor (in the given phrase today they were), but also due to words that are superfluous from the point of view of written speech. These are the endless, well, this, this, in general, there, the use of the same introductory words in the speech of some people (that means, so to speak, you know, you understand, etc.).

The intonation of phrases in colloquial speech differs sharply from official speech. Usually, being in the next room without seeing those who are talking and without understanding the words, only by intonation can one determine with whom the conversation is taking place: with loved ones, relatives or with a guest (especially if the relationship with him is official). Official speech is less rhythmic and contains less unstressed words.

In colloquial speech, intonation is rhythmic, but of different types: the stressed word occupies either the initial, then the middle, or the final position: Now vaccinations will begin. There will be a temperature. I don't know, I don't know. Children are flowers. I don't know what to do with him anymore. Then this is such a problem, the same gas and no.

Colloquial speech differs from all other varieties of literary language in its relative lexical poverty. In conditions of direct communication, on the one hand, there is no possibility of “sorting through thousands of tons of verbal ore,” and on the other hand, there is no need for this. The fact is that gestures, facial expressions, and the objects themselves that are in the speaker’s field of vision will help to understand what is being expressed if the expression is inaccurate. And most importantly, the speaker does not care about the form of expression of thoughts, since he is confident that there will be no misunderstanding: if they do not understand, they will ask again.

This lack of concern for the form of expression can develop into linguistic and spiritual laziness, leading to tongue-tiedness. But even in conversation recordings cultured people, known for their excellent oral official speech, there are frequent repetitions of the same words, “extra” words, and very inaccurate expressions.

As we have already noted, only an insignificant part of the vocabulary wealth of the Russian language is used in colloquial speech. A person often uses words that are quite unintelligible to an outsider, but quite understandable to the interlocutor, albeit insignificant.

Usually, the synonymous capabilities of the Russian language are hardly used in conversation. Often, not only book synonyms are missing, but also “colloquial” synonyms: many appeared 90 times, and quite a few, beyond counting, never even once; stupid was recorded 5 times, and stupid, narrow-minded, headless, empty-headed, brainless - not once.

Colloquial speech is characterized by the use of the most common, most common words. The fact that these words are too general in meaning, and sometimes do not even accurately reveal the essence of what is being communicated, is explained by the fact that speakers use additional means: intonation, gestures, facial expressions, pointing to the objects in question.

The vocabulary poverty of colloquial speech is, of course, its disadvantage. In Russian language lessons, it is necessary to expand the active vocabulary of schoolchildren and help them master the synonymous richness of the Russian language. Of course, colloquial speech can never achieve the variety and accuracy of word use of prepared speech. But expanding a person's vocabulary is very important.

So, forced by the conditions of use of colloquial speech and acceptable under these conditions, vocabulary poverty and inaccuracy of colloquial speech outside of it interfere with the understanding of what is said.

The second feature of the use of vocabulary in colloquial speech is the potential freedom of word use. We have already talked about the possibilities of using words with imprecise, approximate momentary meaning. But in colloquial speech it is also possible to use words created for given occasions (cunningly wise), words whose meaning changes as the conversation progresses.

The conditions of colloquial speech give rise to designations (nominations) of objects that are unusual for official speech. In official speech, subject nominations must include a noun, for example, house: red house; the house that stands on the corner; house on the corner. In colloquial speech, designations without nouns are also used.

The bulk of words in colloquial speech are the most ordinary, general literary neutral ones, and not at all special “colloquial” words. A violation of the norms of colloquial speech is also the abuse book vocabulary. Although modern colloquial speech is last decades has been significantly replenished with book words (objects, details, perspective, food, inform, contact, personnel, etc.), many of which are no longer perceived as something alien to colloquial speech; nevertheless, if it is possible to choose a book or colloquial, book or neutral option, one should prefer non-book options.

One of characteristic features colloquial speech - active use of pronouns. On average, for every 1000 words in spoken language there are 475 pronouns (130 nouns, and only 35 adjectives). Wed. in scientific speech: 62 pronouns with 369 nouns and 164 adjectives.

Pronouns in colloquial speech not only replace already used nouns and adjectives, but are often used without reference to context. This is especially true for the pronoun such. Thanks to intonation, this pronoun acquires a special heightened emotionality and either simply serves as an amplifier. The generality of the meaning of the pronoun, as can be seen from the examples, is preserved. But colloquial speech is characterized by situational, rather than contextual, specification of this generality. The decline in the proportion of nouns and adjectives in spoken language is not only due to the widespread use of pronouns. The fact is that in colloquial speech, as already mentioned, a huge number of insignificant words and various kinds of particles are used. On the one hand, due to their unstressed nature, they are a means of creating a colloquial wave-like rhythm of speech. On the other hand, they are forced pause fillers. Conversational speech is relaxed speech, but since a person is forced to think and speak at the same time, he pauses, looking for the necessary word.

In addition to obvious pause fillers, insignificant or insignificant words that signal inaccuracy of expression and approximation are widely used in colloquial speech. Approximateness in conveying the meaning of what is being discussed, an attempt to find the right word is signaled with the help of pronouns this, this is the same. In conversational speech, all these signals of approximation, inaccuracy and simple pause fillers are necessary. It is no coincidence that they also appear in the speech of characters in films, television and radio shows. The fight against clogging speech with “unnecessary” words must be carried out carefully.

Colloquial speech knows almost no participles and gerunds. Their use in Russian is limited by a number of conditions, which are almost impossible to observe in conversation. Even in the speech of highly cultured people, the use of gerunds in oral speech, as a rule, leads to a violation of grammatical norms. Colloquial speech is also not characterized by the use of short forms of adjectives. The use in colloquial speech of not full, but short forms of adjectives of this type is explained by their proximity to the verb (they do not form degrees of comparison, qualitative adverbs with o, and do not have antonyms with the particle not).

In addition to differences in frequency of use different parts speech, colloquial speech is characterized by a peculiar use of case forms. This is manifested, for example, in the fact that for written speech the predominant use of the genitive case forms is typical, and for colloquial speech - the nominative and accusative. These features of colloquial speech are a consequence of the conditions of its existence: forms that are difficult to perceive in oral communication (gerunds, participles, chains of the genitive case) are not used in colloquial speech; nouns and especially adjectives are used relatively little in oral speech, since objects and their signs are more often are generally visible or known to the interlocutors, pronouns and particles are widely used, which is due to the direct contacts of the speakers and the spontaneity of their speech.

The syntactic originality of colloquial speech is especially great. First of all, it is due to the fact that colloquial speech is often used in conditions where the subject of speech is in front of the eyes.

The inability to think through phrases before pronouncing them prevents the widespread use of detailed and complex sentences in conversation. As a rule, speech consists of a chain of short messages, as if strung on top of each other. In conditions of direct personal communication, such speech is natural and normal. On the contrary, complexly organized sentences violate the norms of colloquial speech, making it bookish, clerical, and somewhat artificial.

The use of colloquial style in a literary work

IN literary works the use of a colloquial style of speech has become widespread. Writers and poets introduce colloquial vocabulary into the text of a work of art with various tasks: a more capacious creation of an image, the ability to more accurately describe a character using his speech characteristics, convey the national flavor of speech, everyday life, etc.

In the process of development of the Russian nationality, and then the nation, everything vital, typical, and necessary for language as a means of communication was selected from the dialect vocabulary.

Thus, the literary language includes the words balka, taiga, foliage, roadside, fishing, ushanka, very, annoying, roach, particulate (type of fish), dokha, strawberry, strawberry, spider, plowman, plowing, upper reaches, smile, etc. In agricultural terminology, the use of dialect words as terms continues in our time: stubble, stubble, harvested field, tug, collect, pull out flax by the roots, etc.

The meanings of many words found in the Russian literary language can only be explained with the help of dialect words. For example, the word careless “stupid, disorderly” becomes understandable if it is compared with the dialect Kalinin alabor “order, arrangement” and the dialect word alaborit “to move things around, turn over, redo, puts in order in one’s own way.”

Dialect words are introduced by writers into the language of literary works for various stylistic purposes. We find them in the works of N.A. Nekrasova, I.S. Turgeneva, I.A. Bunina, L.N. Tolstoy, S. Yesenin, M.A. Sholokhova, V.M. Shukshina and others. Northern Russian dialect vocabulary is used by N.A. Nekrasov in the poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'." Dialecticisms are introduced by the author not only into the speech of the characters, but also into the author’s speech. They perform a nominative-stylistic function and are used to describe the morals and customs of the people, to reproduce local color: at ease, strained, from there, pokudova, voster, picuga, ochep, vesmo, blizzard, muzhik (in the meanings of “husband” and “peasant”) and others. South Russian dialect vocabulary is widely represented, for example, in “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev. The writer knew the Kursk, Oryol and Tula dialects well, and from there he drew material for his artistic works. Using lexical dialectisms, I.S. Turgenev often gave them explanations, for example: He was built awkwardly, “sbitem,” as we say (“Singers”). They immediately brought us riding horses; we went to the forest or, as we say, to the “order” (“Burmist”). The author's speech is dominated by words that name things, objects, phenomena characteristic of the life of the characters depicted, i.e. ethnographic vocabulary: He was wearing a rather neat cloth tunic, worn on one sleeve (“Singers”) (chuika - “long cloth caftan”); Women in checkered coats threw wood chips at slow-witted or overzealous dogs (“Burmistr”). In the language of the characters I.S. Turgenev dialect elements serve as a means of socio-linguistic characteristics. “Let him sleep,” my faithful servant remarked indifferently (“Yermolai and the Miller’s Wife”). Jargons are expressive, so they are sometimes used in fiction as a means of creating an image, mostly negative (see the works of L.N. Tolstoy, N.G. Pomyalovsky, V. Shukshin, D. Granin, Yu. Nagibin, V. Aksenov, etc. .).

Conclusion

Colloquial speech serves a sphere of communication that is characterized by informality of relations between participants and ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, family settings, at informal meetings, meetings, informal anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, during confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss and a subordinate, etc., that is, in non-production situations.

The topics of conversation are determined by the needs of communication. They can vary from narrow everyday ones to professional, industrial, moral and ethical, philosophical, etc.

Conversational style is a style of speech that has the following characteristics: used in conversations with familiar people in a relaxed atmosphere; the statement is usually relaxed, lively, free in the choice of words and expressions, it usually reveals the author’s attitude to the subject of speech and the interlocutor; characteristic linguistic means include: colloquial words and expressions, emotional - evaluative means, addresses; is opposed to book styles in general, it has an inherent function of communication, it forms a system that has its own characteristics in phonetics, phraseology, vocabulary, syntax

Conversational style is widely used in literary works.

List of used literature

1.Babaytseva V.V., Maksimova L.Yu. Modern Russian language: In 3 hours - M., 1983.

2.Vakurov V.N., Kokhtev N.N. Stylistics of newspaper genres. - M., 1978.

.Vvedenskaya L.V., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu. Russian language and speech culture. - Rostov n/d,: Phoenix, 2004.

.Vovchok D.P. Stylistics of newspaper genres. - Sverdlovsk, 1979.

.Gvozdev A.N. Essays on the stylistics of the Russian language. - M., 1965.

.Golovin B.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. - M., 1988.

.Zaretskaya E.N. Rhetoric: Theory and practice of speech communication. - M.: Delo, 2001.

.Ikonnikov S.N. Stylistics in the Russian language course: A manual for students. - M.: Education, 1979.

.Kovtunova I.I. Modern Russian language. - M., 1976.

.Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. - M.: Education, 1977. - 223 p.

.Kryuchkov S.E., Maksimov L.Yu. Modern Russian language. - M., 1977.

.Lvov M.R. Rhetoric. - M., 1995.

.Nemchenko V.N. Modern Russian language. - M., 1984.

.Panfilov A.K. Stylistics of the Russian language. - M., 1986.

.Rosenthal D.E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. - M, 1973.

.Modern Russian language // Edited by V.A. Beloshapkova. - M., 1981.

.Modern Russian language // Ed. L.A. Novikova. - St. Petersburg: Lan, 2003. - 864 p.

.Modern Russian language // Ed. P.A. Lekant. - M.: Higher School, 2004.

.Solganik G.Ya. Stylistics of the text. - M., 1997.

.Soper P.L. Fundamentals of the art of speech. - Rostov n/Don: Phoenix, 2002.

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There are different styles of speech in the Russian language. Each of them has its own characteristic features, which allow you to distinguish them from each other. One of these is the conversational style of speech. It also has its own language features and functions. What is conversational style of speech?

The style of speech, the functions of which is to enable people to exchange thoughts, knowledge, feelings, impressions, and also simply maintain contact with each other, is called colloquial.

This includes family, friendly, everyday business, and informal professional relationships. This style is mainly used in everyday life, which is why its second name is “household”.

The conversational style of speech, the definition of its main features and the identification of features developed by ordinary people over the course of many years. Much has changed, but the main features that are not found in other styles of speech have remained unchanged:

Ease. A person may, in the process of communication, express his opinion about certain events, or he may not. Therefore, such communication is informal.
Spontaneity. This sign is that the speaker does not prepare to express his opinion, but does it spontaneously during a conversation. At the same time, he thinks more about the content of his words than about their correct presentation. In this regard, when people communicate, there is often inaccuracy in phonetic and lexical terms, as well as carelessness in the construction of sentences.
Situational. It assumes dependence on the existing situation in which contact between people occurs. Thanks to the specific setting, time and place of communication, the speaker can shorten his statement. For example, when going shopping at a store, a person can briefly say to the seller: “Please, one sliced and a carton of milk.”
Expressiveness. The characteristics of spoken language are also different in that when communicating, people dramatically change their tone of voice, intonation, rhythm, pause, and logical emphasis.
Use of non-verbal means. During a conversation, people very often use facial expressions and gestures that help them better express their feelings.

The conversational style of speech, the definition of its main features, allows you to understand how it differs from other text styles.

What genres is the style used in?

Spoken language describes how people interact with each other. In this regard, there are certain substyles and genres of such language. Substyles of conversational style of speech are divided into colloquial-official and colloquial-everyday.

Genres of conversational style of speech are represented by the following categories:

Genres and substyles of colloquial speech allow us to understand how language is used in a given situation and how it differs. After all, the text in different styles characterized differently.

Linguistic features of everyday language

Features of the conversational style of speech lie primarily in pronunciation. Often people put the wrong emphasis, which is unacceptable for more rigorous texts, for example, written in a scientific style.

Lexical features

Lexical features in colloquial speech indicate the ease of communication and its expressive flavor. During a conversation, people often change words in one part or another, for example, they say angry, smart, wise, sarcastic, chatter, bother, quietly, little by little, well, and so on.

In everyday speech, phraseological units are often used, because a person has a dominant way of thinking in everyday communication. Observing some phenomenon, he makes a generalization. Examples: “There is no smoke without fire”, “The grave will straighten the hunchback”, “Slower than water, lower than the grass” and so on.

The linguistic features of the conversational style also lie in the fact that this style of text has its own word formation. Nouns often change their suffixes, for example, good man, old man, huckster, reveler, feeder, and so on.

A conversational style text may also contain words that designate feminine persons by their specialty, position, occupation, for example, director, secretary, doctor. In addition, there are suffixes of subjective assessment, thanks to which the message acquires the greatest color, for example, thief, playful, little house, feisty and others.

Colloquial adjectives can also change their suffixes like this: big-eyed, big-tongued. In addition, people often apply the prefix “pre” to adjectives, resulting in pre-kind, pre-nice, pre-unpleasant, and so on. Verbs that speak about everyday speech look like this: to misbehave, to wander, to cheat.

Morphological features

Morphological features of the colloquial style of speech imply the use of parts of speech in the wrong case. For example, nouns in the prepositional case: he is on vacation, a plural noun in the nominative or genitive case: agreements, not contracts, several tomatoes, not tomatoes, and so on.

Syntactic features

The characteristic features in the field of syntax in the colloquial style of speech are very unique. The linguistic features of the conversational style are expressed as follows:

the most common form of dialogue is used;
they speak in monosyllabic sentences, and if they use complex constructions, they are mostly complex and non-conjunctive;
often use interrogative and exclamatory sentences;
use sentence words that express affirmation, negation, etc.;
make extensive use of incomplete sentence structures;
interrupt communication or abruptly switch to another thought for some reason, for example, due to excitement;
use introductory words and phrases that have different meanings;
use inserted sentences that break the main structure in order to explain something, clarify something, and so on;
often use emotional and imperative interjections;
repeat words such as “No, no, no, that’s not true.”
inversion is used to emphasize the meaning of a particular word;
use special forms of the predicate.

The syntactic characteristics of conversational style include the use complex sentences, in which the parts are connected by lexical-syntactic means. So, in the first part there is an assessment of the action, and the second part substantiates the first, for example, “Good girl, she did everything right.”

In order to better understand what kind of language this is, an example of a colloquial style of speech should be given:

“Can you imagine, Petrovna, I go into the barn today, and Mikey is gone! I screamed and screamed at her, but she didn’t respond! Then I went to all the neighbors and asked them if anyone had seen it. But alas... Then I decided to go to our local police officer, he accepted the application and promised to sort everything out.”

Another example of a conversational style of speech in the form of dialogue:

- Hello! Are there tickets to Nizhny Novgorod for tomorrow evening?
- Good afternoon! Yes, at 17.30.
- Great! Please reserve one for me at this time.
- Okay, give me your passport and wait.
- Thank you!

Having considered what a conversational style of speech is, it becomes clear that this is simple arbitrary communication between people, which has its own characteristic features. The functions of the conversational style are to enable members of society to interact with each other in an informal setting.

Ministry of Education Russian Federation

Togliatti state academy service

Department of Russian and foreign languages»

Discipline: “Russian language and culture of speech.”

On the topic: “Features of conversational style.”

Completed by: student

Groups T – 301

Averyanova E. V.

Checked by: Konovalova E.Yu.

Tolyatti 2005

1. Features of conversational style………………………………………… 3

2. Colloquial vocabulary……………………………………………………… 6

3. Morphology of conversational style……………………………………….. 8

4. Syntax of conversational style…………………………………………… 10

List of references…………………………………………………………… 14

1. Features of conversational style.

Conversational style is a style that serves the field of oral communication or oral communication.

Conversational style (colloquial speech) is used in a wide range of personal, i.e., informal, non-work relations. This style is more often called colloquial-everyday, but it would be more accurate to call it colloquial-everyday, since it is not limited only to the everyday side, but is used as a means of communication in almost all spheres of life - family, industrial, socio-political, educational, scientific , cultural, sports.

The function of the conversational style is the function of communication in its “original” form. Speech is generated by the needs of direct communication between two interlocutors or more and acts as a means of such communication; it is created in the process of speaking and depends on the response of the interlocutor - speech, facial expression, etc.

Intonation, logical stress, tempo, and pauses play a huge role in spoken speech. In conditions of relaxed communication, a person, to a much greater extent than in the presence of official relationships, has the opportunity to express his personal qualities - temperament, emotionality, sympathies, which saturates his speech with emotional and stylistically colored (mainly stylistically reduced) words, expressions, morphological forms and syntactic structures.

In colloquial speech, the communication function can be supplemented by the message function or the influence function. However, both the message and the impact are manifested in direct communication, and therefore occupy a subordinate position.

The most common factors of the colloquial style are the personal, informal nature of the relationship between the participants in communication; their direct participation in communication; continuation of speech during communication without prior preparation.

Although these factors are closely related to each other, their role in the formation of linguistic features conversational style is far from homogeneous: the last two factors - direct participation in communication and lack of preparation for communication - are closely related to the oral form of speech and are generated by it, while the first factor - the personal, informal nature of the relationship - also operates in written communication, for example in personal correspondence. On the contrary, with oral communication, the relationship between its participants can be official, official, “impersonal”.

Linguistic means used during personal, everyday, informal relationships between speakers are characterized by additional shades - ease, a sharper evaluative moment, greater emotionality compared to neutral or book equivalents, i.e. these linguistic means are colloquial.

Such linguistic means are widely used outside of colloquial speech - in artistic and journalistic, as well as scientific texts.

The norms of colloquial style in oral form differ significantly from the norms of other functional styles, for which the written form is decisive (although not the only one). The norms of colloquial style are not established and are not officially regulated, that is, they are not subject to codification, which gives rise to a very widespread illusion among non-specialists that colloquial speech has no norms at all: whatever you say, so be it. However, the very fact of automatic reproduction of ready-made constructions in speech. Phraseological phrases, various kinds of cliches, i.e. standardized linguistic means corresponding to certain standard speech situations indicates the imaginary or, in any case, limited “freedom” of the speaker. Colloquial speech is subject to strict laws and has its own rules and norms, as evidenced by the fact that factors from book and written speech in general are perceived as alien in colloquial speech. Strict (albeit unconscious adherence to ready-made standards is the norm for oral speech that has not been prepared in advance.

On the other hand, the unpreparedness of the speech act, its attachment to the situation, along with the lack of a clear idea of the norm, determine a very wide freedom in choosing options. The boundaries of the norm become unsteady and vague, and normativity itself sharply weakens. Relaxed everyday dialogical speech consisting of short remarks allows for significant deviations from generally accepted norms due to its inherent impulsive nature.

2. Colloquial vocabulary.

Colloquial style vocabulary is divided into two large groups: 1) commonly used colloquial words; 2) colloquial words, socially or dialectally limited.

Commonly used vocabulary, in turn, is divided into colloquial-literary (bound by the norms of literary use) and colloquial-everyday (not bound by strict norms of use), the latter is adjacent to vernacular.

Colloquial vocabulary is also heterogeneous: 1) colloquialism, on the verge of literary use, not rude in nature, somewhat familiar, everyday, for example: potatoes instead of potatoes, ingenuity instead of intelligence, become instead of happen, get fined instead of to be at fault; 2) extraliterary, rude colloquialism, for example: drive up instead of to achieve, to plop instead of fall, weave instead of talk nonsense, wander around, wander around instead of walk around without la; This includes actual vulgarisms and swear words: thorns (eyes), die, die; weakling, lackey etc. Such words are used for certain stylistic purposes - usually when depicting negative phenomena of life.

Colloquial vocabulary, socially or dialectally limited, includes V such lexical groups as colloquial professionalisms (for example, names of varieties brown bear: vulture, fescue, antbird etc.), dialectisms (talk - talk, veksha - squirrel, stubble - stubble), slang vocabulary (pleisir - pleasure, fun; plein air - nature), argotic (split - betray; new guy, new guy - young, inexperienced; crusts - boots). Many jargons arose even before the revolution in the speech of the ruling classes; some argotisms were preserved from the speech habits of declassed elements. Slang vocabulary can also be associated with the age community of generations (for example, in the language of young people: cheat sheet, pair (deuce). All these categories of vocabulary have a narrow sphere of distribution; in terms of expression, they are characterized by extreme reduction. The main lexical layer of the colloquial style consists of commonly used words, both colloquial and colloquial. Both of these categories of words are close to each other, the line between them is unsteady and mobile, and sometimes elusive; it is not for nothing that in different dictionaries many words are labeled with different marks (for example, the words squat, really in "Explanatory Dictionary" ed. D. N. Ushakova are classified as colloquial, and in the four-volume “Dictionary of Modern Russian Literary Language” - as colloquial; words richer, carminative, sour in "Explanatory Dictionary" ed. D. N. Ushakova are assessed as vernacular, but in the “Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language” they do not have a mark, i.e. they are classified as interstyle - stylistically neutral). In “Dictionary of the Russian Language,” ed. S.I. Ozhegova expanded the boundaries of colloquial vocabulary: many words noted in other dictionaries as colloquial are classified as colloquial. Some colloquial words in dictionaries have a double label - colloquial and regional, since many common dialectisms pass into the category of colloquial words. The colloquial style is characterized by the predominance of words with an emotionally expressive connotation, marked “affectionate”, “playful”, “abusive”, “ironic”, “diminutive”, “contemptuous”, etc.

In a conversational style, words with specific meanings are usually used (storage room, locker room), names of persons (talker, couch potato) and much less often - words with an abstract meaning (superlity, boasting, nonsense). In addition to specifically colloquial words (krohobor, ogoro sew), There are words that are colloquial only in one of the figurative meanings, and 8 others are perceived as stylistically neutral (for example, the verb unscrew e meaning “to lose the ability to restrain”). Colloquial words, as a rule, are synonymous with neutral ones and relatively rarely - with book ones. Sometimes there is a complete correspondence of stylistic opposites (for example: eyes - eyes - peepers).

3. Morphology of conversational style.

The distinctive features of the morphology of colloquial style are associated with the peculiarities of the functioning of the parts of speech in it. The relative activity of morphological categories of words and individual word forms in colloquial style is different than in others functional styles. Verb forms such as participle and gerund are practically not used in colloquial speech. The absence of gerunds can be compensated to some extent by the second predicate, expressing the “accompanying” feature: “And I’m sitting writing”; "They have
they punish me, but I regret not punishing”; “I see: he’s walking unsteadily.”
A well-known analogy (but, of course, not identity) with revolutions like
“Please take out the pliers that are on the shelf.”(or
"lying on the shelf") makes up the design: "Please get it
pliers... they’re on the shelf over there.”(or: "over there on the shelf")

In colloquial speech, forms in -а(-я), (-в)shi(с),
resembling participles: “I haven’t gotten up all day on Monday
lay”, “go further without turning back to the store.” Such forms
are considered adverbs of the adverbial form. Forms of the same type:
“Is he a knowledgeable specialist?” - of course they are adjectives.

The ratio of full and short adjectives in the colloquial style is different than in other styles. Short forms of the majority qualitative adjectives are not used, preference is given short adjective type grateful, faithful, satisfied, needed, for which full forms not typical, as well as an adjective meaning that the measure does not correspond to the quality of the type “The dress is too short for you.”

In colloquial and everyday style, non-nominal words (pronouns, particles) have become more common; significant words are used less frequently. With situational attachment of colloquial speech, pronouns with their generalized semantics are used instead of nouns and adjectives: “Please, get me that... well... the one on the top shelf... on the left” (book), “What is he like? - Yes, like that... you know...”, “Hello... It’s you... where is he?” etc. In almost 25% of cases, non-significant words are used not so much to express some shades of meaning, but to fill forced pauses in conversational speech: “Well... since you came... well... be, well... consider yourself guest"; “Well... I don’t know... do as you want”; “But Pavel is right... but he still... found it, that means... solved the problem.”

According to E.A. Stolyarova, there are on average 142 nouns per 1000 words in colloquial speech, while in artistic speech - 290, in oral speech - 295, in written scientific speech - 386; There are respectively 39-82-114-152 adjectives per 1000 words.

Among the case word forms of the noun, the most active is the nominative case form, which is explained by the peculiarities of colloquial syntax, i.e. prevalence of constructions with “nominative themes” (“buy there... well, kefir, cheese... yes... here's another... sausage... don't forget it”; “And the Palace of Congresses... did you get there?") as well as the usage of nouns in nominative case with various kinds of additions, clarifications (“And you go straight, straight... there’s a house there... so you’re passing by”; “Well, You can’t remember everyone... Sveta... I know her”).

In colloquial speech, a certain group of material nouns is used in countable form in the meaning of “portion of this substance”: two milks(two bags or bottles), two sour cream, two borscht etc.

The feminine form is also activated when denoting a profession or position: cashier(instead of the official "cashier"), librarian(instead of "librarian"), doctor(instead of “doctor”).

4. Conversational style syntax.

The most unique feature of the colloquial style is its syntax. And this is not surprising: the unpreparedness of spoken language is especially strongly reflected in its syntax.

Direct contact between participants in a speech act, instantaneous consideration of the interlocutor’s extra-linguistic reaction (facial expressions, gestures, etc.), communication in the form of dialogue, and attachment to the situation determine various kinds of incompleteness and understatement of the message.

In colloquial speech, in particular, they are widespread
structures capable of performing the functions of the missing part
statements, for example, the so-called main independent and subordinate independent. So, at the end of a conversation that touches on complex, conflicting issues, the solution of which turned out to be problematic, or even after a significant time after such a conversation, a person says: “Oh, I don’t know, I don’t know.” Thanks to its special intonation, this structure performs the function
not only the main clause, but also the unsubstituted subordinate clause: “...what will happen next (...what will come of it).” There are even more reasons to talk about the main independent thing when a pronoun is used in a sentence such or adverb So, i.e. demonstrative words, after which, however, in this case there are no subordinate clauses: “Your ones are not so dirty hands...", "I can sew so well..."

Sentences are used as “independent subordinate clauses” only in cases where the content of the unsubstituted main element included in them is expressed in intonation and a conjunction or a conjunction word or is suggested by the structure of the sentence itself: that she is, that she is not(instead of "It doesn't matter that she exists, that she is not there").

The colloquial style is distinguished by a variety of types of incomplete constructions or “unsubstituted syntactic positions.” They are studied in particular detail in the monograph “Russian Colloquial Speech”.

For example, the unsubstituted syntactic position of the predicate verb in constructions like he's home. The fact that such a statement will be correctly understood outside the context proves its systematic linguistic nature. A wide variety of categories of verbs can be unsubstituted - verbs of motion: “ Where are you going? - “Only to the store”; verbs of speech: " Not very interesting - keep it short »; « Well, this is my praise to you »;

verbs with a meaning close to the meaning "address": “We are already with this in the district committee and in the newspaper”; “to practice, to study”: “She does gymnastics every morning. Regularly"; with a value close to the value "read, study": “Well, with my knowledge of German, I could probably read this book in a week”; with a value close to the value “beat”: “It’s great that they hit him”, “I think it’s his stick” etc. A verb in an indefinite form can also be unsubstituted: “We should go to the theater tomorrow,” “I couldn’t talk about that.”

It is known that colloquial speech is characterized by increased emotionality, which is achieved in various ways. Word order and intonation play an important role. So, in order to focus attention on that part of the message that is expressed by the adjective as a predicate, it is made the beginning of the sentence; it takes over the logical stress and is separated from the unstressed noun by a connective be: there was a small river; they were great mushrooms. As noted by O.A. Laptev, of particular interest are constructions in which the only purpose of the adverbial word is to fill the empty stressed link in order to preserve the expression of speech: “I like her so much!”, “Try and take her, so she will start biting! Use of stressed pronouns such as, some, no allows you to maintain the appearance of constant emotional intensity of speech: “It was so hot, terrible”; “there was such a noise”; “And we bought these flowers.”

Expressive constructions are used in colloquial speech in which the informative center of the utterance strives for maximum formal independence from the rest of the utterance, for example, the so-called nominative topic. True, the “nominative theme” is also used in other functional styles, both in written and oral form, representing a stylistic device whose purpose is to attract
the reader's or listener's attention to the most important, from the point of view
the speaker's point of view, part of the utterance. A.M. Peshkovsky suggested that the use of the nominative theme in
lecturer's speech “arises from the desire to highlight a given representation and thereby facilitate the upcoming connection of this representation -
with another. The idea is presented in two steps:
first an isolated object is put on display, and the listeners only know that something will now be said about this object
it is also said that for now this object must be observed; next
moment the thought itself is expressed.”

In colloquial speech, this process of dividing the utterance into parts occurs automatically. What is done in lecture speech to facilitate the listener, in colloquial speech can be done by the speaker to facilitate himself, for example: The sky/it everything is in clouds; Lecture/where will it be?; Nikolai Stepanovich/ Nikolai Stepanovich will not be there today; Sausage / cut, please; She I really liked the picture. ABOUT. Sirotina identifies “nominative themes” in “qualitative situations”, widespread not only in oral (literary and dialect) but also in written speech. These designs are characterized by bright expressed meaning qualitative characteristics of the subject: Grandma - she will talk everyone out(i.e. chatty).

Characteristic of colloquial speech and the addition construction (And your daughter, is she a historian?); interrogative constructions with an additional phrasal boundary (You did this on purpose, right? Damp log (dragged); non-union subordinating constructions (Want \did grandma bake a pie?); overlay designs (This is the TV center, and her - tower, she asked); bipredicative constructions with who (Come in - those who are going to the procedures!).

In colloquial speech there is no strictly fixed arrangement of the components of a phrase, therefore the main means of actual division is not word order, but intonation and logical stress. This does not mean at all that in colloquial speech the order of words does not play a role at all in the expression of actual division. There are certain trends here: the informatively important part of the statement is located as close as possible to the beginning of the sentence; there is a desire for preposition of that part of the syntactic association that is more strongly accented (while bookish-literary speech is characterized by the opposite principle, corresponding to the rhythmic-intonation structure of bookish-literary speech - the postposition of the member that is more strongly accented). For example: I like it very much this theater(in neutral written speech it would probably sound like this: I really like this theater); In Sochi... no... I won’t go to Sochi; It was a difficult year, difficult; Oddly enough, but he gets more tired in the 100-meter race than in the 200-meter race. Active means of actual division of colloquial speech are special emphatic words and repetitions: What about the teachers' council? Today won't it?; For how many years now he has been vacationing in Gelendzhik every year... in Gelendzhik.

List of used literature

1. Barlas L.G. Russian language. Stylistics. M.: Education, 1978. – 256 p.

2. Valgina N.S., Rosenthal D.E., Fomina M.I. Modern Russian language. M.: Logos, 2001. – 528 p.

3. Goykhman O.Ya., Goncharova L.M. and others. Russian language and culture of speech. - M.: INFRA - M, 2002. -192 p.

4. Grekov V.F., Kryuchkov S.E. A manual for Russian language classes. - M.: Education, 1984. – 255 p.

5. Pustovalov P.S., Senkevich M.P. A guide to speech development. – M.: Education, 1987. – 288 p.

The conversational style (RS) is opposed to all other styles (bookish) for the following reasons:

The main function of RS is communicative (communication function), while the functions of book styles are informative and influencing.

The main form of existence of the RS is oral (in book styles it is written).

The main type of communication in RS is interpersonal (person - personality), in books - group (oratory, lecture, scientific report) and mass (print, radio, television).

The main type of speech in RS is dialogue or polylogue, in books it is monologue.

RS is implemented in a situation of informal communication, and it is assumed that the participants in the dialogue know each other and are usually socially equal (youth, ordinary people etc.). Hence - ease of communication, greater freedom in behavior, in expressing thoughts and feelings. Most often, MS is implemented in everyday communication, these are dialogues between family members, friends, acquaintances, colleagues, study buddies, etc. In this case, topics of an everyday and non-professional, non-official nature are discussed. Book styles are implemented in formal conditions and serve verbal communication on almost any topic.

Main characteristics of conversational style:

spontaneity, i.e. unprepared speech, lack of preliminary selection of linguistic means;

automaticity of speech, i.e. the use of established verbal formulas characteristic of certain situations ( Good afternoon! How are you doing? Are you going out?);

expressiveness (special expressiveness) of speech, which is achieved by using reduced words ( go crazy, go crazy, go crazy), emotionally expressive vocabulary ( big guy, kikimora, loafer), suffix formations ( daughter, grandma, cute);

the ordinariness of the content;

basically dialogical form.

The formation of speech in a conversational style is also influenced by extra-linguistic factors: the emotional state of the speakers, their age (cf. the speech of adults among themselves and their conversation with small children), the relationships of the participants in the dialogue, their family and other connections, etc.

Linguistic features of conversational style

The conversational style forms its own system and has features that distinguish it from book styles at all levels of language.

On phonetic level, MS is characterized by an incomplete style of pronunciation (fast pace, reduction of vowels up to the disappearance of syllables: San Sanych, Glebych etc.), colloquial stress options are acceptable ( cottage cheese, cooking, gave etc.), freer intonation, unfinished statements, pauses for thinking, etc.

Vocabulary MS is heterogeneous and differs in the degree of literature and emotional-expressive characteristics:

Neutral vocabulary from everyday speech: hand, leg, father, mother, brother, run, look, hear and under.

Colloquial vocabulary (the main stylistic device) - words that give speech an informal character, but at the same time are devoid of rudeness: spinner, superlative, warrior, know-it-all, go home, fool, antediluvian, prevaricate.

Evaluative vocabulary in the composition of colloquial words, which expresses a playful, humorous-ironic, ironic, affectionate, dismissive emotional assessment: grandma, daughter, kids, baby, little boy; poems, scribblings, hackwork, inveterate.

In dictionaries, colloquial words are listed with the mark “colloquial.” and additional marks “joking,” “ironic,” “disdainful,” “affectionate.”

Emotionality large number colloquial words are associated with them figurative meaning: kennel(about a cramped, dark, dirty room), tower(about a tall man) stick(intrusively pester with something) and so on.

Due to the fact that the boundaries between colloquial and colloquial vocabulary are often fluid, as evidenced by the double mark “colloquial-simple.” in dictionaries, RS includes crudely expressive colloquial words, the expressiveness of which allows you to “close your eyes” to their rudeness: belly, big guy, whine, hag, kikimora, freckled, loafer, shabby, hang around, squish and under. They briefly and accurately express an attitude towards a person, an object, a phenomenon, and often contain an additional semantic connotation that is not found in a neutral word, cf.: “he is sleeping” and “he is sleeping.” The word “sleeping” expresses condemnation of a person: someone is sleeping when they should be going somewhere or doing something.

Such vocabulary may have explanatory dictionaries with the main litter “simple.” additional marks “fam.”, “branch.”, “with a hint of disdain,” “joking.”, for example: clunker - simple. joking (Dictionary by D.N. Ushakov).

On phraseological level, the colloquial style is characterized by the use of proverbs and sayings from folk speech: even stand, even fall; sit in a puddle; break into pieces; turn up your nose; hunting is worse than bondage and under.

Derivational The level of conversational style is characterized by:

1) colloquial suffixes

For nouns: -un, -un(ya): talker, talker; chatterbox, chatterbox;

Sh(a): cashier, doctor, elevator operator;

Yag(a): poor fellow, handsome, mongrel, hard worker;

Their(s): janitor, doctor, cook;

K(a): buckwheat, semolina, overnight, candle,

including abbreviated words with -к(а): soda, e-reader, dryer, locker room, record book;hitchhiker, "Literature";

N(i), -rel(i): running, fussing, bickering, cooking, hustle;

Yatin(a): nonsense, dead meat, vulgarity;

For verbs: -icha (t), -nicha (t): to be sarcastic, to be nice, to be greedy;

Well: say, spin, grab;

2) prefix-suffixal verbal formations of conversational type:

run around, chat, sit up;

talk, shout, look;

get sick, daydream, play out;

3) suffixes of subjective assessment:

magnifying: house, beard, hands;

diminutives: house, beard, cunning, quietly, quietly;

diminutives: daughter, daughter, son, little son; Sun, honey;

dismissive: little thing, little house, old man, buffoonery, hillbilly, beard;

4) half names ( Vanka, Lenka), caressing ( Mashenka, Sashok) and babbling names ( Niki – Nikolay, Zizi – Suzanne).

5) doubling words to enhance expression: big-big, black-black;

6) formation of adjectives with evaluative meaning: big-eyed, skinny.

IN morphology :

the predominance of verbs over nouns (verbal nature of speech), the predominant activity of verbs of motion ( jump, gallop), actions ( take, give, go) and states ( hurt, cry); Wed in the NS and ODS the most common verbs are obligatory ( must, obliges) and linking verbs ( is, constitutes);

high percentage of personal use ( me, you, he, we, you, They) and index ( that, this, this etc.) pronouns;

presence of interjections ( ah, oh, uh, oh etc.) and particles ( here, well, she- that, He de he said they say saw);

presence of verbal interjections ( jump, skok, bang, grab);

widespread use of possessive adjectives ( Petya's sister, Fedorova wife);

colloquial case forms nouns: genitive case singular on -y ( from the forest, from home), prepositional singular in -y ( at the airport, on vacation), nominative plural in -a ( bunker, year, inspector, anchor, huntsman);

participles and short ones are rare adjective forms, no gerunds are used.

On syntactic level:

simple sentences, participial and adverbial phrases are not used, complex sentences are not used, except for subordinate clauses with a conjunction word which;

free word order in a sentence: I was at the market yesterday;

omission of words (ellipsis), especially in dialogue:

Have you been to the store? - I'm going to college. Are you home?

lexical repetitions: I tell him and tell him, but he doesn’t listen;

syntactic repetitions (identically constructed sentences): I went to him, I told him...;

speech figures like “Well done!”, “What a scoundrel you are!”, “What kind of idiot!”, “Wow!”;

designs like " Do you have what to write? (i.e. pencil, pen); " Give me how to hide! (i.e. blanket, blanket, sheet);

“non-smooth” phrases, i.e. sentences without clear boundaries, which are obtained as a result of the interpenetration of two sentences: In the fall such storms begin, there, at sea...;

frequent restructuring of structures during the dialogue, amendments, repetitions, clarifications;

rhetorical questions: Will he listen to me?

interrogative, exclamatory and incentive sentences;

in “non-smooth” phrases, the nominative topic is used, when the first part of the sentence contains a noun in the nominative case, and the second contains information about it, while both parts are grammatically independent: Grandma - she will talk to everyone. Flowers, they are never superfluous.

Non-verbal means of communication play a major role in the implementation of MS - gesture and facial expressions, which can accompany the speaker’s words, indicating the shape, size and other characteristics of the subject of speech: I bought this round one(gesture) hat, but can also act at the place of a pause, as an independent means of communication, in the function of individual lines of dialogue, as an answer to a question, a request: nod your head with the meaning “yes”, shrug your shoulders - express bewilderment.