Compound adjectives together. Spelling compound nouns and compound adjectives

In the Russian language, a huge lexical layer belongs to complex adjectives, the spelling of which can cause difficulties and provoke errors. However, you should not be afraid of them, because there are clearly defined rules.

Adjectives formed by adding two stems are written together if:

1. Derived from nouns spelled together. For example:

• Novorossiysk (Novorossiysk), Krasnodar (Krasnodar), freedom-loving (love of freedom).

2. Derived from phrases, the types of connection between which were originally subordination or composition. For example:

• railway ( railway), legitimate (born in a legal marriage), Krasnoarmeisky (Red Army), woodworking (processing wood), meat-procuring (procuring meat), rail-rolling (rolling rails), national (common for the people), etc.

This group also includes adjectives that denote a single concept, including terminological units. They are formed from a phrase like “adverb + adjective”. For example:

• wild, evergreen, highly respected, rarely used, etc.

Note 1. Adjectives formed from compound proper names are written with a small letter .

Note 2. Compound adjectives formed by merging an adverb with simple adjective, are often confused with phrases like “adverb + adjective (or participle)”, which, naturally, are written separately. For example:

• childishly trusting, poorly hidden, wildly annoying, forever young .

Such phrases differ from complex adjectives in that they are not stable in nature.

3. They are terminological units, formed from several bases, the nature of which does not matter. For example:

• hip (bone), ankle (joint), Old Church Slavonic (tongue), deaf-mute, etc.

Adjectives formed by merging two stems are written with a hyphen if:

1. Derived from nouns that were originally written with a hyphen. This group also includes complex adjectives formed from combinations of personal names and patronymics, first names and last names. This group also includes the names of geographical objects (most often settlements), formed from combinations of personal names and patronymics, first names and last names. For example:

• diesel engine, social democratic, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, north-eastern, Buryat-Mongolian;
• Lev-Tolstvosky, Alexander-Pushkinsky, Stephen-King, Chuck-Polanovsky, etc.
• Erofey-Pavlovichsky

Note 1. The exception is the adjective “Zamoskvoretsky”, which is written together.

Note 2. All of the above subgroups of adjectives formed from proper names are written together if the prefix appears in them:

• podalmaatsky, zaorehovozuevsky.

2. Derived from two or more equal words:

• interest-free, gardening, meat and dairy, bouquet and candy (period in a relationship), blue-white-red (flag), etc.

2. Derived from two bases and denote either quality with an additional shade, or shades of colors and undertones. For example:

• rollingly loud, iridescently melodious, provocatively ringing;
• pale pink, blue-green, light orange, dark blue, yellow-red, blue-black, smoky gray, etc.

3. Included geographical names with the first parts north (north), south (south), east, west, for example:

• North Caucasus, South Korean, East China, West Ukrainian, etc.

Note 1. All other adjectives formed from two or more stems are written with a hyphen. For example:

• Literary and artistic (club), mass political (propaganda), vocabulary and technical (department), etc.

Note 2. Words whose first part is the stem “sam-”, “sama-” are also written with a hyphen. For example:

• Self-third, self-heel, etc.

They wrote together: Rybolovetsky - fish catcherRybolovetsky - fish catcher Greybeard - gray beardGreybeard - gray beard Waterproof - water does not penetrateWaterproof - water does not penetrate Three-masted - three mastsThree-masted - three masts Rhinoceros - rhinocerosRhinoceros - rhinoceros

Adjectives formed from compound nouns are written in the same way as nouns:Adjectives formed from compound nouns are written in the same way as nouns: water pipes (water supply), kindergarten yard (kindergarten), southwest wind (southwest).

Written with a hyphen: Blue-green (blue and green) Blue-green (blue and green) Dark gray (shade of color) Dark gray (shade of color) White-pink (white and pink, shade of color) White-pink (white and pink, shade of color) Southwestern (from southwest)Southwestern (from southwest)

Adjectives formed from two equal adjectives, between which the conjunction and can be placed, are written with a hyphen: adjectives formed from two equal adjectives, between which the conjunction and can be placed: bitter-salty (bitter and salty), Russian-English (Russian and English) , white-pink (white and pink). Attention! Adjectives denoting shades of colors are always written with a hyphen: yellow-red. Attention! Adjectives denoting shades of colors are always written with a hyphen: yellow-red.

Spelling of complex adjectives Together With a hyphen 1. Formed from the phrase: gray-bearded, fishing 2. Formed from a complex noun that is written together: rhinoceros (from rhinoceros) 1. You can put the conjunction I: blue-green, dark gray, white-pink 2.Derived from a compound noun, which is written with a hyphen: southwestern (from southwest)

Compound adjectives are parts of speech created by combining two words. They can be converted back into a phrase, the components of which will either have grammatical relationships or simply adjoin each other. In the latter case, words can be related to each other only by meaning.

Ways of education

In the Russian language there are complex adjectives consisting of two elements, which in their original form are words related to each other by grammatical agreement. For example:

• Russian-speaking population (Russian language);
• general historical method (general history);
• comprehensive school (general education);
• seriously ill patient (seriously ill patient);
• one-way traffic (one side).

Adjectives can be formed from nouns that are related to each other in this way grammatical meaning, like management. For example:

• metalworking machine (metal processing);
• forest protection sign (forest protection);
• house-building company (house construction);
• car rental company (car rental);
• petty bourgeois thinking (petty bourgeoisie).

Compound adjectives can come from words that do not have any grammatical relationship and names of geographical objects. For example:

• easily wounded person (easily wounded);
• sharpened knife (sharpen sharply);
• Nizhny Tagil plant (Nizhny Tagil);
• North Ossetian branch (North Ossetia);
• Bolshevyazemsky Museum (Bolshiye Vyazemy).

Integrated spelling of terms

The spelling of compound adjectives may vary. It depends on the method of formation and the area of ​​vocabulary to which these words relate. In the scientific, technical and medical literature there are often terms derived from two words. For example: oxygen-containing, ancient Slavic, spinal, thermal insulating, chromate, private, alkaline earth. Among these words there are also those that cannot be converted into a phrase. For example: equestrian; herbivorous. The continuous spelling of complex adjectives of this category cannot raise doubts, since they consist of elements, one of which (and in in some cases and both) cannot be used separately. It should also be remembered that adjectives are always written together, starting with elements such as general-, late-, upper-, ancient-, lower-. It is also impossible to write separately words on terminological topics that begin with high-, wide-, low-, deep-, small-, narrow-, many-, small-, strong-, acute-, steep-, dense- and so on. For example:

• potent sleeping pills;
• highly developed country;
• large-scale actions;
• highly specialized production;
• densely populated area.

Separate writing of terms

The spelling of complex adjectives is influenced by the presence of explanatory words in the sentence. More precisely, if they are present, only writing separately can be correct worthwhile words. For example:

• densely populated area (an area densely populated by foreigners);
• little-studied problems (a problem little studied by science).

When spelling, you also need to pay attention to word order. Compound adjectives almost always precede the noun they refer to. And a free phrase, examples of which were discussed above, usually follows it. For example:

• quick-drying paint (paint that dries quickly in the open air);
• pungent (a solution that smells pungent when high temperature air);
• an easily achievable goal (a goal that is easily achievable for a person who has special knowledge);
• perishable milk (milk that quickly spoils without prior pasteurization).

It should also be remembered that difficult words, like all others, have only one accent. There are two of them in phrases.

Compound adjectives are also words whose first component is quarter-. For example: quarter-final, quarter-blood.

Hyphen in adjectives and nouns

Hyphenated and continuous spelling of complex adjectives is a section of spelling, ignorance of which often leads to spelling errors. In order to avoid them, you just need to remember a few simple rules.

You need to know that adjectives are always written with a hyphen if they are formed from nouns with a hyphen. For example:

• social democratic party (social democracy);
• south-eastern district (southeast);
• Karachay-Cherkess population (Karachay-Cherkessia);
• New York Park (New York);
• prime ministerial corps (prime minister).

But if such complex adjectives have a prefix, they are written together. For example:

• anti-social democratic views;
• Syrdarya city.

Personality

Words created from proper names are always written with a hyphen. Whereas you need to know that in such cases there must certainly be a hyphen between the main elements of the adjective. For example:

• Ilfo-Petrovsky characters;
• Main-Read novel;
• Robin Hood's exploits;
• Potap-Potapychev portfolio;
• Ivan-Groznovsky time.

Adjectives containing two equal concepts

The writing of complex adjectives depends on the semantic load carried by each of the components. And if one word contains elements that have equal concepts, they are written with a hyphen. For example:

• cultural and entertainment center;
• reporting and examination concert;
• cardiovascular disease;
• propaganda event;
• English-German dictionary;
• workers' and peasants' movement;
• Russian-Turkish war;
• artistic and journalistic genre;
• distillery;
• electronic-automatic method.

Adjectives formed from parts with heterogeneous features

Hyphenation of compound adjectives is applicable when the word consists of elements that can be converted into nouns or other parts of speech that are not homogeneous parts of speech. The first part of such adjectives is often such bases as mass-, national-, military-, scientific-, educational-. For example:

• Research Institute;
• folk arts and crafts;
• navy;
• training and consulting center.

Adjectives denoting a connotation of quality

If an adjective means any property, and to give it a certain shade is added additional element, hyphenated spelling is used. The same rule applies when writing complex adjectives denoting colors and shades. For example:

• sweet and sour sauce;
• masculine and stern appearance;
• anxious and obsessive thoughts;
• a good-natured, friendly smile;
• pale pink lips;
• bright red dress.

Spelling terms with a hyphen

Many terminological adjectives are written with a hyphen. For example:

• cereals and legumes;
• gastrohepatic collection;
• magnetically soft materials;
• stone-concrete foundation;
• filling and drain valve.

Complex adjectives are not written together if their first part is borrowed from foreign language with the suffix “-iko”. When writing words of this type, a hyphen is used. For example:

• historical and ethnographic;
• critical-journalistic;
• medical and health;
• political and legal;
• chemical-technological.

Hyphenated and continuous spellings of complex adjectives are found in the same definitions. Spelling in such cases depends on the context. For example:

• courageous-stern appearance (severe and courageous);
• courageously stern appearance (masculine severity).

Adjectives often consist of elements that are individually synonymous. And their synonymy is a sure basis for hyphenated spelling. For example:

• naive and childish reasoning;
• solemnly sublime vocabulary;
• arrogant and contemptuous attitude.

An example of a lesson in which I integrate differentiated instruction and gaming technology.

Subject:

Spelling compound adjectives.

Target:

• Students will learn to write correctly, explaining the spelling of complex adjectives;
• Students will have the opportunity to systematize knowledge on the topic and determine the scope of application of complex adjectives.

Tasks:

• Organize students’ motivation to study complex adjectives, relying on social experience;
• Create conditions for identifying the level of knowledge of students on the topic through problematic questioning and interactive discussion;
• Organize students to study the material using differentiated learning technology;
• Create conditions for self-analysis and self-assessment using the game “Connoisseurs”.

Form of organization of cognitive activity:

work in groups, inclusion of each student in cooperation

Lesson equipment:

• Multimedia projector
• Presentation of slides “Spelling complex adjectives”

For clarity and to save time, some stages of the lesson can be illustrated with slides with texts (at the discretion of the teacher).

• Task cards

Lesson progress:

1. Organizing a demonstration to students of mastery in the old way.

1. Updating knowledge:

Listen to the text:

A nearsighted person sees poorly without glasses; but what exactly he sees, and exactly how objects appear to him - people with normal vision have a very vague idea about this. Meanwhile, there are quite a lot of myopic people, and it is useful to get acquainted with how they picture the world around them.

First of all, a nearsighted person (of course, without glasses) never sees sharp contours: all objects for him have blurry outlines. A person with normal vision, looking at a tree, distinguishes individual leaves and twigs that stand out clearly against the sky. The myopic person sees only a shapeless green mass of unclear, fantastic outlines; small details disappear for him.

For myopic people human faces appear generally younger and more attractive than to a person with normal vision; wrinkles and other minor facial imperfections are not noticed by them.

“At the Lyceum,” recalls the poet Delvig, a contemporary and friend of Pushkin, “I was forbidden to wear glasses, but all the women seemed beautiful to me; I was so disappointed after graduation!”

What people were discussed in the text?

Give lexical meaning words MYOPIC.

(Poor vision at long distances// transfer . Undiscerning, short-sighted)

What is the antonym for the word MYOPIC (far-sighted)

Can you guess how the word MYOPIC was formed?

Modern word myopic comes from Old Russian nearsighted, i.e. « close-sighted " Then an interesting phonetic phenomenon occurred in the word: out of two identical sounding syllables (zo-zo), one dropped out, and it turned out myopic . Mistakenly associating a new word with a word hand , people started talking myopic.

1. Organization of self-assessment by students of the degree of proficiency in current experience:

In the Russian language there are many words that different sides characterize a person’s appearance, actions, and character. Form and name them:

• Short nose - (snub)
• Blue eyes - ( blue-eyed)
• Broad shoulders – ( broad-shouldered)
• Red cheeks – (red-cheeked)
• Enjoys life - ( cheerful)
• Loves himself - (proud)

What do all these words have in common? (way of education)

1. Informing students about the limits of knowledge, focusing on the goal of learning

At least in today's lesson we will review the spelling of complex adjectives: cases of continuous and hyphenated spelling.

As a maximum, you will have the opportunity to decide: where, when and how to apply complex adjectives in life.

1. Organization of studying educational material

Read the statements and give your opinion:

People can be hardworking when they are free.

D. Diderot

Do you agree with the statement? Give your reasons.

Reasoned statements from students.

I will give you freedom of choice homework, and you will show your hard work and show your knowledge.

Tell me, which word in this statement illustrates the topic of today's lesson? How was it formed?

I have one more statement to observe. Read and comment on it.

Comments from students.

Can we say that an individual author’s style is inherent in any professional?

Find compound adjectives in the sentences.

Problematic question:What determines the choice of continuous or hyphenated spelling of adjectives? Remember what you know about the topic. Write it down in the table.

Interactive discussion, working in groups. Everyone writes in a notebook.

Checking (group answers)

(Consolid or hyphenated spelling depends on how it was formedcompound adjective)

Let's expand our knowledge. You have a task, which I give you 15 minutes to complete.

1. Work in groups to study lesson material

1 group

1. Using the textbook material, mark in your notebooks and name the conditions for combined and separate writing of complex adjectives.
2. Form compound adjectives from the words written in brackets:

Machine (which gins cotton), paper (sensitive to light), factory (where ships are built), crop ( Ancient Rus'), dictionary (Russian and French), literature (on agriculture), plant (where carriages are repaired), park (carriage and locomotive), plan (average for the year), tablecloth (white, snowy).

2nd group

Write down a table in your notebook and fill it in with examples from exercise 206.

3 group

1. Analyze the material in the table. Formulate and write down cases of fused and hyphenated spelling of complex adjectives

1. Make up your own description (describe your character, temperament, interests, etc.) using complex adjectives from the table as much as possible.

Let's check what you accomplished during your work.

Group 1 - a coherent answer with examples. Group 2 – sample reasoning with examples. Group 3 – explains examples worked out independently, demonstrating the scope of application of complex adjectives.

1. Organization of self-assessment, generalization of what has been learned

Practical application of educational material

You are given three minutes to complete the following tasks. There are envelopes on the tables, and they contain the same tasks. You go to the table, take out one sheet of paper with the task from the envelope and complete it. At the signal, move to the next table and also work as a team ( game "Connoisseurs").

Task No. 1 for the group.In many complex adjectives, the first part is formed by the words: high, deep, narrow, shallow, etc. Form complex adjectives by continuing the rows (you can use a dictionary).

High-: high vitamin;

Deep-: dear;

Fine-: fine-grained;

Narrowly-: highly specialized;

Many-: diversified;

Thick-: thick-legged;

Thick-: populous;

Large-: large panel;

Steeply: steeply curved;

Spicy: acutely deficient;

Pure: pure wool;

Above-: above;

Below-: undersigned.

Task No. 2 for the group. Test.

1. Determine the option in which the complex adjective is written with a hyphen:

A) (Highly) educated specialist

B) (24/7) work

C) (Ancient) Russian monument

D) (White)snow tablecloth

E) (Sci-fi) novel

2. Determine the option in which the complex adjective is written together:

A) (North)eastern district

B) (Dark) green leaves

C) (socio)political magazine

D) (Ever)green shrub

E) (Deeply) respected by students

3. Determine the option in which the complex adjective is written with a hyphen:

A) (Clear) eyed

B) (Ancient) Greek

C) (Summer) written

D) (Military) employee

E) (North)eastern district

4. Determine the option in which the complex adjective is written with a hyphen:

A) (Lightly) winged

B) (Frost)resistant

C) (Straight)linear

D) (Dark) blue

E) (Summer) written

5. Determine the option in which the complex adjective is written with a hyphen:

A) Summer (written)

B) (Clear) eyed

C) (Light) green

D) (eloquent)

E) (Old) Russian

6. Determine the option in which the complex adjective is written with a hyphen:

A) (Lightly) winged

B) (South)western

C) (24/7)

D) (Straight)linear

E) (Clear) eyed

7. Identify a complex adjective that is written together:

A) (Straight)linear conversation

B) (Dark) burgundy color

C) (Kazakh) Russian dictionary

D) (Military) airborne assault

E) (North)eastern district

8. Define a complex adjective that is written together:

A) (sickly) sweet taste

B) (eloquent) young man

C) (North)eastern region

D) (Socio)political forum

E) (Light) blue sky

9. Determine the option with a complex adjective:

A) Travel by boat

B) Five millionth resident

C) Brave sailor

D) 24/7 duty

E) The four thousandth issue of the newspaper

10. Determine the option with a complex adjective:

A) Five thousandth issue of the magazine

B) Traveling by plane

C) evergreen plant

D) Digger's work

E) Seven millionth resident

Task No. 3 for the group.Game "Corrector". Correct any mistakes made in the text.

It was a beautiful July day, one of those days that only happen when the weather has settled for a long time. The sky has been clear since early morning; The morning dawn does not blaze with fire: it spreads with a gentle blush.

Around noon there usually appear many round high clouds, golden-gray, with delicate white edges.

The color of the sky, light, pale lilac, does not change throughout the day and is the same all around; It doesn’t get dark anywhere, the thunderstorm doesn’t thicken; unless here and there bluish stripes stretch from top to bottom: then barely noticeable rain is falling.

In dry and clean air it smells of wormwood, compressed rye, buckwheat; even an hour before night you do not feel damp. The farmer wishes for similar weather for harvesting grain...

Guys need to fix:beautiful July, early, morning, golden-gray, light, lavender, farmer.

Summing up the work.

Meanwhile, students complete the table with conditions for writing complex adjectives, about which I learned it in class.

Announcement of results.

1. Homework

Learn the material for today's lesson.

Optional:

Compose a vocabulary dictation (20 words).

Prepare a presentation for the topic of the lesson.

Write a testimonial (for yourself or anyone else) literary hero), using compound adjectives.