Examples of texts conversational style speeches are present in fiction and journalistic literature. There is no universal language suitable for every situation. Therefore, elements of conversational style, characteristic of everyday communication, are found in the media and works of art.
Briefly about speech styles
There are several of them. Each of them has its own purpose. The artistic style is characterized by emotional coloring and imagery. It is used by authors of prose and poetic works. Scientific speech is found in textbooks, dictionaries, reference books and encyclopedias. This style is also used in meetings, reports and formal conversations.
The author of an article written in a scientific style sets the goal of accurately conveying knowledge and information, and therefore uses a large number of terms. All this allows you to clearly express thoughts, which is not always possible to achieve using spoken language.
IN colloquial speech There may be words that are not found in reference books. Moreover, approximately 75% of Russian units literary language people use it in any style of speech. For example, words like I, walked, forest, look, earth, sun, long ago, yesterday. They are called commonly used.
Words like rectangle, pronoun, multiplication, fractions, set, refer to scientific terms. But about 20% of words in the Russian literary language are used only in colloquial speech. Thus, “electric train” does not appear in the railway directory. Here this word replaces the term “electric train”. What are the features of spoken language?
It is implemented mainly orally. This is precisely what distinguishes spoken language from written language. In the book style, literary norms are strictly observed at all language levels. Among the styles of speech, as already mentioned, there are scientific, journalistic, and official business. They all have more common name, namely, bookish. Sometimes artistic style is distinguished as a functional style. However, this point of view raises objections among many linguists. More on the art style below.
Spontaneity
Conversational speech falls into the category of unprepared speech. It is spontaneous, involuntary. It is created simultaneously with the thought process. That is why its laws differ significantly from the laws of the journalistic style. But they still exist, and even in everyday communication one should remember the norms of the literary language.
Examples of conversational style texts are found in speeches by public and political figures. Some of them have gained fame among the people as the authors of unique sayings and aphorisms. “We wanted the best, it turned out as always,” this phrase became famous. However, it is worth saying that its creator made a gross stylistic mistake. Oratory speech should consist exclusively of elements of journalistic style. The incompleteness of the phrase and emotionality are unacceptable for it.
Expressiveness
Using everyday conversational speech, people easily share information, thoughts, feelings with loved ones and acquaintances. It is not applicable in every situation. One of the main features of the conversational style of speech is emotionality. It is appropriate in any informal setting.
In everyday communication, people constantly express their feelings, preferences, preferences or, on the contrary, indignation, irritation, hostility. In the examples of conversational style texts there is an emotionality that is not found in journalism.
Without expressiveness it is impossible to create advertising slogans. The main task of a marketer is to instill confidence in consumers, and this can be done by using texts created in the language spoken by potential buyers. An example of a conversational text: “Fly with Aeroflot planes!” If this phrase is put into a journalistic style, it will turn out to be “Use the services of the Aeroflot company!” The second option is more difficult to perceive and hardly evokes positive emotions.
Jargons and dialectisms
Spoken speech is not codified, but it has norms and laws. Certain taboos exist for her too. For example, contrary to generally accepted opinion, profanity should not be present not only in journalistic, but also in colloquial speech. In the dialogue of educated people there is no place for jargon, rude vernacular, unless, of course, these linguistic elements carry a certain emotional coloring. There should be no dialectisms in colloquial speech - signs of lack of mastery of the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. Although in some cases they are also irreplaceable.
Examples of conversational style of speech are present in prose. In order to be convinced of this, you just have to open any book by Bunin, Kuprin, Tolstoy, Turgenev, Dostoevsky or any other Russian writer. By creating a portrait of the heroes, the author gives them characteristic features, which manifest themselves perfectly in the dialogues. In this case, colloquial speech may include both jargon and dialectisms.
The norms of the literary language do not include vernacular language. But they are also often found in everyday speech. Example: “I came from Moscow.” It is worth knowing that the incorrect use of verbs is outside the norms and conversational style.
Artistic style
Writers use a variety of linguistic means to the maximum extent. Artistic style is not a system of homogeneous linguistic phenomena. He is devoid of stylistic closure. Its specificity depends on the individual style of a particular author. And, as already mentioned, examples of conversational style texts are present on the pages works of art. Below is one of them.
Reading Mikhail Bulgakov’s famous novel “The Master and Margarita”, you can already come across many examples of conversational style texts in the first chapter. Elements of everyday language are present in the dialogues. One of the characters says the phrase “You, professor, have come up with something awkward. It may be smart, but it’s painfully incomprehensible.” If you “translate” this phrase into journalistic language, you get: “Professor, your point of view deserves attention, but raises some doubts.” Would Bulgakov's novel have gained the interest of millions of readers if the characters had expressed their thoughts so dryly and formally?
Such elements of language as jargon and dialectisms have already been mentioned above. In another work by Bulgakov, namely in the story “Heart of a Dog”, the main character - Poligraf Poligrafovich - actively uses profanity in communication with the professor and other characters.
We will not give examples of texts in a colloquial style of speech with an abundance of obscene expressions, which the author included in the work in order to emphasize Sharikov’s lack of education and rudeness. But let us remember one of the phrases uttered by Professor Preobrazhensky, a hero in whose speech, unlike the speech of Poligraf Poligrafovich, there are no syntactic, spelling and other errors.
“If, instead of operating, I start singing in chorus in my apartment, devastation will come,” said Philip Philipovich in a dialogue with his assistant. What is the importance of colloquial speech in fiction? It is impossible to overestimate her role in prose. Being in a state of emotional excitement, the professor, an extremely educated person, makes a semantic mistake (singing in chorus) intentionally, thereby giving the speech a certain irony, without which he would not be able to express his indignation and indignation so clearly.
There are two forms of oral speech: written and oral. We looked at the first one above. Every person uses spoken language every day. It is worth talking in more detail about other features of this important layer of language.
Using pronouns
Authors of journalistic and scientific texts, as a rule, appeal to a wide audience of readers. In colloquial speech, pronouns occur quite often, especially in the first and second person. This is explained by the fact that communication takes place in an informal setting, and a small group of people takes part in it. Conversational speech is personalized.
Diminutive forms and metaphors
In modern colloquial speech there are a large number of zoomorphic metaphors. Bunny, kitty, bird, cat, mouse- all these are words that are not found in scientific articles. A person uses the name of animals in relation to his interlocutor mainly in diminutive forms, and he does this in order to express his favor and sympathy.
But other words are also found in colloquial speech. For example: goat, donkey, ram, snake, viper. If these nouns are used as zoomorphic metaphors, then they have a pronounced negative character. It is worth saying that in colloquial speech there are much more words of negative evaluation than positive ones.
Polysemy
In the Russian language there is such a commonly used word as “drum”. The verb “drum” is derived from it, which in colloquial speech is used in completely different meanings. It can be used in relation to both a person and natural phenomenon. Examples:
- Don't drum your fingers on the table.
- The rain drums on the glass for half a day.
It is one of the few verbs that has multiple meanings in colloquial speech.
Abbreviations
First names and patronymics are used in a truncated form. For example, San Sanych instead of Alexander Alexandrovich. In linguistics, this phenomenon is called prosyopesis. In addition, in everyday speech, “dad” and “mom” are more often used than the words “mom” and “dad,” “mother” and “father.”
In conversation, people actively use aposiopesis, that is, intentionally breaking off a phrase. For example: “But if you’re not home by two, then...” Sometimes authors of literary and journalistic texts also resort to this linguistic means (“If the economy does not happen serious changes, That..."). But first of all, aposiopesis is characteristic of colloquial speech.
Verb
If you look at one of the examples of conversational texts, you will find that verbs appear more often than nouns or adjectives. In everyday communication, people for some reason prefer words that denote actions.
According to statistics, only 15% of total number nouns As for verbs, preference is given to the present tense in cases where it would be more correct to use the future. For example: “Tomorrow we are flying to Crimea.”
Other features of spoken language
Conversational style - full functional style language, but living according to slightly different laws than written ones. When communicating freely, a person creates statements spontaneously, and therefore they do not always sound perfect. However, even colloquial speech should be monitored so that phrases such as “We wanted the best, but it turned out as always” do not appear.
Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
Togliatti state academy service
Department of Russian and Foreign Languages
Discipline: “Russian language and culture of speech.”
On the topic: “Features of conversational style.”
Completed by: student
Groups T – 301
Averyanova E. V.
Checked by: Konovalova E.Yu.
Tolyatti 2005
1. Features of conversational style………………………………………… 3
2. Colloquial vocabulary……………………………………………………… 6
3. Morphology of conversational style……………………………………….. 8
4. Syntax of conversational style…………………………………………… 10
List of references…………………………………………………………… 14
1. Features of conversational style.
Conversational style is a style that serves the field of oral communication or oral communication.
Conversational style (colloquial speech) is used in a wide range of personal, i.e., informal, non-work relations. This style is more often called colloquial-everyday, but it would be more accurate to call it colloquial-everyday, since it is not limited only to the everyday side, but is used as a means of communication in almost all spheres of life - family, industrial, socio-political, educational, scientific , cultural, sports.
The function of conversational style is communication function in its “original” form. Speech is generated by the needs of direct communication between two interlocutors or more and acts as a means of such communication; it is created in the process of speaking and depends on the response of the interlocutor - speech, facial expression, etc.
Intonation, logical stress, tempo, and pauses play a huge role in spoken speech. In conditions of relaxed communication, a person, to a much greater extent than in the presence of official relationships, has the opportunity to express his personal qualities - temperament, emotionality, sympathies, which saturates his speech with emotional and stylistically colored (mainly stylistically reduced) words, expressions, morphological forms and syntactic structures.
In colloquial speech, the communication function can be supplemented by the message function or the influence function. However, both the message and the impact are manifested in direct communication, and therefore occupy a subordinate position.
The most common factors of the colloquial style are the personal, informal nature of the relationship between the participants in communication; their direct participation in communication; continuation of speech during communication without prior preparation.
Although these factors are closely related to each other, their role in the formation of the actual linguistic features of the conversational style is far from uniform: the last two factors - direct participation in communication and lack of preparation for communication - are closely related to the oral form of speech and are generated by it, while the first factor - the personal, informal nature of the relationship also applies to written communication, for example in personal correspondence. On the contrary, with oral communication, the relationship between its participants can be official, official, “impersonal”.
Linguistic means used during personal, everyday, informal relationships between speakers are characterized by additional shades - ease, a sharper evaluative moment, greater emotionality compared to neutral or book equivalents, i.e. these linguistic means are colloquial.
Such linguistic means are widely used outside of colloquial speech - in artistic and journalistic, as well as scientific texts.
The norms of colloquial style in oral form differ significantly from the norms of other functional styles, for which the written form is decisive (although not the only one). The norms of colloquial style are not established and are not officially regulated, that is, they are not subject to codification, which gives rise to a very widespread illusion among non-specialists that colloquial speech has no norms at all: whatever you say, so be it. However, the very fact of automatic reproduction of ready-made constructions in speech. Phraseological phrases, various kinds of cliches, i.e. standardized linguistic means corresponding to certain standard speech situations indicates the imaginary or, in any case, limited “freedom” of the speaker. Colloquial speech is subject to strict laws and has its own rules and norms, as evidenced by the fact that factors from book and written speech in general are perceived as alien in colloquial speech. Strict (albeit unconscious adherence to ready-made standards is the norm for oral speech that is not prepared in advance.
On the other hand, the unpreparedness of the speech act, its attachment to the situation, along with the lack of a clear idea of the norm, determine a very wide freedom in choosing options. The boundaries of the norm become unsteady and vague, and normativity itself sharply weakens. Relaxed everyday dialogical speech consisting of short remarks allows for significant deviations from generally accepted norms due to its inherent impulsive nature.
2. Colloquial vocabulary.
Colloquial style vocabulary is divided into two large groups: 1) commonly used colloquial words; 2) colloquial words, socially or dialectally limited.
Commonly used vocabulary, in turn, is divided into colloquial-literary (bound by the norms of literary use) and colloquial-everyday (not bound by strict norms of use), the latter is adjacent to vernacular.
Colloquial vocabulary is also heterogeneous: 1) colloquialism, on the verge of literary use, not rude in nature, somewhat familiar, everyday, for example: potatoes instead of potatoes, ingenuity instead of intelligence, become instead of happen, get fined instead of to be at fault; 2) extraliterary, rude colloquialism, for example: drive up instead of to achieve, to plop instead of fall, weave instead of talk nonsense, wander around, wander around instead of walk around without la; This includes actual vulgarisms and swear words: thorns (eyes), die, die; weakling, lackey etc. Such words are used for certain stylistic purposes - usually when depicting negative phenomena of life.
Colloquial vocabulary, socially or dialectally limited, includes V themselves like that lexical groups, as colloquial professionalisms (for example, names of varieties brown bear: vulture, fescue, antbird etc.), dialectisms (talk - talk, veksha - squirrel, stubble - stubble), slang vocabulary (pleisir - pleasure, fun; plein air - nature), argotic (split - betray; new guy, new guy - young, inexperienced; crusts - boots). Many jargons arose even before the revolution in the speech of the ruling classes; some argotisms were preserved from the speech habits of declassed elements. Slang vocabulary can also be associated with the age community of generations (for example, in the language of young people: cheat sheet, pair (deuce). All these categories of vocabulary have a narrow sphere of distribution; in terms of expression, they are characterized by extreme reduction. The main lexical layer of the colloquial style consists of commonly used words, both colloquial and colloquial. Both of these categories of words are close to each other, the line between them is unsteady and mobile, and sometimes elusive; it is not for nothing that in different dictionaries many words are labeled with different marks (for example, the words squat, really in "Explanatory Dictionary" ed. D. N. Ushakova are classified as colloquial, and in the four-volume “Dictionary of Modern Russian Literary Language” - as colloquial; words richer, carminative, sour in "Explanatory Dictionary" ed. D. N. Ushakova are assessed as vernacular, but in the “Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language” they do not have a mark, i.e. they are classified as interstyle - stylistically neutral). In “Dictionary of the Russian Language,” ed. S.I. Ozhegova expanded the boundaries of colloquial vocabulary: many words noted in other dictionaries as colloquial are classified as colloquial. Some colloquial words in dictionaries have a double label - colloquial and regional, since many common dialectisms pass into the category of colloquial words. The colloquial style is characterized by the predominance of words with an emotionally expressive connotation, marked “affectionate”, “playful”, “abusive”, “ironic”, “diminutive”, “contemptuous”, etc.
In a conversational style, words with specific meanings are usually used (storage room, locker room), names of persons (talker, couch potato) and much less often - words with an abstract meaning (superlity, boasting, nonsense). In addition to specifically colloquial words (krohobor, ogoro sew), There are words that are colloquial only in one of the figurative meanings, and 8 others are perceived as stylistically neutral (for example, the verb unscrew e meaning “to lose the ability to restrain”). Colloquial words, as a rule, are synonymous with neutral ones and relatively rarely - with book ones. Sometimes there is a complete correspondence of stylistic opposites (for example: eyes - eyes - peepers).
3. Morphology of conversational style.
The distinctive features of the morphology of colloquial style are associated with the peculiarities of the functioning of the parts of speech in it. The relative activity of morphological categories of words and individual word forms in the colloquial style is different than in other functional styles. Verb forms such as participle and gerund are practically not used in colloquial speech. The absence of gerunds can be compensated to some extent by the second predicate, expressing the “accompanying” feature: “And I’m sitting writing”; "They have
they punish me, but I regret not punishing”; “I see: he’s walking unsteadily.”
A well-known analogy (but, of course, not identity) with revolutions like
“Please take out the pliers that are on the shelf.”(or
"lying on the shelf") makes up the design: "Please get it
pliers... they’re on the shelf over there.”(or: "over there on the shelf")
Conversational style is a functional style of speech that serves for direct communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.
The usual form of implementation of the conversational style is dialogue; this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no preliminary selection of language material.
In this style of speech, extra-linguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment.
The conversational style is characterized by emotionality, imagery, concreteness, and simplicity of speech. For example, in a cafe the phrase “Two coffees, please” does not seem strange.
The relaxed atmosphere of communication leads to greater freedom in the choice of emotional words and expressions: colloquial words (stupid, rotozey, talking room, giggle, cackle), colloquial words (neighing, rokhlya, ahovy, ruffled), slang words (parents - ancestors, iron, worldly) are more widely used. .
Colloquial words and phraseological units: vymahal (grown), elektrichka (electric train), vocabulary with emotional and expressive overtones (cool, smart, terrible), diminutive affectionate suffixes (gray).
Conversational style, as one of the varieties of literary language, serves the sphere of casual communication between people in everyday life, in the family, as well as the sphere of informal relations in production, in institutions, etc.
The main form of implementation of the conversational style is oral speech, although it can also manifest itself in in writing(informal friendly letters, notes on everyday topics, diary entries, remarks from characters in plays, in certain genres of fiction and journalistic literature). In such cases, the features of the oral form of speech are recorded.
The main extralinguistic features that determine the formation of a conversational style are: ease (which is possible only in informal relations between speakers and in the absence of an attitude towards a message of an official nature), spontaneity and unpreparedness of communication. Both the sender of the speech and its recipient directly participate in the conversation, often changing roles; the relationships between them are established in the very act of speech. Such speech cannot be pre-thought out; the direct participation of the addresser and addressee determines its predominantly dialogical nature, although a monologue is also possible.
A monologue in a conversational style is a form of casual story about some events, something seen, read or heard and is addressed to a specific listener (listeners) with whom the speaker must establish contact. The listener naturally reacts to the story by expressing agreement, disagreement, surprise, indignation, etc., or by asking the speaker about something. Therefore, a monologue in spoken speech is not as clearly opposed to dialogue as in written speech.
Characteristic feature colloquial speech is emotionality, expressiveness, evaluative reaction. So, they wrote to the question! Instead of No, they didn’t write, usually followed by emotionally expressive answers like Where did they write there! or they wrote it straight!; Where did they write!; That's what they wrote!; It's easy to say - they wrote it! etc.
A major role in spoken language is played by the environment of verbal communication, the situation, as well as non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions, the nature of the relationship between the interlocutors, etc.).
The extralinguistic features of the conversational style are associated with its most general linguistic features, such as standardity, stereotypical use of linguistic means, their incomplete structure at the syntactic, phonetic and morphological levels, intermittency and inconsistency of speech from a logical point of view, weakness syntactic connections between parts of a statement or their lack of formalization, sentence breaks with various kinds of insertions, repetitions of words and sentences, widespread use of linguistic means with a pronounced emotional-expressive coloring, activity of linguistic units of a specific meaning and passivity of units with an abstract generalized meaning.
Colloquial speech has its own norms, which in many cases do not coincide with the norms of book speech recorded in dictionaries, reference books, and grammars (codified). The norms of colloquial speech, unlike books, are established by usage (custom) and are not consciously supported by anyone. However, native speakers sense them and perceive any unmotivated deviation from them as a mistake. This allowed researchers (and others) to claim that modern Russian colloquial speech is standardized, although the norms in it are quite unique. In colloquial speech, to express similar content in typical and recurring situations, ready-made constructions, stable expressions, and various kinds of speech cliches are created (formulas of greeting, farewell, appeal, apology, gratitude, etc.). These ready-made, standardized speech means are automatically reproduced and help strengthen the normative nature of colloquial speech, which is distinctive feature its norms. However, the spontaneity of verbal communication, the lack of preliminary thinking, the use of non-verbal means of communication and the specificity of the speech situation lead to a weakening of norms.
Thus, in a conversational style, stable speech standards coexist, reproduced in typical and repeated situations, and general literary speech phenomena that can be subject to various shifts. These two circumstances determine the specificity of the norms of conversational style: due to the use of standard speech means and techniques, the norms of conversational style, on the one hand, are characterized by more high degree mandatory in comparison with the norms of other styles, where synonymy and free maneuvering with a set of acceptable speech means are not excluded. On the other hand, general literary speech phenomena characteristic of the conversational style may, to a greater extent than in other styles, be subject to various shifts.
In a conversational style, compared to a scientific and official business style, it is significantly higher specific gravity neutral vocabulary. A number of stylistically neutral words are used in figurative meanings specific to a given style. For example, the stylistically neutral verb to cut off (“to separate something, a part of something”) in a conversational style is used in the meaning of “to answer sharply, wanting to stop the conversation” (Said - cut off and did not repeat it again), fly (“to move, move around air with the help of wings") and in the meaning of "break, deteriorate" (The engine flew internal combustion). See also: blame (“shift the blame, responsibility onto someone”), throw (“give, deliver”), put (“appoint to a position”), remove (“dismiss from a position”), etc.
Everyday vocabulary is widely used: greedy, bother, instantly, tiny, unaware, rightly so, slowly, train, potato, cup, salt shaker, broom, brush, plate, etc.
In the style under consideration, the use of words with a concrete meaning is widespread and limited with an abstract one; uncharacteristic use of terms foreign words, which have not yet become commonly used. Author's neologisms (occasionalisms) are active, polysemy and synonymy are developed, and situational synonymy is widespread. A characteristic feature of the lexical system of the colloquial style is the wealth of emotionally expressive vocabulary and phraseology (hard worker, parasite, old man, silly; fool, frizzy, cast a shadow on the fence, take by the throat, climb into the bottle, starve to death).
Phraseologisms in colloquial speech are often rethought, change their form, the processes of contamination and comic renewal of the phraseme are active. A word with a phraseologically determined meaning can be used as an independent word, while preserving the meaning of the whole phraseological unit: don’t meddle - stick your nose into someone else’s business, slipped off - slip off your tongue. This expresses the law of economy of speech means and the principle of incomplete structure. A special type of colloquial phraseology consists of standard expressions, familiar formulas of speech etiquette such as How are you?; Good morning!; Be kind!; Thank you for your attention; I apologize, etc.
The use of non-literary vocabulary (jargon, vulgarisms, rude and abusive words, etc.) is not a normative phenomenon of conversational style, but rather a violation of norms, just like abuse book vocabulary, giving colloquial speech an artificial character.
Expressiveness and evaluativeness are also manifested in the field of word formation. Formations with suffixes of subjective assessment with the meaning of endearment, diminutive, disdain, (dis)approval, irony, etc. are very productive (daughter, daughter, daughter, hands, furious, enormous). The formation of words with the help of affixes is active, giving a colloquial or vernacular shade. This includes nouns with suffixes - ak(-yak): weakling, good-natured; - unit: stove, wall; - sh-a: cashier, secretary; - an(-yan); old man, troublemaker; - un: braggart, talker; - ysh: strong, baby; - l-a: imagined, bigwig; relative: running, hustle; adjectives with suffixes usch(-yush): enormous, thin; with the prefix pre-: very kind, most unpleasant; verbs of prefix-suffix formation: walk, walk, condemn, whisper; verbs to - to be fashionable, to grimace, to wander, to carpenter; na (a)-nut: push, scold, scare, mutter, gasp. Spoken speech in to a greater extent than the book, it is characterized by the use of multi-prefix verb formations (re-elect, hold back, reflect, throw away). Prefix-reflexive verbs with vivid emotional-evaluative and figurative expression are used (to run up, to work out, to agree, to think of something), and complicated prefix-reflexive formations (to dress up, to invent, to talk).
To enhance expression, doubling of words is used, sometimes with prefixation (big-big, white-white, quickly-fast, small-very-small, high-high). There is a tendency to shorten names, to replace ambiguous names with single-word ones (a grade book is a record book, a ten-year school is a ten-year school, a naval school is a sailor, a surgical department is surgery, a specialist in eye diseases is an ophthalmologist, a patient with schizophrenia is a schizophrenic). Metonymic names are widely used (Today there will be a meeting of the trade union bureau - Today the trade union bureau; Dictionary of the Russian language compiled by Ozhegov).
The conversational style (RS) is contrasted with all other styles (bookish) for the following reasons:
The main function of RS is communicative (communication function), while the functions of book styles are informative and influencing.
The main form of existence of the RS is oral (in book styles it is written).
The main type of communication in RS is interpersonal (person - personality), in books - group (oratory, lecture, scientific report) and mass (print, radio, television).
The main type of speech in RS is dialogue or polylogue, in books it is monologue.
RS is implemented in a situation of informal communication, and it is assumed that the participants in the dialogue know each other and are usually socially equal (youth, ordinary people etc.). Hence - ease of communication, greater freedom in behavior, in expressing thoughts and feelings. Most often, MS is implemented in everyday communication, these are dialogues between family members, friends, acquaintances, colleagues, study buddies, etc. In this case, topics of an everyday and non-professional, non-official nature are discussed mainly. Book styles are implemented in formal conditions and serve verbal communication on almost any topic.
Main characteristics of conversational style:
spontaneity, i.e. unprepared speech, lack of preliminary selection of linguistic means;
automaticity of speech, i.e. the use of established verbal formulas characteristic of certain situations ( Good afternoon! How are you doing? Are you going out?);
expressiveness (special expressiveness) of speech, which is achieved by using reduced words ( go crazy, go crazy, go crazy), emotionally expressive vocabulary ( big guy, kikimora, loafer), suffix formations ( daughter, grandma, cute);
the ordinariness of the content;
basically dialogical form.
The formation of speech in a conversational style is also influenced by extra-linguistic factors: the emotional state of the speakers, their age (cf. the speech of adults among themselves and their conversation with small children), the relationships of the participants in the dialogue, their family and other connections, etc.
Linguistic features of conversational style
The conversational style forms its own system and has features that distinguish it from book styles at all levels of language.
On phonetic level, MS is characterized by an incomplete style of pronunciation (fast pace, reduction of vowels up to the disappearance of syllables: San Sanych, Glebych etc.), colloquial stress options are acceptable ( cottage cheese, cooking, gave etc.), freer intonation, unfinished statements, pauses for thinking, etc.
Vocabulary MS is heterogeneous and differs in the degree of literature and emotional-expressive characteristics:
Neutral vocabulary from everyday speech: hand, leg, father, mother, brother, run, look, hear and under.
Colloquial vocabulary (the main stylistic device) - words that give speech an informal character, but at the same time are devoid of rudeness: spinner, superlative, warrior, know-it-all, go home, fool, antediluvian, prevaricate.
Evaluative vocabulary in the composition of colloquial words that expresses playful, playfully ironic, ironic, affectionate, dismissive emotional assessment: grandma, daughter, kids, baby, little boy; poems, scribblings, hackwork, inveterate.
In dictionaries, colloquial words are listed with the mark “colloquial.” and additional marks “joking,” “ironic,” “disdainful,” “affectionate.”
Emotionality large number colloquial words are associated with them figurative meaning: kennel(about a cramped, dark, dirty room), tower(about a tall man) stick(intrusively pester with something) and so on.
Due to the fact that the boundaries between colloquial and colloquial vocabulary are often fluid, as evidenced by the double mark “colloquial-simple.” in dictionaries, RS includes crudely expressive colloquial words, the expressiveness of which allows you to “close your eyes” to their rudeness: belly, big guy, whine, hag, kikimora, freckled, loafer, shabby, hang around, squish and under. They briefly and accurately express an attitude towards a person, an object, a phenomenon, and often contain an additional semantic connotation that is not found in a neutral word, cf.: “he is sleeping” and “he is sleeping.” The word “sleeping” expresses condemnation of a person: someone is sleeping when they should be going somewhere or doing something.
Such vocabulary may have explanatory dictionaries with the main litter “simple.” additional marks “fam.”, “branch.”, “with a hint of disdain,” “joking.”, for example: clunker - simple. joking (Dictionary by D.N. Ushakov).
On phraseological level, the colloquial style is characterized by the use of proverbs and sayings from folk speech: even stand, even fall; sit in a puddle; break into pieces; turn up your nose; hunting is worse than bondage and under.
Derivational The level of conversational style is characterized by:
1) colloquial suffixes
For nouns: -un, -un(ya): talker, talker; chatterbox, chatterbox;
Sh(a): cashier, doctor, elevator operator;
Yag(a): poor fellow, handsome, mongrel, hard worker;
Their(s): janitor, doctor, cook;
K(a): buckwheat, semolina, overnight, candle,
including abbreviated words with -к(а): soda, e-reader, dryer, locker room, record book;hitchhiker, "Literature";
N(i), -rel(i): running, fussing, bickering, cooking, hustle;
Yatin(a): nonsense, dead meat, vulgarity;
For verbs: -icha (t), -nicha (t): to be sarcastic, to be nice, to be greedy;
Well: say, spin, grab;
2) prefix-suffixal verbal formations of conversational type:
run around, chat, sit up;
talk, shout, look;
get sick, daydream, play out;
3) suffixes of subjective assessment:
magnifying: house, beard, hands;
diminutives: house, beard, cunning, quietly, quietly;
diminutives: daughter, daughter, son, little son; Sun, honey;
dismissive: little thing, little house, old man, buffoonery, hillbilly, beard;
4) half names ( Vanka, Lenka), caressing ( Mashenka, Sashok) and babbling names ( Niki – Nikolay, Zizi – Suzanne).
5) doubling words to enhance expression: big-big, black-black;
6) formation of adjectives with evaluative meaning: big-eyed, skinny.
IN morphology :
the predominance of verbs over nouns (verbal nature of speech), the predominant activity of verbs of motion ( jump, gallop), actions ( take, give, go) and states ( hurt, cry); Wed in the NS and ODS the most common verbs are obligatory ( must, obliges) and linking verbs ( is, constitutes);
high percentage of personal use ( me, you, he, we, you, They) and index ( that, this, this etc.) pronouns;
presence of interjections ( ah, oh, uh, oh etc.) and particles ( here, well, she- that, He de he said they say saw);
presence of verbal interjections ( jump, skok, bang, grab);
widespread use of possessive adjectives ( Petya's sister, Fedorova wife);
colloquial case forms nouns: genitive case singular on -y ( from the forest, from home), prepositional singular in -y ( at the airport, on vacation), nominative plural in -a ( bunker, year, inspector, anchor, huntsman);
participles are rare and short forms adjectives, no gerunds are used.
On syntactic level:
simple sentences, participial and adverbial phrases are not used, complex sentences are not used, except for subordinate clauses with a conjunction word which;
free word order in a sentence: I was at the market yesterday;
omission of words (ellipsis), especially in dialogue:
Have you been to the store? - I'm going to college. Are you home?
lexical repetitions: I tell him and tell him, but he doesn’t listen;
syntactic repetitions (identically constructed sentences): I went to him, I told him...;
speech patterns like “Well done!”, “What a scoundrel you are!”, “What kind of idiot!”, “Wow!”;
designs like " Do you have what to write? (i.e. pencil, pen); " Give me how to hide! (i.e. blanket, rug, sheet);
“non-smooth” phrases, i.e. sentences without clear boundaries, which are obtained as a result of the interpenetration of two sentences: In the fall such storms begin, there, at sea...;
frequent restructuring of structures during the dialogue, amendments, repetitions, clarifications;
rhetorical questions: Will he listen to me?
interrogative, exclamatory and incentive sentences;
in “non-smooth” phrases, the nominative topic is used when the first part of the sentence contains a noun in nominative case, and the second – information about it, while both parts are grammatically independent: Grandma - she will talk to everyone. Flowers, they are never superfluous.
Non-verbal means of communication play a major role in the implementation of MS - gesture and facial expressions, which can accompany the speaker’s words, indicating the shape, size and other characteristics of the subject of speech: I bought this round one(gesture) hat, but can also act at the place of a pause, as an independent means of communication, in the function of individual lines of dialogue, as an answer to a question, a request: nod your head with the meaning “yes”, shrug your shoulders - express bewilderment.
An informal, relaxed, relaxed atmosphere is typical for everyday speech. The specific features of the colloquial style are usually most clearly manifested when we are talking about objects, situations, and topics that are relevant in everyday use. In conversational communication, a special, everyday type of thinking prevails. Colloquial speech occupies an exceptional position in the system of modern Russian language. This is the original, original style of the national language, while all others are phenomena of later secondary formation. Colloquial speech was often characterized as vernacular, which was considered outside the framework of the literary language. In fact, it is a type of literary language.
Conversational style is contrasted with book styles. It forms a system that has features at all levels of the language structure: phonetics, vocabulary, phraseology, word formation, morphology and syntax.
The colloquial style finds its expression both in written and oral form.
“Colloquial and everyday speech is characterized by special conditions of functioning, which include: the absence of preliminary consideration of the utterance and the associated lack of preliminary selection of linguistic material, the immediacy of speech communication between its participants, the ease of the speech act associated with the lack of formality in the relations between them and in the the nature of the utterance. A big role is played by the situation (the environment of verbal communication) and the use of extra-linguistic means (facial expressions, gestures, the interlocutor’s reaction). Purely linguistic features of everyday speech include the use of such extra-lexical means as phrasal intonation, emotional and expressive stress, pauses, speech rate, rhythm, etc. In everyday speech there is a wide use of everyday vocabulary and phraseology, emotional-expressive vocabulary (including particles, interjections), different categories of introductory words, originality of syntax (elliptical and incomplete sentences of various types, words of address, words of sentences, repetitions of words, breaking sentences with inserted constructions, weakening and disruption of forms of syntactic connection between parts of a statement, connecting constructions, etc.).
In addition to its direct function - a means of communication, colloquial speech also performs other functions in fiction, for example, it is used to create a verbal portrait, for a realistic depiction of the life of a particular environment, in the author's narrative it serves as a means of stylization, and when colliding with elements of book speech it can create a comic effect.
§ 2. Linguistic features of conversational style
Pronunciation. Often words and forms in colloquial style have an emphasis that does not coincide with the emphasis in more strict styles of speech: dO talk(cf.: normative Great DanesO p).
Vocabulary. Colloquial and everyday vocabulary, being part of the vocabulary of oral speech, is used in casual conversation and is characterized by various shades of expressive coloring.
These include:
nouns: lies, nonsense, spiteful, good fellow, hustle, nonsense etc.;
Nominal adjectives: meticulous, sophisticated, hard-working, lax etc.;
verbs: to be sarcastic, to be greedy, to be secretive, to be sick, to chatter, to bother etc.;
adverbs: that's it, quietly, head over heels, instantly, little by little, slowly, thoroughly etc.
There are also colloquial pronouns (sort of), unions (once - in meaning If), parts (perhaps over there meaning, it’s unlikely Lee), INTERMEDIATE METHODS (well, eh).
Phraseology occupies a significant place in everyday speech. This is due to the dominance of a specific way of thinking in the sphere of everyday communication. Concrete thinking does not shy away from abstraction. A person generalizes his specific observations, highlighting something significant and abstracting from some particulars. For example: No smoke without fire. You can't hide an sew in a bag. The grave will correct the hunchback. For me, mathematics is a dark forest. Quieter than water, below the grass. Instead of saying They live unfriendly, quarrel - They say: They chew like dogs.
Colloquial phraseology is the great guardian of traditional form. It stores many phraseological units that arose in ancient times.
Word formation. In the category of nouns, the following suffixes are used with a greater or lesser degree of productivity, giving the words a colloquial character:
- ak (-yak) - good-natured, healthy, simpleton;
- an (-yan) - rude, old man;
- ach - bearded man;
"- ash - tradesman;
- ak-a (-yak-a) for words of a general gender - reveler, bully, onlooker;
- szhk-a- sharing, cramming, feeding;
En is a darling;
- l-a - tycoon, thug, crammer;
- n-i - fuss, bickering;
- rel-i - running around, getting dirty;
- tai - lazy, slobbery;
- un - chatterbox, talker, screamer;
- uh-ah - dirty, fat;
- ysch - silly, naked, strong, baby;
- yag-a - poor guy, hard worker, hard worker.
Colloquial vocabulary also includes words with the suffix - sh-a, denoting female persons by their profession, position held, work performed, occupation, etc.: director, secretary, librarian, cashier.
In most cases, subjective evaluation suffixes give words a colloquial coloring: thief, naughty girl, little house; dirt, beard; enormous, furious; in the evening, in a whisper etc.
For adjectives that are colloquial in nature, one can note the use of the suffix -ast-: big-eyed, toothy, tongue-y etc.; as well as prefixes pre-: kind, nice, most unpleasant etc.
Many verbs in -nitchit belong to colloquial vocabulary: to misbehave, to wander, to cheat.
Morphological features of colloquial speech are characterized by the following:
Prepositional case form of nouns: I'm on vacation, in the workshop (cf.: on vacation, in the workshop);
Nominative plural form: agreements, sectors (cf.: agreements, sectors);
Genitive plural form: orange, tomato (cf.: oranges, tomatoes);
Colloquial version of the infinitive: see, hear (cf.: see, hear).
Syntactic features of colloquial speech are very unique. This:
Predominant use of the dialogue form;
Predominance of simple sentences; Of the complex ones, compound and non-union compounds are more often used;
Wide use of interrogative and exclamatory sentences;
Use of words-sentences (affirmative, negative, incentive, etc.);
Extensive use of incomplete sentences;
Interruptions in speech caused by various reasons (excitement of the speaker, unexpected transition from one thought to another, etc.);
Using introductory words and phrases of different meanings;
The use of plug-in constructions that break the main sentence and introduce additional information, comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments, etc. into it;
Widespread use of emotional and imperative interjections;
Lexical repetitions: - Yes, yes, yes.
- various kinds of inversions in order to emphasize the semantic role of the word highlighted in the message: I like the white shoes better;
- special forms of the predicate.
In colloquial speech there are complex sentences, parts of which are connected by lexical-syntactic means: in the first part there are evaluative words - well done, smart, stupid etc., and the second part serves as a rationale for this assessment: Well done for standing up.
Test questions and assignments
Task 1.
Determine what styles these texts belong to.
A thunderstorm is an atmospheric phenomenon consisting of electrical discharges between clouds (lightning and thunder), accompanied by rain, hail and violent gusts of wind.
- What a thunderstorm! It's scary to go to the window.
Yes, there hasn't been a storm like this for a long time.
Can you imagine finding yourself in a field during such a thunderstorm...
3. A strong wind suddenly began to roar in the heights, the trees began to storm, large drops of rain suddenly hit, splashed on the leaves, lightning flashed, and a thunderstorm broke out. (I. Turgenev).
Task2.
Determine your speaking style. Indicate the linguistic features of conversational style.
Hey, good man! - the coachman shouted to him. - Tell me, do you know where the road is?
The road is here; I'm standing on solid ground. - answered the roadie, - what's the point?
Listen, little man,” I told him, “do you know this side? Will you undertake to take me to my lodging for the night? (A. Pushkin).
Task 3.
What linguistic means make the text emotional?
It was about the Christmas tree. The mother asked the watchman for an ax, but he did not answer her, but got on his skis and went into the forest. Half an hour later he returned.
OK! Even though the toys weren’t all that elegant, even though the hares made from rags looked like cats, even though all the dolls looked alike - straight-nosed and pop-eyed - and, finally, there were fir cones wrapped in silver paper, but such a Christmas tree in Moscow, of course, no one had it. It was a real taiga beauty - tall, thick, straight, with branches that diverged at the ends like stars.
(A. Gaidar).
Task 4.
Determine the stylistic and semantic originality of the highlighted words.
1. With this diploma of his, he’s completely arrived. 2. What are you here for? bazaar arranged? 3. I'll come to you in the evening I'll take a look. 4. I will not go in front of anyone bow! 5. The child also needs his own corner have. 6. By the way, he is a figure at work.
Exercise 5.
Uncover the meanings of colloquial metaphors.
1. Why are you sitting? inflated? What are you not happy with?
2. It is necessary that the foreman be toothy a guy so that he could talk to his superiors and suppliers, and make a reassurance to his own comrades.
3. Everything in a family almost never happens smooth. Nadya is offended by her Peter, but she herself has the same character - not sugar.
4. If you don’t develop the will in yourself from childhood, then you will grow up not as a man, but as a rag.
5. He is now so obsessed with this problem that forcing him to do something else is completely useless.
Task 6.
Match the meanings of the highlighted words. Determine which ones are stylistically neutral and which ones are conversational.
1. Nikolai in childhood was very stuttered. About fishing you tell me don't stutter.
2. Under cotton wool a blanket will make you sleep hot. What are you doing today cotton some kind.
3. He was in love with me, even matched They're wooing me a foreman in our workshop.
Task 7. Determine which of the two synonyms is neutral and which is colloquial.
1. The controller, my dears, also has a difficult job: firstly, stowaway to find the passenger, and secondly, to force him to pay a fine. I didn’t put on my jacket today, but the money was still there. Well, I had to go to work hare to go - there was no time to return.
2. - How did you spend your vacation? - I went to the Oka River, we lived in the village. All day long walked through the forest. Oh, how lovely! Today is noon was dangling shopping for gifts. People before the holiday - God forbid!
3. - Well, tell me honestly: you are got cold feet Then? Tell me honestly. Well, of course, I was a little scared. And if you were me didn't you get cold feet?
4. Distribution of books disposes of Valentina Vasilyevna, you should contact her. - Who's doing your tests here? commands?
Task 8. Determine the meanings of the highlighted words.
I wake up in the morning, someone bale-bale on glass. 2. There were cakes in the refrigerator here. And the cakes bye bye. 3. Well, I think I’ll sit down now and study. And here - ding. - Vovka comes. 4. - Irina at home? - What you! I came, ate, changed clothes and whoops! - And Zhenya swims - oh-oh-oh! At least sign him up for the rescue team.
Task 9 . Explain the meaning of the highlighted expressions.
You and I, Artem, no stake, no yard. At the nearby large station, workers made porridge. Grishutka to these smugglers stood across my throat. He disappeared as if he had sunk into water. I was looking for until the seventh sweat. “It fell out of the blue,” - Rita said laughing. By night he completely exhausted. Case not worth a damn. I'm in these things shot bird. Tell me, Tsvetaev, why are you do you have a tooth on me?
Task 10 . Explain the meanings of the following phraseological units. If you have any difficulties, consult a phraseological dictionary.
Be in seventh heaven; do not believe your own eyes; walk on hind legs; open your mouth; freeze in place; both ours and yours; be silent like a fish; walk around to about; from small to large; play cat and mouse; get away with it; lead a cat and dog life; written in black and white; the house is a full cup; chickens don't eat money; only bird's milk is not enough.
Task 11 . Write down phraseological units with the word eye. Select similar phraseological units from your native language.
Don't take your eyes off; eat with your eyes; blink your eyes; can't close my eyes; splurge; close (to what), open your eyes (to whom, what); speak to your eyes; speak behind your back; talk face to face; you need an eye and an eye; do by eye; blurred vision; spin before the eyes; sparks fell from the eyes; hide your eyes; go wherever your eyes take you; don't believe your eyes; Fear has big eyes.
Task 12 . Replace the highlighted combinations with phraseological units with the word eye.
These apples were sent to me yesterday from Georgia - extraordinary beauty! 2. My friend and I are doing wood inlay. But in different ways. He calculates everything, copies the drawing, and then selects the tree exactly. And I - without any precise calculations. As a result: I envy him, he envy me. 3. Sergei should come to me now. Will you be offended if we go straight to my room? We really need to talk alone. 4. Something Ivan to us hasn't come for a long time. Maybe he went somewhere? 5. That closet is the whole room. spoils - I somehow feel sorry for him: we’re used to it, it’s like he’s a member of the family. 6. I think: what is Frolov trying to do? don't date me. And if he meets, he tries not to look at me. Well, then he himself came and honestly told everything.
Task 13.
Name colloquial phraseological units with words that you know head, hands, tongue etc. Select similar phraseological units from your native language.
Task 14.
Using the suffixes -UN/UN-ya, -UH-a, -USH-a, -USHK-a, -L-a (-LK-a), -K-a, -G-a, -IK, form colloquial nouns with the meaning “name of a person based on an excessively manifested characteristic.”
Boast, grumble, walk, work, yawn, whine, whine, chat.
Task 15.
Using the suffixes (-я) Г-а, -УЛ-я, (-я) K (-yak), -YSH, - CHAK, -ACH, ON-ya, -IK, -ITs-a, form from the following adjectives colloquial nouns with general meaning"the name of a person based on a strongly manifested characteristic."
Modest, dirty, fat, healthy, strong, kind, cheerful, dexterous, naked, quiet, clean, stupid, smart.
Task 16.
Explain from what words these colloquial verbs are formed.
To be idle, to be frank, to be cautious, to be liberal, to be fashionable, to be modest, to be capricious, to be delicate, to be lazy.
Task 17.
Determine from the context what semantic and stylistic shades each of the highlighted nouns has.
1. Alexander! You are already an adult and I intend to talk to you like man to man. 2. Sasha, you listen to what your father tells you, he worries about you, and he knows life better than you. 3. Sasha! Don't bother me - you don't have any urgent matters right now. So come with us. 4. Ahh, Sashok! Come on, brother, come in, they were just talking about you. Just in time for tea. 5. Sashenka, You should rest a little. Go son, take a walk in the fresh air.
Task 18.
Try to restore full form the following colloquial phrases. Sample: Not seen with a baby stroller? - We haven’t seen woman with baby stroller?
1. Do you have cough medicine?
2. With green balconies - is this yours?
3. I'm two thirty and one bagel?
4. Behind me is a woman with glasses and a child.
5. Didn’t you come here in a gray fur coat?
6. In a blue robe, she always flirts with him.
Task 19.
Write down these combinations in two columns: in the left - stylistically neutral, in the right - stylistically marked (that is, colloquial)
Steep descent, steep temperament; household, domestic child; wave a handkerchief, wave out of town; slide down the slope, slide down the deuces; battle glory, battle girl; hold on to, city, hold on to a chair; climb a tree, get into a stupid story.
Task 20.
Replace phraseological units with synonymous words or free combinations.
She and her mother-in-law live in perfect harmony, she’s just lucky with her mother-in-law. 2. I’m not boom-boom in these tables. 3. Don't worry! We will accept them honorably. 4. Didn’t they know that they were coming here to work, and not for a picnic? If they don’t want to work properly, good riddance! 5. Don’t explain it to me, it’s been like two and two to me for a long time now. 6. – Isn’t Kostya bored there? - What you! He and Petka are like water, he has no time to think about us.
