“When [Nietzsche] became convinced that there was no God, he was overcome by such insane despair that, in essence, despite his exceptional literary talent, until the end of his life he was never able to adequately tell what people did when they killed God. But Nietzsche was not heard. Everyone still thinks that it doesn’t matter at all whether there is a God or not.” (Lev Shestov)
The great German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche was born in 1844 and died in 1900. The son of a Protestant pastor, Nietzsche became an orphan at the age of five after the death of his father and was carefully raised by his mother. He received his education at the University of Bonn, and later at the University of Leipzig, where he studied classical philology. In 1869, on the recommendation of his teacher Ritschl, Nietzsche was appointed professor of philology in Basel and held this position for 10 years. The only external fact that upset Nietzsche’s peaceful life was his participation in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871: he then signed up as a volunteer orderly, but not for long, as he became seriously ill. This illness was apparently the cause of the headaches and stomach cramps that Nietzsche began to suffer from that time and which, progressively worsening, forced him to leave the department in 1879. In 1890, the philosopher was finally broken by mental illness, which made him incapacitated.
Friedrich Nietzsche. Photo taken in Basel ca. 1875
In his first works, especially in “The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music” (1872); “Schopenhauer as Educator” (1874) and “Richard Wagner at Bayreuth” (1876), Nietzsche sets out the demands he makes on modern culture, which he wants to base on a generalization of three principles: Greek tragedy, musical drama Wagner, and the philosophy of Schopenhauer. The metaphysics of the latter forms the starting point of Nietzsche's philosophy. Like the Frankfurt hermit Schopenhauer, he sees the essence of the world in the suffering "will", but still this world, in his eyes, can be justified if we look at it solely as aesthetic phenomenon. If the world is full of evil, if “truth” makes us desire emptiness, then we will try to “desire chimeras”, we will try to find sufficiently beautiful, seductive illusions so that they make us love life, despite all its suffering, and we will apply all our mind and all our energy to knowledge of these illusions. There are two main illusions that provide justification for our existence and which Nietzsche in “The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music” calls Apollonian and Dionysian. Looking at the world from the point of view of its beauty forms, we can create ourselves a beautiful image- a dream that fills our entire existence - this is the Apollonian illusion. On the other hand, despite the terrible suffering, destruction and death, the manifestation of eternal world will in the constant sequence of its phenomena. Hence the second illusion: the eternity and indestructibility of the individual, the indestructibility of what lies at the heart of things spontaneous impulse– Dionysian. The combination of these two illusions creates the "tragic wisdom" to which the ancient Greeks rose in their tragedy. It must constitute the ideal of aspiration and modern civilization. This latter is now full of rational “scientific optimism”, believing that the world is understandable as a whole and in its parts and that the goal to which we must strive is the organization of personal and social life on a scientific understanding of the universe. The new civilization mistakenly imagines that science can give man the motives for action that he needs in order to find meaning in life. This error has given rise to a pseudo-civilization in Europe, the despised representative of which is the Bildungsphilister - the cultural philistine who trusts in science, which, in his opinion, will provide humanity with an ever-increasing amount of well-being.
However, in modern European civilization one can also discover signs that herald a great revolution. Richard Wagner, in his musical drama, again resurrects the tragedy of ancient Greece. Schopenhauer, with his ruthless pessimism, forever destroyed scientific optimism and showed that history is cruel and meaningless, that man is fatally doomed to suffering. However, Nietzsche, contrary to the spirit of Schopenhauer's philosophy, hopes that pessimism, instead of pushing a person onto the path of despair, on the contrary, will arouse heroism in him. A person will consider “good” not that which reduces suffering, but that which makes life more intense, beautiful, worthy; its highest purpose will not be to help the weak, but to elevate the genius above the mass of average people. This is the ultimate goal of humanity in Nietzsche's philosophy; his most perfect works contain the whole meaning of his existence. And if higher culture and the emergence of genius must be purchased at the price of suffering, the “free spirit” of modern civilization must learn to suffer himself and let others suffer for the progress of the human race.
Nietzsche finds traces of pessimism in all the ideas and beliefs of mankind and proves that faith in truth at all costs actually stems from the same pessimistic instinct that makes a person sacrifice real life and create false idols for the sake of a fictitious idea of a supreme being . The purpose of man is not in the desire for good and not in the pursuit of truth. According to Nietzsche's philosophy, evil and illusion are as useful for the development of life as good and truth. The universe has no purpose. This is pure nonsense, which man is called to illuminate and, in his full power, determine its inner value. In the name of these considerations, Friedrich Nietzsche sharply attacks Christianity and asceticism, curses socialists, democrats and anarchists, denies altruism and the religion of compassion.
Portrait of Friedrich Nietzsche. Artist E. Munch, 1906
Negation reaches its apogee in Nietzsche in the period from 1870 to 1882, when he publishes the books “Human, All Too Human” (1878), “The Wanderer and His Shadow” (1880), “Dawn” (1881), “The Gay Science” ( 1882), “Thus Spake Zarathustra” (1883 – 87), “Beyond Good and Evil” (1886), “Towards the Genealogy of Morality” (1887). This energy of denial becomes even more exalted and fierce in the last year of his life as a thinker (1888). Nietzsche wrote nothing more harsh than Wagner's Incident, Twilight of the Idols, and Antichrist. Only in Zarathustra does the concept of life, as it was formed by Nietzsche during his youth, when he saw the happiness of humanity in the revival of Dionysian illusion and tragic wisdom, come to the fore again. Painted in new colors, in the mouth of Zarathustra it becomes the theory of the superman and the eternal return. Nietzsche believes that we have lived our lives an infinite number of times in its smallest details and will continue to relive it again. To know this highest law of life, to accept it as a guide not only without indignation, without horror, but with a good heart, and not only that, with enthusiasm and joy - this is the goal that Nietzsche’s Zarathustra points out to humanity. When it reaches it, a person will become a “superman”. In Nietzsche's philosophy, a superman is a person who has reached the highest state of health, physical and mental, free from outdated views, with the consciousness of the law of eternal return. The moment will come when man will use all his energy so that through his own self-destruction a superman will appear.
As a stylist, Nietzsche has not yet been surpassed in Germany; the success of his philosophical works must be partly attributed to his language. Nietzsche himself speaks of the “diamond beauty” of his Zarathustra. "Luther's language and the poetic form of the Bible are the foundations of modern German poetry - this is my discovery."
The literature on Nietzsche is extremely extensive, both in Germany itself and in other countries. Of the works about him, the most worthy of mention are:
Book of the Philosopher's Sister Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche"The Life of Friedrich Nietzsche". It serves as the main source of biographical information about Nietzsche, containing many of his letters, sketches, poems, and unpublished passages
Georg Brandes"Friedrich Nietzsche. Treatise on Aristocratic Radicalism." (Nietzsche himself considered the expression “aristocratic radicalism” to be the best definition of the essence of his philosophy.)
Andreas Salome"Friedrich Nietzsche and His Works". An interesting study by a German writer who knew Nietzsche closely.
Georg Simmel"Friedrich Nietzsche. Moral and philosophical silhouette."
G. Feiginger"Nietzsche as a Philosopher".
A. Lichtenberger"The Philosophy of Nietzsche."
L. Shestov"Dostoevsky and Nietzsche".
E. Trubetskoy"The Philosophy of Nietzsche."
S. Frank"Friedrich Nietzsche and the ethics of love for the distant"
Friedrich Nietzsche is a great German philosopher and writer. His outer life is very uneventful of events, but his inner life is an amazing emotional drama, told with touching lyricism. Nietzsche's entire rich literary heritage can be considered as an artistic autobiography. However, great critical caution is required here. Individual paradoxes of Friedrich Nietzsche, snatched from the general context of his worldview and divorced from the lyrical-psychological soil that nurtured them, served as a considerable source of temptation and embarrassment for unprepared people. The true meaning of Nietzsche's philosophy will become clear only to those who patiently follow all the stages of his bizarre and painful spiritual growth.
Friedrich Nietzsche. Photo taken in Basel ca. 1875
Friedrich Nietzsche was born on October 15, 1844 in the poor village of Röcken on the border of Prussia and Saxony and was the son of a Lutheran pastor. His father died at a young age from a serious mental illness, when Nietzsche was a child. In his adolescence and early youth, Nietzsche willingly prepared for the pastorate. He received his secondary education at the famous Naumburg school Pforte, where he was enrolled at the age of 14. Nietzsche was a good student and did not experience any philosophical anxieties or doubts while at the gymnasium. He had a tender affection for his family and always looked forward to the possibility of vacation with extreme impatience. In 1862, Friedrich entered the University of Bonn and immediately specialized in classical philology. As a freshman, he made an unsuccessful attempt to preach to the students the improvement and purification of traditional corporate life, and after that he always kept aloof from the comrade masses. A little later, Nietzsche moved to the University of Leipzig, where he soon began to feel more comfortable.
In Leipzig, among diligent, but far from inspired studies of ancient languages, he accidentally read Schopenhauer’s book “The World as Will and Idea,” and this accident for a long time predetermined the main direction of his mental interests. Schopenhauer became Nietzsche's first philosophical love, who was delighted with his constant readiness to go against all official trends and fearlessly tell his contemporaries the most bitter truth. Nietzsche began to highly value Schopenhauer's penetrating understanding of world-historical tragedy and the unshakable heroism of questioning thought.
The philological works of Nietzsche's student attracted the attention of foreign scientists, and in 1868, before receiving a university diploma, the University of Basel offered him a professorship in the department of Greek literature. At the insistence of his teacher, the famous scientist Ritschl, Nietzsche accepted this invitation. After this, the doctoral exam was just a pleasant formality for him. Having settled in Basel, Nietzsche soon, to his great joy, met and became close to the famous composer Richard Wagner, and this friendship marked a very important step in the spiritual evolution of Friedrich Nietzsche. “In everything that exists, Wagner noticed a single world life - with him everything speaks and nothing is silent,” - this is how Nietzsche characterizes the philosophical merit of his new inspirer.
Friedrich Nietzsche. Drawing by H. Olde, 1899
Nietzsche, who spent the last 10 years of his life suffering from paralytic dementia, died on August 25, 1900 in Weimar. His sister Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche established a rich and interesting “Friedrich Nietzsche Museum” in this city.
In the town of Recken near the city of Lützen in Germany in the family of a Lutheran pastor. His birthday coincided with the birthday of the king, Frederick William IV, so the boy was named after him.
Nietzsche wrote his first poems and essays at the age of ten. In 1858 he entered the Naumburg school in Pfort. In 1864-1868 he studied philology in Boyne and Leipzig. From 1869 to 1879 - professor at the University of Basel in classical philology. He volunteered in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) and was a nurse. Having seriously undermined his health, he soon returned to Basel, where he resumed teaching. Nietzsche spent the following years mainly in Switzerland and Italy.
Influenced by the works of Arthur Schopenhauer and the aesthetic ideas and art of Richard Wagner, Nietzsche moved from classical philology to philosophy.
There are several main stages in Nietzsche's philosophical evolution: the romanticism of the young Nietzsche, when he was entirely influenced by the ideas of Schopenhauer and Wagner; the stage of so-called positivism, associated with disappointment in Wagner and a sharp break with the ideal of the artist, when Nietzsche turned his attention to the “positive” sciences - natural science, mathematics, chemistry, history, economics; the period of mature Nietzsche or actually Nietzschean, imbued with the idea of the “will to power”. In turn, the work of the mature Nietzsche, from the point of view of the topic and order of the problems he considered, can be presented as follows: a) the creation of an affirmative part of the teaching by developing a cultural and ethical ideal in the form of the idea of the “superman” and the “eternal return”; b) the negative part of the teaching, expressed in the idea of "revaluation of all values."
In his first major work, “The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music” (1872), Nietzsche developed the ideas of a typology of culture, continuing the traditions outlined by Friedrich Schiller, Friedrich Schelling and the German romantics, but giving his own, original interpretation of Greek culture, in which, in his opinion, The three most important principles inherent in any European culture were fully expressed: Dionysian, Apollonian and Socratic. The work ends with the philosopher’s hope for the revival of the tragic age with its Dionysian art, which has become a kind of symbol of vitality. Here Nietzsche formulates the main problem of his entire life and philosophy, which will then find its most complete embodiment in the work “Thus Spoke Zarathustra” - how, in what way, to create such a culture, obeying which a person could ennoble his inner world and educate himself.
At the second stage of his work, the philosopher devoted all his energy to the study of human sciences (“Human, All Too Human,” 1874; “Morning Dawn,” 1881; “The Gay Science,” 1882).
Nietzsche tried to bring together his most significant conclusions in the book “Thus Spoke Zarathustra” (1883-1884). In this book, Nietzsche first put forward the theory of the superman (Übermensch) and the will to power; later developed his ideas in the works “Beyond Good and Evil” (1886) and “Towards the Genealogy of Morality” (1887).
As a cultural and ethical ideal, Nietzsche puts forward the image of the superman, aestheticized by him and enclosed in an artistically complete form. A superman is a man of powerful vitality, powerful instincts, the Dionysian principle has not been extinguished or suppressed in him.
The only representatives of true humanity, according to Nietzsche, are philosophers, artists and saints. Every ordinary person, according to the philosopher, should look at himself as a failed product of nature and try to educate himself as a philosopher, artist or saint.
All those whom Nietzsche admired were people of exceptional intelligence and creative power, they were passionate natures who were able to put their passion at the service of creativity. At the end of the book "Twilight of the Idols" (1888), Goethe is presented as an example of a superman. Another such example for Nietzsche was Leonardo da Vinci.
Nietzsche's struggle for the liberation of people from the power of spirits and social authorities entered the history of culture under the slogan of “revaluation of the values that existed until now.” It was this struggle that made Nietzsche one of the most brilliant singers of European nihilism. All the works he wrote after Zarathustra represent such a “revaluation.”
The study of philosophy, Christian religion and ascetic morality leads the philosopher to the conclusion that they separate man from the origins of true existence, from life itself. The path that European humanity eventually took turns out to be fraught with a number of consequences that Nietzsche prophetically foretells to his contemporaries, lifting the curtain of the European future: the collapse of European spirituality and the devaluation of its values, the “revolt of the masses,” totalitarianism and the reign of the “coming boor.” with its leveling of man under the banner of universal equality of people. Overcoming nihilism can only be a revaluation of all values and the creation of new ones.
The central concept in the philosophy of the late Nietzsche was the concept of “will to power,” most fully expounded in his work “The Will to Power” (1886-1888). The will to power is interpreted by Nietzsche as the principle of everything that exists. He seeks confirmation of his thoughts in any analytical material available to him: in philosophy, religion, art, psychology, politics, natural science, right down to everyday life.
According to Nietzsche, the will to power finds its expression in all human activities; he even suggested that it could be the energetic basis of the entire cosmos as a whole. Nietzsche did not call for striving for power, he spoke about honesty with oneself and turned to examples of “superhuman” strength embodied in people like Goethe and Leonardo, as opposed to the “human, all too human” strength of military despots.
In 1889, Nietzsche's creative activity was cut short due to mental illness.
Nietzsche's ideas have had a huge influence on modern philosophy. No author has been cited as often as Nietzsche. Many pages of works or entire books by Semyon Frank, Nikolai Berdyaev, Martin Heidegger, Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze and other outstanding philosophers are devoted to the analysis of his legacy, polemics with his prophecies, and are permeated with rejection of his ideas or admiration for them.
The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti
Nietzsche was multifaceted, his works can be divided into several ideas:
1) Will to power.
2) Death is a god.
3) Nihilism.
4) Reassessment of values.
5) Superman.
Nietzsche's philosophy briefly mentions the theories that inform his thinking, such as Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection and Schopenhauer's metaphysics. Despite the enormous influence of these theories on Nietzsche's works, in his thoughts he mercilessly criticizes them. However, natural selection and the struggle for survival, in which the strongest survive, led to the philosopher’s desire to create a certain ideal of man.
The main ideas of Nietzsche's works:
Will to power
Nietzsche's mature philosophy can be summarized in his desire for power and dominance. This was his main life goal, the meaning of existence. The will for the philosopher was the basis of the world, which consists of accidents and filled with chaos and disorder. The will to power led to the idea of creating a “superman”.
Philosophy of life
The philosopher believes that life is a separate and unique reality for each person. He does not equate the concepts of mind and life and harshly criticizes expressions and teachings regarding thoughts as an indicator of human existence. Nietzsche presents life as a constant struggle, and therefore the main quality of a person in it is will.
True Being
Nietzsche's philosophy briefly illuminates the problems of existence. He believes that it is impossible to contrast the true and the empirical. Denial of the reality of the world contributes to the denial of the reality of human life and decadence. He claims that there is no absolute existence, and there could not be. There is only the cycle of life, a constant repetition of what once happened.
Nietzsche fiercely criticizes absolutely everything: science, religion, morality, reason. He believes that most of humanity are pathetic, unreasonable, inferior people whose only way to control is war.
The meaning of life should be only the will to power, and reason does not have such a significant place in the world. He is also aggressive towards women. The philosopher identified them with cats and birds, as well as cows. A woman should inspire a man, and the man should keep the woman strict, sometimes with the help of physical punishment. Despite this, the philosopher has many positive works on art and health.
Superman
Who is the superman, according to Nietzsche? Of course, this is a man with enormous will. This is a person who controls not only his own destiny, but also the destinies of others. The superman is the bearer of new values, norms, and moral guidelines. The superman must be deprived of: generally accepted moral standards, mercy, he has his own, new view of the world. A superman can only be called someone who is devoid of conscience, because it is she who controls the inner world of man. Conscience has no statute of limitations; it can drive you crazy and lead to suicide. The superman must be free from its shackles.
Let us take a closer look at the theory of the superman.
The idea of the superman in Thus Spoke Zarathustra
“Thus spoke Zarathustra. A book for everyone and for no one" - first published in 1885, one of the most controversial and famous philosophical books. The book originally consisted of three separate parts, written over several years. Nietzsche intended to write three more parts, but completed only one - the fourth. After Nietzsche's death, Thus Spoke Zarathustra was published in one volume.
The book tells the story of the fate and teachings of a wandering philosopher who took the name Zarathustra in honor of the ancient Persian prophet Zoroaster (Zarathustra). Through his speeches and actions, Nietzsche expresses his thoughts. One of the central ideas of the novel is the idea that man is an intermediate step in the transformation of a monkey into a superman: “Man is a rope stretched between an animal and a superman. A rope over the abyss." The philosopher, whose important theme is decadence, also emphasizes that humanity has fallen into decline, has exhausted itself: “Man is that which must be surpassed.”
In contrast to the superman, the author creates the image of the Last Man, which Zarathustra talks about in his speech to the crowd in the square. He combines all the negative traits, according to the writer: he does not know what love is, creation is aspiration, he is an opportunist, lives the longest, is indestructible, but “makes everything small.” Having forgotten about the highest ideals, he, having stopped his development, thinks that he has already found happiness. For him, work is not a means to achieve a goal, but only entertainment, and even then in moderation, so as not to get tired. He unites into a herd, wanting equality and despising those who feel differently. The crowd rejoices at the words of Zarathustra and asks to make them like the last man, which makes us understand that, according to Nietzsche, the whole world is striving for the wrong goals, guided by false ideals. Zarathustra in his speeches calls his opponents superfluous people, mediocrity. Another false virtue of theirs is sound sleep, which governs their entire life. It is from this that their moderation and evenness in desires come, and not from considerations of duty.
The superman, on the contrary, must harmoniously combine physical perfection and high intellectual qualities in order to renew humanity, embodying Nietzsche’s idea of eternal return, which is expressed in the cyclical nature of existence. A superman must have, first of all, an indestructible will. With her help, he will overcome all difficulties and build a new world. But the superman is more a genius or a rebel than a ruler or hero. He is a destroyer of old values. Zarathustra calls to “break the old tablets, for God is dead.” In order to achieve his goal, a superman can neglect generally accepted morality (“There is no truth, everything is permitted”), since his mind should not be fooled by anything. Adhering to a pragmatic approach, Nietzsche gave him the right to be “beyond good and evil.” But this is not where the aphorism “nudge someone who is falling” comes from. It should not be understood in the simplified sense that you should not help your neighbors. Since the author has experienced the influence of Darwinism, he is confident that the most effective help to his neighbor is to give him the opportunity to reach an extreme in which he can rely only on his survival instincts, in order to be reborn from there, or die. This manifests Nietzsche’s faith in life, in its ability to self-regenerate and resist everything fatal (“What does not kill us makes us stronger”).
Comparing the great man and the latter, the author draws a parallel to the difference between diamond and charcoal. After all, they are one and the same thing, they consist of carbon, but diamond is hard and unbending, like the will of those striving for the coming of a superman, and coal is soft and crumbly, since the last person is weak and weak-willed. Concluding the comparison, Nietzsche laments that even great people are still too similar to people, that is, man is at the very beginning of his path to renewal.
Renewal must occur through three transformations. Camel's first transformation. He is a symbol of perseverance and endurance. A person must contrast these qualities with the spirit of the time, withstand all the tests without giving up, without turning into a small person. Second transformation of Leo. With his strength and rage, a person must destroy old foundations and traditions, and without destroying the old, he cannot get a new one. (“Carefree, mocking, strong - this is how wisdom wants to see us; she is a woman and always loves only a warrior”). Last transformation Child. He is a symbol of innocence, oblivion, a new beginning, initial movement, since Leo the destroyer is not able to create, he is replaced by the Child.
Nietzsche proclaims the freedom of death, the slogan of which is “Die in time.” This implies that death, as a part of life, must also be subordinated to a goal. A person must manage it, he has the right to do so. That is, for Nietzsche, God no longer has a monopoly on life, for God is dead. And man, subordinating death to the idea of the superman, on his deathbed will bless the oaths of great people to be faithful to their goal.
The superman is freed not only from morality and religion, but also from authorities. Even such strong ones as the prophet of the superman - Zarathustra, who teaches his followers: lose me and find yourself. That is, every person must find himself, accept himself.
Traditions and institutions of society interfere with the search for oneself... The author declares priests to be enemies of the superman, for they are preachers of slow death, they serve a dead God and they are false (“When the commandments were especially sacred, there was the most robberies and murders in the world”). The good and righteous stand next to them. These are contented and compassionate townspeople, “whose bowstring has forgotten how to tremble and they will not become arrows of melancholy.” They can never become a bridge over the abyss, because they are happy with what they have. The aristocracy is also subject to harsh criticism, because who else but they should lead people to a bright future, but they are mired in vices, in fornication and lies, in self-interest and laziness.
In contrast to the aristocracy, Nietzsche elevates the common peasant who is capable of change. He has a will and that's what makes him strong. In support of this idea, the author tells us about a shepherd, a snake crawled into his mouth while he was sleeping, he bit off its head and threw it away at the prompting of Zarathustra, thus surviving. With this Nietzsche signifies his main idea: listen to Zarathustra and you will live.
Friedrich Nietzsche is one of the most brilliant European contemporary philosophers. His name is known all over the world, and his ideas are full of harsh criticism and nihilism. His worldview was based on Darwin's theory and the works of Schopenhauer. Nietzsche founded a branch of philosophy about life, in which life is proclaimed as an indisputable value, a reality that must be comprehended.
Nietzsche was multifaceted, his works can be divided into several ideas:
- 1) Will to power.
- 2) Death is a god.
- 3) Nihilism.
- 4) Reassessment of values.
- 5) Superman.
Nietzsche's philosophy briefly mentions the theories that inform his thinking, such as Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection and Schopenhauer's metaphysics. Despite the enormous influence of these theories on Nietzsche's works, in his thoughts he mercilessly criticizes them. However, natural selection and the struggle for survival, in which the strongest survive, led to the philosopher’s desire to create a certain ideal of man.
The main ideas of Nietzsche's works:
Will to power
Nietzsche's mature philosophy can be summarized in his desire for power and dominance. This was his main life goal, the meaning of existence. The will for the philosopher was the basis of the world, which consists of accidents and filled with chaos and disorder. The will to power led to the idea of creating a “superman”.
Philosophy of life
The philosopher believes that life is a separate and unique reality for each person. He does not equate the concepts of mind and life and harshly criticizes expressions and teachings regarding thoughts as an indicator of human existence. Nietzsche presents life as a constant struggle, and therefore the main quality of a person in it is will.
Superman
Nietzsche's brief philosophy is based on a kind of ideal man. His ideal person destroys all the norms and ideas and rules set for people, because this is just a fiction imposed by Christianity. The philosopher views Christianity itself as a tool for instilling in people qualities that turn strong individuals into weak ones and create slavish thinking. At the same time, religion idealizes weak people.
True Being
Nietzsche's philosophy briefly illuminates the problems of existence. He believes that it is impossible to contrast the true and the empirical. Denial of the reality of the world contributes to the denial of the reality of human life and decadence. He claims that there is no absolute existence, and there could not be. There is only the cycle of life, a constant repetition of what once happened.
Nietzsche fiercely criticizes absolutely everything: science, religion, morality, reason. He believes that most of humanity are pathetic, unreasonable, inferior people whose only way to control is war.
The meaning of life should be only the will to power, and reason does not have such a significant place in the world. He is also aggressive towards women. The philosopher identified them with cats and birds, as well as cows. A woman should inspire a man, and the man should keep the woman strict, sometimes with the help of physical punishment. Despite this, the philosopher has many positive works on art and health.
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