A subordinating relationship is a relationship between parts complex sentence or phrases in which one part is controlling, and the second is subordinate to it. Based on this, we will analyze the types subordinating connection in phrases and sentences. For clarity, each of the above cases will be considered with an example.
Types of subordinating connections in phrases
There are only three of them. These are coordination, control and adjacency.
Coordination
Gender, number and case of the main word in this type of connection are consistent with the dependent word.
Examples: beautiful flower, another world, ninth day.
As you can see, this type of connection is typical for phrases where the noun is the main word, and the adjective, participle or ordinal number is the dependent word. Also, a possessive pronoun can act as a dependent word, for example, in the phrase “our souls.” The type of subordinating connection here will be agreement.
Control
The main word in management makes the secondary word dependent by means of case. The combinations of parts of speech here can be quite varied: verb and noun, participle or gerund and noun, noun and noun, numeral and noun.
Examples: sitting on a bench, knowing the truth, entering a room, a clay bowl, ten sailors.
In GIA and Unified State Examination tasks, students are often faced with the task of changing the type of phrase from control to coordination or vice versa. Without understanding the material, a graduate may make a mistake. The task is actually quite simple. To do this, it is enough to know the types of subordinating connections and be able to use them.
The classic version of the task is a connection of two nouns. For example, “corn porridge.” The subordinating word must be changed into an adjective. Then it comes out " corn porridge", accordingly, no other types of subordinating connections, except coordination, are suitable here. This means that everything was done correctly.
If it is necessary to change the connection from agreement to control, then we change the adjective to a noun and put it in a certain case in relation to the main word. So, from a “strawberry cocktail” you get a “strawberry cocktail”.
Adjacency
In this case, the main word is connected with the dependent word solely in meaning. Such a connection is between a verb and an adverb, a verb and a gerund, a verb and a verb, a verb and an adjective or adverb. comparative degree.
Examples: “smile happily”, “speaks while sobbing”, “I can swim”, “be smarter”, “it has become worse”.
It is quite simple to determine this connection: the dependent word does not and cannot have case and gender. This can be an infinitive, a gerund, comparative degrees of an adjective and an adverb.
We looked at all types of subordinating connections in a phrase. Now let's move on to a complex sentence.
Subordinating connection in a sentence
Types of subordinating connections in a complex sentence can be distinguished when there are several subordinate clauses. They connect to the main clause in different ways. For this reason, it can be noted that the subordination relationship, the types of which we will analyze, can be expressed in different ways depending on the nature of the subordination.
Consistent submission
With this type of connection, subordinate clauses come into subordination to each other sequentially. This sentence pattern resembles a nesting doll.
Example. I asked a friend for a guitar who was helping me put on a show where we played Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson.
The basis of the main sentence here is “I asked.” The subordinate clause that enters into a subordinating relationship with it has the stem “which helped to arrange.” From this sentence comes another subordinate clause, subordinate to it - “we played Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson.”
Parallel subordination
This is a type of complex sentence in which several subordinate clauses are subordinate to one main clause, but at the same time to different words.
Example. In that park where lilacs bloom magnificently in spring, I was walking with a friend whose image seemed cute to you.
The main sentence sounds like this: “I was walking in that park with a friend.” It has a built-in subordinate clause “where lilacs bloom magnificently in spring.” It obeys the phrase “in that park.” From him we ask the question “in what?” Another subordinate clause - “whose image seemed cute to you” - is built from the word “familiar”. We ask him the question “which one?”
Thus, we see that subordinate clauses are connected by a subordinating relationship with one main sentence, but at the same time with different parts of it.
Homogeneous Subordination
Subordinate clauses with homogeneous subordination associated with one main sentence. They refer to the same word and answer the same question.
Example. They guessed that their action would have consequences, that it was better to abandon the idea and let everything be as it was.
The main sentence is “they guessed.” From him we ask the question “about what?” Both subordinate clauses answer this question. In addition, both the first and second subordinate clauses are connected to the main sentence using the predicate “guessed.” From this we conclude that the sentence is with homogeneous subordination.
All the examples given refer to sentences where there is a subordinating connection, the types of which we have discussed. This information will be necessary for everyone who is going to take exams in the Russian language, especially the State Examination and the Unified State Exam, where there are a number of tasks to test such knowledge. It is important to remember that without understanding how phrases and sentences are constructed, it is impossible to fully master literate speech. Any person who wants to learn how to write without errors needs to know this.
Subordinating connection
Subordination, or subordinating connection- the relationship of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between the predicative parts of a complex sentence.
In this connection, one of the components (words or sentences) acts as main, the other - like dependent.
The linguistic concept of “subordination” is preceded by a more ancient concept - “hypotaxis”.
Features of subordinating communication
To distinguish between coordinating and subordinating connections, A. M. Peshkovsky proposed a criterion of reversibility. Submission is characterized irreversible relations between the parts of the connection: one part cannot be put in place of another without damaging the overall content. However, this criterion is not considered decisive.
The significant difference between a subordinating connection (according to S. O. Kartsevsky) is that it functionally close to the dialogical unity of the informative (question-answer) type, firstly, and predominantly has pronominal nature of means of expression, secondly.
Subordination in phrases and simple sentences
Types of subordinating connections in phrases and sentences:
- coordination
- adjacency
Subordination in a complex sentence
The subordinating relationship between simple sentences as part of a complex sentence is made using subordinating conjunctions or allied (relative) words. A complex sentence with such a connection is called a complex sentence. The independent part in it is called main part, and dependent - subordinate clause.
Types of subordinating connections in a complex sentence:
- allied subordination
- subordination of sentences using conjunctions.
I don't want the world to know my mysterious story(Lermontov). - relative subordination
- subordination of sentences using allied (relative) words.
The moment came when I realized the full value of these words(Goncharov). - indirect interrogative submission(interrogative-relative, relative-interrogative)
- subordination with the help of interrogative-relative pronouns and adverbs connecting the subordinate clause with the main one, in which the member of the sentence explained by the subordinate clause is expressed by a verb or a noun with the meaning of a statement, perception, mental activity, feeling, internal state.
At first I couldn’t realize what exactly it was(Korolenko). - sequential submission (inclusion)
- subordination, in which the first subordinate clause refers to the main part, the second subordinate clause - to the first subordinate clause, the third subordinate clause - to, the second subordinate clause, etc.
I hope that this book says quite clearly that I was not shy about writing the truth when I wanted to.(Bitter). - mutual submission
- mutual dependence of the predicative parts of a complex sentence in which the main and subordinate clause; relations between parts are expressed by lexical-syntactic means.
Before Chichikov had time to look around, he was already grabbed by the arm by the governor(Gogol). - parallel subordination (subordination)
Notes
Links
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Coordinating connection
Means of expressing syntactic connections in phrases
III. Adverbial phrases
1. Phrases with an adverb (for example: very successful, still good).
2. Collocations with nouns (for example: far from home, alone with my son, shortly before exams).
Syntactic connection - formal structural relations between the components of syntactic units, revealing semantic connections (syntactic relations) and expressed by means of language.
Means of expressing syntactic connections in phrases and simple sentences:
1) forms of words:
· case form of nouns;
· number, gender, case of adjectives;
· person, number, gender of conjugated forms of verbs.
2) prepositions;
3) word order;
4) intonation (in written speech expressed using punctuation marks).
Syntactic connections are divided into coordinating and subordinating, which oppose each other based on the presence/absence of the “master” and “servant” relationship in the syntactic structure.
At essay the components are single-functional. This connection is characterized by the number of combined structural components, i.e. a sign of openness/closedness.
At closed coordinating connection only two of its components can be connected ( not a sister, but a brother; you love sadly and difficultly, but a woman’s heart is a joke). Must be expressed by adversative conjunctions ( A, But), gradational ( not only...but also; yes and), explanatory ( namely, that is).
With an open coordinating connection, an indefinite number of components can be connected at once. Can be expressed without conjunctions or using connectors ( And, Yes) and separating ( or, or, Also etc.) unions.
At subordination the role of the components in creating a design is different, they have different functions. The Russian language has different formal means of expressing subordinating relationships. These funds are grouped into three main types.
First view formal expression of dependence is the likening of the form of the dependent word to the forms of the dominant word; such assimilation is carried out in cases where the dependent word changes by cases, numbers and genders (this is an adjective, including pronominal adjectives, ordinal numbers and participles), by cases and numbers (this is a noun) or by cases other than them. n. and, for some. excl., wine n. (numerals); eg: new home (new home, new home...), late passengers, my brother, first flight; tower house, giant plant; three tables, four tables, several athletes. The condition for the formation of such a connection is the possibility of coincidence in the connecting words of case, number and gender - in case of dependence of the adjective, or case and number, or only case - in case of dependence of the noun ( tower house, in the tower house..., nursery-new building, V nursery-new building...).
Second type formal expression of dependence - setting the dependent word in the form of an indirect case without a preposition or with a preposition (attachment to the word case form name); in such a connection, the main word can be a word of any part of speech, and the dependent word can be a noun (including a pronoun-noun, cardinal and collective numeral): read a book, angry with the student, drive into the yard, pass for the groom, monitor the instruments, be in the city, work for seven, father's arrival, buying a house, award to the winners, math exam, city on the Volga, scientifically gifted, alone with myself, stronger than death, someone in a mask, first from the edge.
Third type formal expression of dependence - the addition to the dominant word of a word that does not have forms of change: an adverb, an unchangeable adjective, as well as an infinitive or gerund, which syntactically behave as independent words. The main word can be a verb, a noun, an adjective, a cardinal numeral, and also, when combined with an adverb, a pronoun-noun. With this type of connection, the formal indicator of dependence is the immutability of the dependent word itself, and the internal, semantic indicator is the emerging relationships: run fast, turn right, beige, saddle coat, golden side, sixth from left, three upstairs, order to advance, decide to leave, act smarter, older people, someone more experienced.
In modern Russian, there are traditionally three types of subordinating connections: coordination, control and adjacency. When distinguishing and defining these connections, not only strictly formal types of connection must be taken into account, but also the significant side of the connection inseparable from these types, i.e., the relationships arising on its basis.
Coordination- this is a subordinating relationship, which is expressed by assimilating the form of the dependent word to the form of the dominant word in gender, number and case, or in number and case, or only in case, and means relations that are actually attributive: new home, someone else's, tower house, nursery-new building. The main word in agreement can be a noun, a pronoun-noun and a cardinal numeral in the form of noun-vin. n. With words that are informatively insufficient, agreement combines a defining meaning with a complementary meaning and thus acquires signs of a strong connection: fun thing, unfathomable things.
Control- this is a subordinating relationship, which is expressed by joining the dominant word of a noun in the form of an indirect case (without a preposition or with a preposition) and means a relationship that is complementary or objective or contaminated: object-completion or object-defining. The main word in control can be a word of any part of speech: become a scientist, be in the dark, master of inventions, brooding, two students, alone with myself; read a book, buying a house, angry at everyone; run into rudeness; get home, move down the mountain..
Adjacency is a subordinating relationship that exists in two forms, each of which receives an independent definition. There is a distinction between adjacency in the narrow sense of the word (or adjacency itself) and adjacency in the broad sense of the word (case adjacency). The actual junction - this is a connection in which the role of a dependent word is played by unchangeable words: an adverb, an unchangeable adjective, as well as an infinitive or gerund. In this case, various relations may arise: when the infinitive is adjacent - complementary (), objective ( learn to draw, agree to go), or adverbial determinatives ( come in and talk); when adjoining adverbs, gerunds - attributives ( speak slowly, read faster, extremely interesting, city at night, second from left) or determinative-replenishing ( be nearby, costly, be listed here, become smarter); when adjoining an unchangeable adjective - the actual attributives ( indigo, tsunami waves, mini skirt, older boy). A word of any part of speech can dominate in this connection.
Case adjunction- this is the addition to the main word (any part of speech) of a case (without a preposition or with a preposition) form of a name with a defining meaning: come on May 5th, come in the evening, wooden spoon, city on the Volga, house with two windows, checkered gray, handsome face, teapot lid, one step ahead, someone in blue, first in line. With case adjacency, attributive, subjective-attributive relations arise, or - with informationally insufficient words that require an adverbial extender - adverbial-complementary ( be on the shore, be registered at the plant, cost a hundred rubles, long before dawn).
They are grammatically equal. This is a coordinating connection.
In some situations, one word may depend on another, and the subordinate part of the sentence may be subordinate to another, the main one. This is a subordinating relationship.
What are the features of subordinating communication?
IN in different words and phrases, its different types are involved. The types of subordinating connections largely depend on what parts of speech the constituent phrases are expressed with.
Coordination. With this variety, the dependent word is completely similar to the main word in gender, case, and number. (Blue Lagoon, to our team).
Most often, dependent words in agreement are:
- adjectives,
- participles (both active and passive),
- some pronouns are possessive, demonstrative, attributive, negative),
- ordinal numbers.
The main word must be a noun or any other part of speech that acts as it. For example: dear people present, the first cosmonaut, convalescent works. Types of subordinating connections in phrases are not limited to agreement.
Control. The dependent word must stand with the main word in the form required by the lexical-grammatical meaning of the main word. To put it simply, the dependent word must stand with the main word in a certain gender, case or number. (I remember the past, put it on the table, stand at the table, etc.). Dependent words in this case can be:
- nouns (or other words in their role): look at those sitting, sing a song;
- pronouns: be angry with him;
- some numerals: to be angry with both.
An accurate sign of control is the presence of a preposition in a phrase.
Adjacency. In this case, the main and dependent word are connected not by the grammatical form, but exclusively lexical meaning. Only the following can join:
- adverb: run quickly;
- infinitive: must run away;
- gerund: walked, humming;
- adjective in the simple comparative degree: older boys;
- invariable adjectives: khaki.
It is not difficult to figure out what types of subordinating connections take place in a particular phrase if you use such a simplified hint.
The types of subordinating connections are also divided into groups:
- Subordination is allied. I want it to be warm tomorrow. The connection is expressed through a union.
- Submission is relative. The day came when the chicks flew out of the nest. Subordination is carried out using It should be noted that these types of subordination are very similar.
- Subordination is indirectly interrogative. I can't figure out what it was. The main and subordinate parts are connected by adverbs and interrogatives).
- Submission is consistent or inclusion. I know that I will find a job that will help me become richer. Subordinate clauses “cling” sequentially, to each other.
- Submission is mutual. Before I could enter, I was caught up in the whirlpool of events. Such a connection is expressed lexico-semantically, and both parts are interdependent.
- · Subordination is parallel or subordination. As I approached the window, Marina turned her head to get a better look at me. Subordinate clauses are subordinate to one word in the main word or to the entire main word.
The methods of subordination are as follows: coordination, control, adjacency
Agreement as a method of subordinating communication
- Coordination- this is a type of subordinating connection when the dependent word takes grammatical forms main word, for example: beautiful picture.
The main word when agreed, a noun, a substantivized adjective or participle (i.e., has become a noun), as well as a pronoun, a noun, for example: high spirits, student canteen.
dependent word can be an adjective, an adjective pronoun, an ordinal number or a participle, i.e. such categories of words in which the categories of gender, number and case are not independent, for example: the right decision, our meeting.
Management as a method of subordinate communication
- Control- a type of subordinating connection, when the dependent word is used in the indirect case that requires the main word, for example: write a book, click your teeth, advise a friend (to whom? dative case);
The main word when governing, it can act as a verb (to rejoice in meeting you), a noun (love for people), an adjective (regrettable), an adverb (near the city), or an ordinal number (first in class).
When driving dependent word nouns, pronouns-nouns, substantivized adjectives always appear (cover with snow, conversation with workers).
Adjunction as a method of subordinating connection
- Adjacency- this is a type of syntactic connection when an unchangeable dependent word is attached to the main one in meaning. For example: Very nice (how nice?).
Unchangeable words are adjacent: infinitive, adverb, simple comparative form, gerund, some unchangeable adjectives (order to advance, door to the left, a little to the south).
Infinitive adjacent to a verb (try to answer, came to stay), a noun (desire to make peace), adjective (intends to relax)
Comparative forms adjacent to a verb (it’s better to answer, to run faster), to a noun (the news is more interesting, the drink is stronger)
Participles adjoin the verb in cases where the meaning of an adverb develops in them (read while lying down, sleep while sitting).
Immutable adjectives such as beige, mini, maxi, hindi, midi, flared, etc. adjacent to nouns (Hindi language, peak hours).
It is necessary to distinguish between adjacency and control
- Her shoes– this is an adjunction (whose?),
- See him– management (of whom?).
In the categories of pronouns there are two homonymous categories. The personal pronoun answers questions of indirect cases, and it participates in a subordinating connection - this is control, and the possessive is involved in adjacency.
- Run to the store– management,
- Go here– adjacency.
It is important to distinguish between the prepositional case form and the adverb, because there may be the same questions! If there is a preposition between the main and dependent words, then this is management.
