or Cedar elfin wood- Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel
Distributed throughout Eastern Siberia and the Far East, Northeast China, Korea, Japan. It grows on dune sands, mountain slopes, and swamps in the moss tundra. ON In the south it grows at an altitude of 1600-2000 m, forming a strip of dwarf cedar at the upper border of the forest (on Sakhalin 700-1000 m), to the north the altitude of distribution decreases. In Kamchatka it occurs almost from sea level. Forms large, impenetrable thickets on mountain slopes, scree, and sand. The branches lie under the snow for the winter and straighten out in the spring. Grows on rocky and poor soils. Protected in nature reserves.
Pinus pumila "Glauca"
Photo by Dmitry Vinyarsky
A plant of wide ecological amplitude. For its original appearance it received many names: “lying forest”, “northern cedar”, “northern jungle”, etc. The emergence of creeping dwarf cedar forests was facilitated by its growth conditions.
These are small trees (no more than 5 m in height) with intertwined crowns, pressed to the ground (crawling and creeping along it) and forming impenetrable thickets. Palmate branches, covered with tufts of needles, stretch upward only at the tops. Young shoots are greenish, in the second year of life they are gray-brown, short, with reddish pubescence. The needles are 5 pieces in a bunch, up to 10 cm long, bluish-green, thin, curved, functional for 2-3 years. Male spikelets are intense red, decorative. The cones are red-violet, turning brown as they ripen, 3-6 cm long, ovoid or round, collected at the ends of the branches, falling without opening, along with the seeds. The cones ripen in the second year. The seeds are oval, up to 0.9 cm, dark brown, with a thin skin.
Introduced into cultivation around 1807, known in St. Petersburg since 1833. According to V.I. Lipsky and K.K. Meissner (1915), it was introduced into cultivation by the VIN Botanical Garden, where it is currently grown. Also available in the collections of the Arboretum of the Forestry Academy and the Otradnoe Scientific Experimental Station.
In GBS since 1952, 2 samples (26 copies) were obtained from Primorye and Lipetsk LSOS. Tree, at 36 years old, height 4.4 m, crown diameter 260 cm. Vegetation from 18.IV ±11. It grows slowly, the annual growth is 3-5 cm. It is dusty from 12.V ± 7 to 18.V ± 4. The cones ripen in September of the following year. Winter hardiness is high. Absent from the landscaping of Moscow.
 Pinus pumila Photo by Vyacheslav Radyushkin |
 Pinus pumila Photo by Konstantin Korzhavin |
 Pinus pumila Photo by Vyacheslav Radyushkin |
Winter-hardy. It grows slowly. Photophilous, does not tolerate dry air. The dwarf cedar is undemanding to soils and grows well even on the poorest, rockiest, sandiest soils. Does not require special care, is not susceptible to serious diseases and pests. It is extremely rare in culture, although it is valuable ornamental plant especially for the northern regions.
Propagated by seeds and grafting onto other types of pines. The survival rate of grafting forms and varieties is very low. Species plants can be grown from seeds. But, unfortunately, even on a natural specimen they ripen once every 20-30 years, and only if it grows in an open place. Before sowing, seeds require artificial stratification for six months at 2-5 °C. Sowing before winter is also possible, but mice can eat the nuts. The photo on the right is a 3-month-old seedling. Dwarf often forms adventitious roots on branches in contact with the ground - layering. Ask if your friends have mature elfin wood in their garden.
Pinus pumila "Chlorocarpa"
Photo by Dmitry Vinyarsky
Used in single and group plantings in parks and forests, for decorating rock gardens. This plant will fit into a variety of compositions and parts of the garden: undergrowth under pines, larches, oaks, an element of tree groups or, for example, a tapeworm planted among large gray stones on dumps. Slopes and slopes are strengthened with cedar dwarf wood. And they even grow it in containers (most other conifers will simply freeze to death in this case). This means that it is perfect for decorating roof gardens.
The most popular garden form is with bluish needles.
"Glauka", Sizaya ("Glauca"). Selective form. Shrub 1 - 1.5 m high, rarely up to 3 m. Crown diameter is about 3 m. The shoots are powerful, curved and rising. The needles are gray-blue, more intensely colored than the type. It grows slowly, with an annual growth rate of 3 cm. The main charm of this form is the dense pubescence of the branches with five-coniferous bunches of long (up to 8 cm) sharp curved silvery needles. blue color, which do not fall off for three to four years. Young red-violet cones are an additional decoration of this luxurious pine; By the ripening period, the ovoid, up to 5 cm long cones become shiny, light brown. Winter-hardy. Photophilous. Does not tolerate stagnant water. Introduced into cultivation in 1943 in Boskop. Propagated by seeds, cuttings (14%). Suitable for group plantings in the gardens. for growing in containers. Used for landscaping parterre lawns and rock gardens. In the Botanical Garden BIN since 1998, obtained from nature, from the slopes of the Golovnin volcano on Kunashir Island. Should be grown in lime-free soil.
It is impossible to describe in detail all varieties of dwarf cedar used in Europe; we will briefly report on some that have unusual coloring needles:
"Chlorocarpa" The size is close to normal, the needles are gray-green, and the young cones are yellow-green. Not particularly attractive, but will interest conifer collectors.
Pinus pumila "Draijer's Dwarf"
Photo by Kirill Tkachenko
"Draijers Dwarf"- a compact wide plant with a funnel-shaped crown and a slow growth rate (5-6 cm per year). Needles 3 cm long are loosely arranged, especially blue ones. Before 1950, selected by G. Hesse and distributed by den Ouden and son in Boskop as P. pumila var. nana, since 1954 received the latter name.
"Dwarf Blue"- wide pine with shoots, fluffy due to pointed, radially arranged bunches of white-bluish needles 3-4 cm long;
"Globe"- Fast-growing shape compared to the species, rounded, up to 2.m high and wide, very dense. Needles are 5-7 cm long, thin, beautiful, bluish-green (=P. sembra "Globe"; den Ouden and Boom). The old tree was selected in the Gimborn Arboretum, Doorn; introduced into culture in 1965 by Dreyer, Heemstede.
"Jeddeloh". The shape is flat, wide, widely spreading with a nest-like deepened middle; branches on the outside rise obliquely; annual growth is 7-10 cm; shoots are densely covered with needles. The needles are pressed to the shoot, straight, arched inward at the end, 3-5 cm long, fresh green, the inner sides are bluish-white. The apical cones are cylindrical, 10-12 mm long, gray-brown, without resin; scales pressed. Yeddelo selection, very tenacious and healthy specimens.
"Jermyns". Dwarf form, especially slow-growing, very compressed and pin-shaped, appearance different from other forms. Introduced into cultivation in 1965 by Hillier and Son, Winchester.
"Nana"- a shrub with a denser crown than the main species. Male flowers are wine red. The needles are twisted, bright gray-green. Previously considered a form of European pine (Pinus cembra), it is now classified as a dwarf pine, and the name of the form “Nana”, despite the lack of dwarfism, remains.
"Saentis"- the crown shape of this cultivar resembles a miniature pine tree, standing out strongly among other representatives of the species with its vertical structure (the most vertical of the elfin trees).
"Saphir". The form is weak and unevenly growing. The needles are short, beautiful blue. Dreyer selection, 1970
Lodgepole pine (Murray) - Pinus contorta Dougl ex Loud. The tree is 25 m (35 m) high, in a free stand it is knotty to the ground, in closed stands it produces thin trunks with an extended knotless zone; the bark is thin, reddish-brown to black-brown, finely scaly. The needles are collected two in a bunch, from dark green to yellow-green, 3-5 cm long, remain on the shoot for 5-9 years. The cones are ovoid, often curved, 3-6 cm long; seed scales are thin, purple-brown with a light or dark brown shield and a sharp spine.
The species grows in the western regions of North America, from southern Alaska to California, in the east it reaches the Rocky Mountains. Many geographical varieties have been identified, the most famous are: contorta(grows on the Pacific coast), latifolia(continental) and tiggauapa(intermediate). In the Rocky Mountain region (Canada) the range of lodgepole pine (var. latifolia) overlapped by a related species, Banks pine, from the eastern part of the continent. In the zone of overlapping ranges, extensive hybrid populations are formed. This is another example of introgressive hybridization in conifers. Lodgepole pine is considered in its homeland to be a pioneer species that occupies wastelands. It has a large reserve per 1 hectare and gives high growth, which does not decrease even by 50-60 years. It is valued as a species that produces timber, and its wood is the best raw material for the pulp and paper industry and fiberboards, as well as for puff materials.
The species is being intensively introduced into culture in Sweden and other Scandinavian countries. In the 70s, 35-40 million lodgepole pine seedlings were planted annually in Sweden, and 1.5 million in Finland. In central and northern Sweden lodgepole pine (compared to Scots pine) is different best shape trunk, more resilient, has thin bark and greater productivity (50-65% higher than that of Scots pine). Experimental plantations of an introduced species give reason to believe that the logging turnover will be shorter by 15-20 years. The advantages of lodgepole pine are more pronounced in the northern and central regions of Sweden and Finland; in the south it does not have any special advantages in comparison with Scots pine.
Experiments with geographical plantations of lodgepole pine, carried out under the IUFRO program in parallel in Canada and Sweden, gave similar results. Climatypes growing below 600 m above sea level have more rapid growth than from altitudes of 600-1800 m. Plants grown from seeds obtained from mainland British Columbia and the Yukon provide more productive, fast-growing crops in Sweden. The survival rate of provenances increases with increasing latitude of the mother planting or its height above sea level.
The Swedish Forest Service and several forestry companies have created a joint fund to organize seed farming on a selection basis to ensure the reforestation of lodgepole pine by seeds. The seed plantations were established by planting seedlings grown from seeds collected in Canada from 1,197 plus trees grouped into six geographic areas. Seeds were collected in 1978 and 1979, and seed plantations were established in 1979 (V. Bartram, 1980). IN recent years Research has been undertaken to genetically evaluate the established plantings. Thus, T. Ericsson showed that heritability for tree height was 0.10-0.54, and adaptability was 0.12-0.18. On this basis, he concludes that lodgepole pine breeding is promising in Sweden (T. Ericsson, 1994).
Sweden is an example of a serious approach to introducing promising exotics into the culture and practice of forestry in the country. This example is no exception - a similar approach is observed in Great Britain with Sitka spruce, in Germany with Douglas fir, in New Zealand with remarkable pine.
At one time, some authors in our country actively promoted the need for widespread introduction of lodgepole pine into forest plantations. There were plans to create its plantings on thousands of hectares. However, a detailed analysis of the existing 50-77-year experience of introducing this breed, including comprehensive field studies in different regions of the country of all introduction crops of this breed on a total area of approximately 30 hectares, did not show a reliable and sustainable advantage of exotics over local breeds. At the same time, data on productivity, resistance to fungal diseases and adverse environmental factors, external morphological-habitual, physical-mechanical, anatomical and biochemical indicators and wood quality were analyzed. The superiority of Scots pine and Norway spruce over lodgepole pine for most of the studied characteristics increased from the northwestern regions of introduction to the eastern ones (V.K. Shirnin, 1993).
The general conclusion from these studies was that before recommending this species for widespread silvicultural practice, it is necessary to conduct long-term and multifaceted research, testing and selection of appropriate exotic origins with high productivity, sustainability and wood quality in the regions of introduction. For now, its place is in botanical gardens, arboretums and small-sized green spaces.
LATIN NAME:Pinus contorta
DESCRIPTION: Grows in North. America (southwest Canada; USA: along the Pacific coast from southern Alaska to Cape Mendocino in California). The tree is usually up to 10 m high, often bush-like, especially in open areas, with a spherical crown and short branches. At an older age, it grows in width. The bark is thin, smooth, peels off in thin scales, dark red-brown. Young shoots are 3-5 mm thick, brownish-green or violet-dark brown, glabrous. Buds up to 12 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, ovoid, resinous, with appressed broad-lanceolate dark brown scales with sparse light fringes at the edges. Needles in bunches of 2, flattened, strongly twisted, 3.5-7 cm long. 1-1.5 (-2) mm wide, green, needles last more than 3 (up to 5-9) years, almost like spruce and fir. The cones are lateral, sessile, elongated-ovate, very oblique and asymmetrical, 3-6 cm long, up to 3 cm thick, remain closed on the tree for a long time. Seeds 4-5 mm long. IN Western Europe since 1831
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MAIN TYPES AND VARIETIES:
Pinuscontorta var. latifolia(S. twisted, various broad-leaved). In forestry and as a park tree, the broad-leaved variety (var. latifolia) is known, characterized by a different (cone-shaped) crown shape, longer (up to 8-10 cm long) and wide needles (up to 2 mm wide), strongly convex apophyses of the seed scales and larger sizes. North America (Rocky Mountains from Southern Alaska to Colorado, and in the east to South Dakota).
Rinuscontorta var. murrayana (WITH.
twisted,
diff..
Murray). It differs from the typical form by its greater height (up to 46 m), cone-shaped crown, as well as shorter dark green needles and almost symmetrical, quickly opening cones with plano-convex apophyses. The last of the varieties mentioned occupies a slightly different habitat in nature, and is recognized by some botanists as independent type- Murray pines (Pinus murrayana). North America (USA: from the Cascade Mountains to California).
Low-growing variety Pinuscontortavar. contorta(3-10 m tall) grows in swamps, sand dunes, and along low shores of lakes. The species is frost-resistant, unpretentious, and is the first among other species to inhabit wastelands.
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They are photophilous and grow and develop better in open places. Relatively shade-tolerant. Grows quickly, does not tolerate air pollution well |
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Unpretentious to the soil. Does not grow on chalky soils, but can grow well in light rocky and sandy soils. Has a more superficial root system than Scots pine. |
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Frost-resistant. |
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| The distance between plants is from 3 to 4 m. Planting depth is 0.8 - 1 m or more, root collar- at ground level. | ||||||||
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