As a rule, when building a yacht or dinghy Special attention beginners in yachting pay attention to the hull, mast, as well as other details that are paramount in their opinion. But about imperceptible at first glance and small elements of the vessel, they think most often when the construction is completed. Or even after the yacht was launched and there was a test swim.

Where are they used

However, these modest details, despite their size, are an essential part of the yacht. They are called the phrase "good things." The name originates in the jargon of the Dutch sailors. It should be noted that not a single sea vessel can do without practical things. Basically, depending on what tasks they are responsible for, these parts should be divided into those intended for fastening, as well as setting up standing rigging and running elements used for fastening. In addition, they are needed for towing and mooring.

To fix the tackle elements in the running rigging, you need:

Duck. It has the appearance of a stand with two horns (it can be either wooden or metal). It is laid for her rigging for a sail. It is done with rollers, if necessary. tug of sail directly through it.

Coffee-nagel. Can be made from the same materials. It is a rod that is inserted into the corresponding bar, or a ring that is located around the mast and is called a coffee yoke. It is used as a substitute for a duck, if you have to fasten several ends of tackle for raising and lowering sails.

Knecht. This detail is necessary to lay the mooring ends.

Bitt. A solid rack that goes along the deck and is fixed at the keel. Needed to secure the mooring and ends of the tug.

Stopper, various clips.

Butt. This is a bolt with a ring head, it is passed through the deck in order to secure the root ends or blocks.

For running rigging you need:

Various blocks.

Bales-shackles. They have holes with edging through which sheets are passed. As a rule, they move with the help of rails, and sometimes a block replaces the pile.

Roller. It's a pulley small size. It sets the direction of movement of the sheets or other gear. As a rule, they are installed on semi-clusters. Installation on a duck is also possible.

Shoulder strap. This is a rail, as well as bars bent in a certain way, on which, by means of sliders, blocks of sheets move.

Elements that connect the rigging parts to each other and attach it to the sails:

Lobes, which are also called staples.

Hooks, another name is gaki. If, due to its fastening, the hook can be rotated around its axis, then it is called a swivel.

Ravens. It is a gripping device that holds firmly, is affected by traction, and can be easily released if no force is applied to it.

Choice of both types of rigging:

Here you will need a clew and halyard winch, lanyards, as well as backstays stretching.

Metal parts that are needed in order to attach in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe hull or spars, as well as spreaders - fittings.

anchor device
This area, in addition to the anchor itself and the rope or chain attached to it, also includes cluses. This word denotes holes that can be both on board and directly on the deck.

There are also semi-clusters. These are metal strips, open from above, a rope passes through them, which is needed for anchors or moorings. They allow you to protect the board from possible damage by a cable or chain. In addition, there must be a device that raises the anchor and locks the anchor line or chain. In order to facilitate the selection of the latter, we need gates - spiers. At manual type there is a drum, the axis of which is vertical. You can set it in motion with a lever located at the top of the spire, as well as with the help of punches, or by resorting to a gear transmission. The design of the drum is ratchet, which cancels the rotation of the drum in the direction opposite to the selection. In the case of a drum with an axis located horizontally, the gate is called a windlass. It or the capstan that replaces it has a stopper that holds the anchor chain, if it is being worked on, at the moment the anchor is released. Such elements are used on yachts where the weight of the anchor does not allow manual control.

To keep the mast from falling

Ufers are a special type of blocks, there are no pulleys, there are three holes, as well as a bale around the circumference. They are used in hoists to fit forduns and shrouds.

A stay-lufer, or a stay-block - a washer that has one larger hole in the middle and three bales with a shallow depth for holding the cable. It is needed in order to provide traction for the water stay and stay.

Vant-klotn are wooden mugs with one to three holes, and there is a bale around the circumference. Attached to the shroud below for running rigging.

Koushi - rings made of metal, bales around the circumference. In the form of a circle, they are used with cables made of plant materials, of an oblong type, or in the form of spears - with cables made of metal. They are fixed in block slings, as well as in krengels, in order to reduce the friction that occurs when the cable passes through the bracket.

Of course, the listed details are not all the practical things that are used on ships in our time. Above is a basic list of elements that will be interesting and useful for beginners in yachting.

For fastening to the yard along the upper luff of the straight sail, eyelets (round holes) are made, sheathed (stitched) with sailing threads or trimmed with copper rings, through which segments twisted from three or four kaboloks are threaded - revants that serve to fasten the sail to the rail of the yard (Fig. 84,. A And b).

For straight sails, the grommets are located along the luff, for jibs and staysails - along the front, and for trisails - along the upper, lower and front luffs.

Sails in the 18th century fastened directly to the yard with the help of revenants passing through the eyelets of the upper luff. On the re-vant, in order for it not to jump out of the grommet, two knots were made, the diameter of which was greater than the diameter of the grommet, similar to reef seasons in reef gates. Very long revenants were placed in the noch corners, so that several hoses around the yard could be made from each halves (Fig. 84, c). The hoses were applied in opposite directions and then their ends were tied.

§ 37. Details of oblique sails

Oblique sails (staysails, jibs), as well as straight ones, had folded edges, were sheathed with lyktros, corresponding reefs, crengels, bows, bows, were equipped with eyelets (Fig. 85).

The jibs and staysails went along the stays and handrails and were attached to them with the help of wooden or metal raks or a special cable - a slack line that passed through the eyelets of the oblique sail luff and went around the handrail or stay (Fig. 86, a and b).

Oblique gaff sails (Latin, oblique mizzen and trysel) also had folded edges around the perimeter, were sheathed with lyktros, had reefs, krengels, bows, bows and eyelets (see Fig. 85). The leech of the sail attached to the gaff is called the horn or oblique, the leech attached to the mast or trisel mast is the front or standing, the stern is the rear or clew, the last is the lower one.

The upper front corner is called the upper tack, the rear upper - knock-benzel, the front lower - tack and the rear lower - clew.

Hafel sails (oblique mizzen and trysel) are attached to the mast with the help of wooden or iron hoops - segars, they are attached to the booms with the help of seasons or, like Latin sails, to the yards - with a slack line that wraps around the boom or a special conductor stretched along the boom.

All sails, depending on their location on the mast, each have their own name without prefixes or with various prefixes - fore, bom and bram. On fig. 87 shows the sailing armament of a ship of the early 19th century. - sloop "Vostok".

Rice. 85. Details of oblique sails:

A - jib; b - trysel; 1 - lyktros; 2 - luff; 3 - back luff; 4 - bottom luff; 5 - tack angle; 6 - head angle; 7 - clew; 8 - eyelets for attaching raxes (slack); 9 - krengels; 10 - knock-benzel angle; 11 - upper tack angle; 12 - reef bows; 13 - boat; 14 - reef season

Rice. 86. Fastening jibs and staysails to stays:

a - with the help of raks; b- with the help of a slack line; 1 - handrail; 2 - sail; 3 - cancer; 4 - slacklin

Rice. 87. Sailing armament of the ship (part of the positions are shown in Fig. 88):

I - bom-jib; II - jib; III - fore-topmast-staysail; IV- fore staysail; V- fock - the lower rectangular sail on the foremast; VI- fore-marseille - the second straight sail from the bottom, located on the fore-bram-topmast; VII- fore-bram-sel - the third sail, located on the fore-bram-topmast; VIII- fore-bom-bram-sel - the fourth direct sail, located on the fore-bom-bram-mast topmast; IX- mainsail; X- mainsail-stay-sail; XI - main-bram-staysail; XII- mainsail - the lower rectangular sail on the main mast; XIII- mainsail; XIV- mainsail bramsel; XV- mainsail-bom-bramsel; XVI- apsel - an oblique sail between the mainsail - and mizzen-masts; XVII- kruysel - direct sail; XVIII- cruise-bramsel; XIX - cruise-bom-brahm-sel; XX - mizzen - lower oblique sail (oblique mizzen);

1 - bom-jib-half; 2 - boom-jib-sheet; 3 - jib sheet; 4 - for-topmast-staysail-sheet; 5 - fore staysail sheet; 6 - fore-sheet; 7 - fore-tack; 8 - focal knock-hordes; 9 - fore bull-hordes; 10 - foca-gits; 11 - foca bowline; 12 - fore-marsa-gits; 13 - fore marsa bowline; 14 - reef pendant of hoists - the end of the tackle, based between the blocks, for pulling up the sails when taking reefs; 15 - for-brahm-gits; 16 - for-bram-bulin; P- for-bom-brahm-gits; 18 - reef seasons (reef shters); 19 - mainsheet; 20 - mainsail; 21 - grotto-ttok-gorden; 22 - grotto-bull-pride; 23 - grotto-gits; 24 - grotto bowline; 25 - grotto-marsa-gitovy; 26 - grotto-marsa-bouline; 27 - grotto-brahm-gits; 28 - grotto-bram-bulin; 29 - grotto-brahm-gits; 30 - mizzen-gits; 31 - kruysel-gits; 32 - cruisel bowline; 33 - kruys-brahm-gits; 34 - kruys-brahm - bowline; 35 - cruise-bom-bram-gitov

The running rigging of sail control includes halyards, sheets, tacks, hordes, gits and bowlinis.

The halyards are called gear, with the help of which the sails (jib and staysails), flags and signals are raised and lowered.

Sheets serve to control straight (lower) and slanting sails, which pull them to the stern.

Jibs and staysails have two sheets passing from one and the other side of the side or rails. These sheets are usually made double. With the root end (attached tightly) they are attached to the tank, and the running end is carried out each into its own block, thrown into the pendant, which is taken in the middle of the end by the krengels (ring) in the clew of the sail. For oblique sails with a boom, where the clew of the sail is attached to the leg (end) of the boom, a boom sheet attached to the boom is used to control the sail.

The running ends of the sheets of straight lower sails are pulled next to the main ones. These sheets are fastened with the root end on the inside of the bulwark, and with the running end they are brought out through the holes in the bulwark with rollers, each is passed into the block intended for it in the clew of the sail and returned back (into the hole in the bulwark with the roller), where they are pulled and fastened next to root end. The sheets of all straight sails, the lower luff of which is pulled along the yard, are fixed with the root end to the crengels in the clew of the sail, and the running one is carried into blocks or pulleys at the legs of the lower yards, then from the middle of the yard through the block they are lowered onto the deck, where they are attached near the mast to the coffee - dowel bar.

The clews of the fore and mainsail are pulled in addition to the sheets by tacks, which are intended to pull the corners of the lower sails in the direction of the bow, opposite to the sheets. Tacks are double (and then they are carried out like sheets) or single. In the latter case, the root end of the tack is fixed in the clew. The main tacks are pulled at the sides near the fore mast, and the fore tacks are pulled on the tank, through the block on the tack bokanz (a short spar horizontal tree protruding in the bow of the ship from each side to stretch the windward angle of the fore by means of the fore tack).

Hordens and gits are used for picking up the luffs and leech and clews when harvesting sails and taking reefs. The foresail and mainsail, one on each side of the sail, are fixed with the root end to the lower yard from the windward (from the side facing the stern) at a distance from the bow equal to the height of the leech, the running end is carried into the git block in the clew, then into the block near the root end and stretch on the coffee bar at the mast.

Nok-gordeni (tackle for pulling up the leech of straight sails) is passed through the crengels on the leech, then on both sides of the sail into the corresponding blocks on the leeward and windward sides of the yard, into the blocks under the marshal platform and stretched at the side coffee bars.

Rice. 88. Running rigging of sails (an explanation of the positions is given in Fig. 87)

The pride bull is taken with the root end by the crengels on the lower luff of the sail, carried out from its leeward side into blocks mounted on the yardarm, from there to the block under the topsail and pulled next to the nok-gordeni.

Marseille is picked up from the windward side by the Titovs, who are founded in the same way as at the lower sails, and from the leeward - by mar-sa-bull-hordens or reef-pendant-hoists.

Bramsel and bom-bramsel are picked up only by Titovs, their root ends are taken by the crengels of the clew corners, they are led into blocks at the middle of the yard, they are lowered and pulled at the sides.

The mizzen-gits are attached at the luff of the mizzen, and their running ends are led into blocks on both sides of the hafel, lowered down and stretched on coffee-slats at the sides.

Bulini - tackle located on the leech at the bottom of the straight sails, designed to stretch the sail into the wind so that the ship can sail steeply into the wind. In order to decompose the bowel thrust into several places, the short ends (spruits) were first attached to the krengels of the sail, and then the bowline was attached to them (Fig. 88).

The rigging of ships has been improved all the time - the standing rigging is not very noticeable, but the running rigging has undergone major changes and this must be taken into account when rigging the ship model. It is indisputable that the sailing ship of the end of the 17th - the first half of the 18th centuries. (Fig. 89) was equipped with running rigging somewhat differently than the end of the XVIII - first half of XIX centuries (see fig. 88).

Real sails for ships and ships were sewn from linen, hemp and cotton (for clippers) fabrics. Linen and hemp sails were light gray in color, American clipper ships carried white cotton sails.

Sails for desktop models of ships are usually made of thick and thin cotton fabric, such as percale or cambric, sails for sports models of yachts are sewn from synthetic fabrics such as lavsan, dacron, etc.

In order to give the sails a light gray color, you need to hold the fabric in water, lightly dyed with gray aniline paint, then stretch it between the carnations and let it dry or iron it with a hot iron.

According to the drawings, sail templates are cut out of thick paper, put on a stretched fabric, and the contours of the sails are traced with a pencil with an allowance for the filing. At the cut sails, the edges are folded and hemmed with small stitches on a sewing machine. The sail must be sewn on a typewriter and in the vertical direction, thus imitating the sewn panels of the sail.

A thin lace - lyktros - is manually sewn to the edges of the sail. The lace is better to weave from three thin threads on homemade device(Fig. 90). Krengels can also be made from this lace.

Rice. 89. Sails and running rigging sailing ship end of the 17th - first half of the 18th centuries:

I - Sail bliid; II - bom-blind sail; III - fork; I V- Fort Marseille; V - fore-bramsel; VI- grotto; VII- mainsail; VIII - main-bramsel; IX - kruysel; X - mizzen; 1 - sheets; 2 - counter sheets 3 - gits; 4 - nok pride; 5 - proud bull; 6 - bowlini; 7 - braces; “- topenants; 9 - dirik-fal; 10 - stays; 11 - guys; 12 - tacks; 13 - counter-bras; 14 - pride

Rice. 90. Thread twister

After that, the sail is again stretched with the help of carnations and impregnated with enamel (aerosol) or colorless nitro-lacquer NTs-235. After such processing, the sail becomes elastic (rigid) and, if now it is placed between somewhat close yards (located narrower than the width of the sail), then the sail will receive a bulge in the bow, simulating fullness from the wind,

Before putting the sail in its place, some more work is carried out. Strips of the same material as the sail are glued onto it - bows and reef bows with reef seasons inserted into them. To attach a straight sail to the yard, eyelets (rings) are strengthened on the upper luff, which are cut out of thin black celluloid using a steel tube of the appropriate diameter. Circles are glued on both sides of the luff of the sail, and then holes are drilled in them.

§ 40. Classification of sailing ships depending on the type of sailing rig

Depending on the type of sailing rig, all modern sailing ships are divided into three main groups: ships with direct rigging, ships with oblique rigging and ships with mixed rigging.

The first group includes ships in which the main (predominant) are straight sails. In turn, the ships of this group, according to the number of masts armed with straight sails, are divided into the following classes (Fig. 91):

ships with three to five masts, with straight sails on all masts;

barges, which also have from three to five, of which all except the last one (with oblique sails) have straight sails (the famous Soviet sailing ship Tovarishch was a typical four-masted barque in terms of sailing armament);

brigs are two-masted ships with straight sails on both masts.

The second group includes ships whose main ones are oblique sails (Fig. 92). The predominant type of ships in this group are schooners, subdivided into gaff, topsail and Bermuda-rigged.

In gaff schooners, the main sails are trisails. The Marseille schooner, in addition to slanting sails, has on the first, and sometimes

on the second mast straight sails. In a Bermuda-rigged schooner, the main sails are triangular in shape, the luff of which is attached along the mast, and the lower one to the boom. In addition to schooners, this group of vessels with oblique armament includes small single-masted sea vessels - tenders and sloops, as well as two-masted ke chi and iols. In the 19th century the sloops were three-masted, directly armed.

Rice. 91. Vessels with direct sailing weapons: 1 - ship; 2 - barque; 3 - brig

Rice. 92. Vessels with oblique sailing equipment: 1 - gaff schooner; 2 - Marseille schooner; 3 - schooner with Bermuda weapons

Rice. 93. Vessels with mixed weapons:

Ships with slanting sails are much easier to manage and smaller in size than ships with direct sails. They better go to sharp corners and behave well when tacking. These two qualities have contributed to their widespread use in coastal shipping. In addition, ships with slanting sails are widely used in sailing sports shipbuilding.

However, slanting sails also have a drawback. It lies in the fact that setting slanting sails perpendicular to the diametrical plane is inconvenient with fair winds. The ships become; frisky and restless. This shortcoming is eliminated by staging mixed sailing rigs on ships.

Mixed-rigged ships include those that have both straight and oblique sails. Such ships are brigantines and barkentines (Fig. 93).

A brigantine (schooner-brig) is a two-masted vessel, the foremast of which is armed with straight sails, and the mainmast is dry, that is, it does not have yards and is armed only with oblique sails.

In the fleet of Peter I, brigantines were used as landing craft and military transports. In case of calm, they had 12 - 15 pairs of oars. From the middle of the XIX century. brigantines remained only in the commercial fleet, and they did not have oars. They had good seaworthiness and tacking qualities.

Barquentina or schooner-bark is a large sea sailing vessel with at least three masts (up to six). Her foremast is always armed only with straight sails, and all other masts are dry, that is, they carry only slanting sails.

Vessels of these two classes are used both in coastal navigation and on long-distance voyages, as they are economical in operation and easy to manage.

ROPES, BLOCKS, HOISTS AND OTHERS

ITEMS REQUIRED FOR WIRING

AND RIGGING FASTENING

§ 41. Cables

The word "rope" is not used in the Navy, instead they say "cable" or "end".

Cables are divided into vegetable (linen, hemp, sisal, manila, coconut and cotton) and steel, and Lately more cables made of artificial fibers were added - kapron, nylon, etc.

Sisal ropes are made from the fibers of the agave plant, manila - from the fibers of the banana tree, coconut - from the fibers surrounding the hard shell of coconuts. Manila and coconut cables are very elastic, do not rot and have positive buoyancy, almost not getting wet. Of all the plant cables, hemp cables were more common in the Russian sailing fleet than others.

Vegetable cables are made as follows: thick threads are spun from fibers - cables, strands are twisted from cables, and a cable is twisted from strands. The cable is spun by twisting the fibers in the direction of the sun, that is, from left to bottom to top to right; strands are twisted in the opposite direction - from right to top to left, and, finally, the cable is woven (lowered) again in the sun - from left to right. Such a cable is called a cable of direct descent or cable work. If a thick cable is then twisted from these cables, then it is called a cable work cable.

The rigging on the ships was made from cables of various thicknesses, the rigging of a sailing ship model must be made from threads of various thicknesses. But it will be better and more natural if the rigging is made not just from threads of various thicknesses, but twisted from three threads of smaller thickness. By the way, all sewing threads are twisted in the same way as the heels, that is, in the sun - from left to bottom to top to right. Consequently, the ship-model "cable" must be twisted in the opposite direction, i.e. from the right from the bottom up to the left. Twisting the cable for ship models from threads can be done on a simple device (see Fig. 90).

The thickness of all plant cables is measured by the length of their circumference. Cables with a thickness of up to 25 mm (up to 1 inch) are called lines, they are used for raising flags, cages, making vyblenki and benzels. Cables with a thickness of 100 to 150 mm (4 to 6 inches) are called pearls, from 150 to 325 mm (6 to 13 inches) - cable and over 325 mm (13 inches) - ropes. Cables from 25 to 100 mm do not have a special name and are simply called cables of such and such a thickness.

So, the cables of standing and running rigging for ship models are made of three-strand cords or cotton threads of various thicknesses, depending on the type of rigging and the scale of the model. Recall that the shrouds of ancient ships, including the lanyard laps, as well as most of the standing rigging, were tipped for better preservation - they were covered with dash or resin Brown. Standing rigging of later times (late XVIII - early XIX centuries) was black, since mineral shooting ranges began to be used. The running rigging was a natural dark brown, as it was in most cases made from manila wire. Steel cables are made from galvanized steel wire and subdivided into soft and hard (more elastic).

Wire ropes are measured not in circumference, like vegetable ropes, but in diameter.

A knot is any fight or loop made on a tackle or: around an object, a bundle of cable ends between themselves - Knots serve to quickly and reliably connect an end to an end or some object.

All nodes used in maritime affairs have their own purpose and the corresponding name (Fig. 94). A straight knot is used to temporarily fasten two ends. It is very durable and tightens even more when the cable is pulled. At the same time, it is quite easy to untie it if it is subjected to compression at both ends, from which it partially relaxes.

A reef knot, very similar to a straight knot, but with a loop, is easy to untie by bringing one end out of the knot. If you pull on this withdrawn end, then the knot will bloom freely. These knots are used when tying reef shters (when taking reefs) and seasons when tying sails to yards. Babi knot - incorrectly tied straight or reef knot. When pulling the cable, this knot loosens quite freely, and therefore is not used anywhere.

The clew and brahm-tack-clew knots serve to secure the sheets in the clew of the sail (for tying the ends into a thimble or loop, for example, a sail krengel). The brahm-sheet knot differs from the clew knot in that its running end is passed under the root end not once, but twice.

Rice. 94. Nautical knots:

1 - straight; 2 - woman; 3 - reef; 4 - clew; 5 - bram-sheet; 6 - noose; 7 - push button; 8 - bleached

Noose - a protracted knot, knitted in cases where you need to quickly wrap around some spar tree. The harder you pull on its running end, the more it tightens.

Knop - a special knot (thickening) at the end of the vegetable "rope to hold or secure its root end, preventing it from slipping out of the block, pulley or bale.

The vybleknot knot is used for knitting vyblenok across, shrouds. The vyblenki run in parallel, at a distance of 0.4 m from one another (on a real ship), forming a ladder for sailors when climbing the mast.

It must be recalled that the word "knot" simultaneously denotes a unit of ship speed equal to one mile (1852 m) per hour or 0.514 m/s.

§ 43. Blocks

Blocks -: these are the simplest mechanisms used to lift weights or change the direction of cable pull. The simplest block is an oval body made of wood or metal with one or more holes in which there are pulleys rotating on an axis (nagel).

Blocks were used on sailing ships various types(fig. 95): simple one-pulley, two-pulley and three-pulley blocks. A long-tail block with two pulleys lying in the same plane (and the upper pulley was of a larger diameter than the lower one) was used on the yards and booms instead of the usual two-sheave blocks, since the gears are less confused in it. The pulley of a blind or git block is closed on all sides, there are only two holes for the cable from below. This is done so that objects do not get stuck between the cable and the pulley. The swivel block is equipped with a protrusion that prevents the cable from being pinched between the blocks and the spar on which it stands. The hull of the butt block is longer and rounder than the hull of the long tackel block. This block can be with one or two pulleys lying in the same plane: through the single-pulley blocks, topenants of Mars and bram-reevs are carried out, for which they are: installed between the guys of the bram-topmast, and through double blocks- marsa topenants and other ends. To prevent the cable from being pinched, long-tail blocks with a ledge were used. Canifas-blocks with a slotted or folding cheek for installing a cable served to change the direction of the pull of the hoists or the hoist fall.

All blocks are tied with a cable - sharpened (Fig. 96). Above. a block generates one or two points, depending on the purpose of the block.

Slings of blocks can be simple and double. A simple sling is a ring spliced ​​from a cable - krengels, covering the body of the block. A benzel is placed at the top of the ring so that another small ring is formed on top - a point or two points. A double sling is obtained by folding a long sling in half and clasping the body of the block with the resulting rings.

Rice. 95. Varieties of blocks:

1 - two-pulley with two bales; 2 - three-pulley with one bale; 3 - long takel block; 4 - deaf (git-block); 5 - swivel with a ledge; 6 - butt block; 7 - canifas-block; 8 - long-tail block with ledge

Rice. 96. Slinged blocks:

1 - simple sling with one and two points; 2 - double sling; 3 - 4 - simple and double slings with a thimble; 5 - slings with fire; 6 - slings with toggle; 7 - sling with a sweater; 8 - sling with a hook

There are simple and double slings with a thimble (a metal ring molded into the point of the sling to protect it from chafing); slings with a fire (loop), which serves to suspend the block on a yardarm or other spar tree; sling with a toggle - a double sling, through the lights of which a nagel-like piece of wood is passed - a toggle; a sling with a harness that serves to attach the block to a cable or boom; slings with wound hooks.

On large modern ships, metal blocks are used in various hoists of spars, arrows, davits, etc.

Blocks make up various hoists. Tali is a lifting device consisting of a cable passing through one or more pulleys. The end of the cable, fixed in the sling of the block or in another other place (mast, yard, side of the ship), is called the root, i.e., fixed tightly. The end of the cable that has passed through the pulleys and perceives the applied force is called the running or fall, and the cable located between the blocks is called a turnbuckle (Fig. 97).

Hoists are distinguished depending on the number of blocks and cable wiring. Blocks in hoists can be one-, two- and three-sheave, as well as one block is two-sheave, and the other is one-sheave.

Grab-hoists are based between two - and one-sheave blocks .. The root end of them is taken as a one-sheave block. Grab hoists are used for lifting small weights, tightening spars gear, cleaning ladders, etc. These hoists are the most common in ship life.

Gorden is a type of hoist in which the tackle is passed through one single-pulley block. Gorden is used to lift weight or pull the lower part of the sail to the yard and does not give a gain in strength.

Gini is a special type of hoist based between two three-sheave blocks. To avoid twisting of the blocks during traction, their fall is passed through the middle pulley of the upper block. Gini is used to lift and lower manually large loads, such as boats on sailing ships.

Gints - small hoists laid in some place on a permanent basis for traction of one specific gear, for example, a hafel-hardel, raising and lowering the hafel by the heel. External: the thin end of the gaff is raised and lowered by a dirik-fal, reinforced by the leg of the gaff.

Mantyl-hoist - a system of two hoists, i.e. hoists, behind the running end of which a hook of a block of other hoists is laid.

Runner hoist - the longest hoist on a sailing ship, on which the topsail is raised. Runner hoists include hoists on special types of blocks without pulleys - on yufers, stay blocks, etc. for fitting standing rigging.

Rice. 97. Types of hoists:

1 - grip-waist; 2 - proud; 3 - gini; 4 - gintsy; 5 - mantyl-waist; 6 - runner-waist; 7 - hoists on stay blocks and yufers; 8 - root end; 9 - running end or lopar

§ 45. Pieces necessary for wiring and fastening rigging

For wiring cables of standing and running rigging, changing the direction of pull of gear, in addition to blocks, use the following practical things:

yufers are a special type of blocks without pulleys, made of hardwood and having a lenticular shape with three through holes and a bale (gutter) around the circumference (Fig. 98, a). They are used in hoists for fitting standing rigging: shrouds and forduns. The diameter of the lufer is equal to half the diameter of the mast, on the gear of which it is located. The thickness of the yufer is approximately half of its diameter;

stay-lufers or stay-blocks - wooden or iron washers with one large hole in the middle and three shallow piles (grooves) for cable routing (Fig. 98, b). Serve only for tight stays and water stays;

vant-klotni - wooden circles with one, two or three holes, tied to the lower shrouds (Fig. 98, V). Serve for running running rigging, protecting it from friction on the guys;

coffee-nail strips (Fig. 99) - thickened boards or metal strips with holes, placed at the attachment points of the running rigging. Coffee-on-gels (smooth wooden or metal pins) were inserted into these holes for fastening and laying running rigging gear on them. Basically, the pin strips were installed on the inside of the bulwark, under the lower shrouds and around the pylons of the masts. In the latter case, the pin strips were laid on special pin bits (pillars). Pulley-gates were cut in the dowel bits, in which there were pulleys for running running rigging;

ducks - devices carved from hard wood or cast from metal (with two horns). They were installed on inside sides and deck, and sometimes lower shrouds (Fig. 100). Ducks with paws served for fastening the sheets of the lower sails, trisails, foresail and mainsail, and on the dowels - the main rigging. Tack ducks were placed vertically on the sides to fasten the tacks;

Rice. 98. Eufers (a), stay-eyofers (stay-blocks) (b) and vant-clotni (V)

thimble - metal rings with a bale (gutter) around the circumference: round - for plant cables and oblong (or spear-shaped) - for metal (Fig. 101). They were inserted into the krengels (rings) of the cables and slings of the blocks to reduce the friction of the cables on the krengels and slings.

Rice. 99. Coffee-nail strips:

A- on the bulwark of the ship; b- around the spotters of the mast

Rice. 100. Ducks: A- on the inside of the board; b - on the shroud

§ 46. Production of blocks and lufers for ship models

Models of sailing ships and ships have to be equipped with various blocks, the manufacture of which is quite laborious. Therefore, they are usually made in series. For a series of single-pulley blocks of boxwood or light brown celluloid, several battens are prepared, the thickness and width of which must exactly match the thickness and width of the blocks (Fig. 102).

On the side surfaces above and below the rails, axes - symmetries are drawn and the rails are divided into parts equal to the lengths of the blocks. From the upper and lower sides of the slat, the risks are deepened with a scriber to make flutes-bales, into which then the slings of the blocks are subsequently laid. After drilling a hole for the passage of the cable with a file, the outlines of the body of each block are rounded. After that, the resulting blocks are separated and finally brought to their normal appearance - they are slightly filled up from above and below side surfaces(cheeks) of the block, trim the bales for the slings and make the bales below the hole for the passage of the cable from the pulley of the block.

Rice. 101. Varieties of thimbles: 1 - oval; 2 - round; 3 - triangular

Rice. 102. Production of blocks and lufers:

1 - production of blocks; 2 - turning yufersov on a lathe; 3 - drilling holes in lufers according to the template

The lufers must all be the same, symmetrical and with the same hole pattern. Therefore, they are cut into lathe from a round boxwood stick. On the machine, with a thin cutter, bales are also marked - gutters along the surface of the lufer circumference, for laying cables of shrouds and forduns in them. Then the bales are finally corrected with a trihedral needle file.

To ensure that the holes in all the lufers are in one place, they are drilled according to a metal template.

LITERATURE

Bestuzhev history Russian fleet. - L .: Sudpromgiz, 1961.

Ya-, etc. The combat chronicle of the Russian fleet. - M.: Military Publishing, 1948.

Cheerful history of the Russian fleet. - M. - L.: Voenmorizdat, 1939.

Gorshkov the power of the state. - M.: Military Publishing, 1979. , Chernov shipbuilding. - L .: Sudpromgiz, 1952.

Construction of ship models: Encyclopedia of ship modeling./Abridged lane. from Italian. - Shipbuilding, 1977.

Mavrodin of navigation in Rus'. - L .: Publishing House of Leningrad State University, 1949.

Matveev Russian ships. - L .: Shipbuilding, 1979.

From drakar to cruiser. - M.: Children's literature, 1975.

Wasp shipbuilders. - M.: DOSAAF, 1976.

Pearl 3. Stories about warships. - M.: Military Publishing, 1954.

Ryabchikov court. - Maritime transport, 1951.

Skryagin. - M.: Transport, 1979.

and a dictionary. - M.: DOSAAF, 1955.

Tsurban - motor vessels, armament and control. - J1.: Water transport, 1953.

From a sling to a modern cannon. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1956.

On the history of military shipbuilding. - M.: Military Publishing, 1952.

Marine atlas. T. III. Description for cards. Part I. Ed. General Staff of the Navy, 1959.

Ships-heroes / Under the general editorship. admiral - M .: DOSAAF, 1976.

Foreword

Chapter I. From the history of the development of the Russian sailing fleet in the 9th - 17th centuries.

§ 1. Shipbuilding

§ 2. Shipbuilding in the era of Peter I (first quarter of the 18th century)

§ 3. Shipbuilding in the second half of the XVIII century

§ 4. Shipbuilding in the first half of the XIX century

§ 5. Expeditions, discoveries, circumnavigations

§ 6. The era of clippers

Manufacture of hulls for sailing ships

§ 7. Arrangement of the hull of a sailing ship

§ 8. Decoration of Russian ships

§ 9. About the theoretical drawing

§ 10. Materials used in ship modeling

§ 11. Adhesives used in ship modeling

§ 12. Methods for manufacturing model cases

§ 13. General rules ship model colors

§ 14. Painting models of sailing ships

§ 15. Coating models with varnishes and polishing

§ 16. Making miniature sailing models

Chapter III. Artillery armament of sailing ships

§ 17. Development of artillery in Russia

§ 18. Naval artillery

§ 19. About artillery decks (decks)

§ 20. Gun ports

§ 21. Manufacture and installation of tools on models

§ 22. Division of sailing ships into ranks

Chapter IV. Ship devices and practical things of sailing ships

§ 23. Anchor devices

§ 24. Making anchors for ship models

§ 25. Spiers and windlasses

§ 26. Boat devices of sailing ships

§ 27. Making models of boats

§ 28. Steering devices of sailing ships

§ 29. Some useful things on a sailing ship

Chapter V. Spars and rigging

§ 30. Spars

§ 31. Basic proportions of spar trees of battleships

§ 32. Standing rigging

§ 33. Running rigging spars

Chapter VI. Sailing equipment of the ship

§ 34. Direct sails

§ 36. Oblique sails on ships with direct armament

§ 36. Details of direct sails

§ 37. Details of oblique sails

§ 38. Running rigging - tackle for sail control

§ 39. Making sails for ship models

Sail lines are commonly used on yachts that are sailing. The cables or ropes that are used for sails are very strong and strong connections from quality material. Most often, these ropes and cables are used as tackle for yachts, but in fact their scope is very wide.

Rope for yachts, have various properties, due to the large loads, the requirements for such ropes are very different. Depending on where the cable is used, the requirements and characteristics for the cable can also change from this.

Fell and clew ropes.

The cable to control the sails is called the halyard and sheet rope. The main requirements for such cables are durability, and the cable should not stretch, be very durable. Most often, in this case, ropes made of high-strength polyester are used.

Mooring and anchor ropes.

The ropes and cables that are used to secure the ship at the berth are called the mooring end or moorings. To do this, the rope must be elastic, very strong, and must also absorb all the energy.

Used to be steel cables, but modern synthetic materials completely replaced them. After all, thanks to modern technologies, the properties of the new ropes: durability, safety, elasticity, softness, make these ropes very popular among yacht lovers.

The cable for stretching the sail is called the sheet.

When choosing this cable, you need to consider that it is soft, flexible, while durable, and have maximum flexibility. Yachtsmen put forward the highest requirements specifically for sheets, because in the future the cables are brought into a stopper, so such a cable is a little rough on the outside.

Rope for ship gear.

Ship gear is often referred to as all the ropes and cables that are used on a ship. Previously, such ropes were used only from natural materials, now in the age of technology, usually these ropes are of synthetic composition. The main property and achievement in the synthetic composition was that such ropes practically do not absorb moisture.

Most often, the cables that are needed to control the sails:

• rope for the lower sail.
• rope for raising sails.
• sail rope.

The presented cables are combined into one large group, which is called running rigging. Such cables on a yacht are much easier to replace. But in order to choose the right cable, let's talk about what fibers are used in it.

Types of fibers for running rigging

1. Polyamide is most often used in fibers, it makes it possible to produce strong ropes that have shock-absorbing properties during jerks, and such ropes also reduce the dynamic load if they are anchored.
2. Polypropylene fibers in the ropes make it possible for them to have buoyancy properties.
3. Polyester fibers are most commonly used for yacht sails. Due to their properties, namely absorption ultraviolet rays, they have minimal stretch, as well as a very affordable price.
4. Modified polyethylene has become possible to use thanks to modern technologies. Such ropes are very smooth, sliding. Most often they are produced in special braids so that they are convenient to mount.

When you rent a yacht from our company in Croatia, you don't have to worry about the quality of the cables. Since we vouch for the safety of our customers.

Our experts will prompt and help you decide which cable or rope you need.

rig holding the sail

Alternative descriptions

The position of the vessel under sail in relation to the wind

Course, position of the ship relative to the wind

Ship's track from turn to turn

The position of the sailboat in relation to the wind

The road from turn to turn

Segment of the path of the ship (vessel) from turn to turn when sailing in variable courses

Tackle of the running rigging of a sailing ship (vessel)

Russian artificial satellite

Vessel's course relative to the wind

Heading upwind

Side to the wind

The course of the ship side to the wind

Vessel's course downwind

Vessel's heading to the wind

Heading over wind

ship track

Lavrovka

Vessel's heading according to the wind

Vessel course

Wind course

Windy course change

Part of the way when tacking

The ship's course refers. wind

Course according to the wind

Side to top

Wind course

. "windy" course of the ship

ship course

Vessel's course relative to the wind

Vessel's position relative to the wind

Segment of the ship's path from turn to turn

. "windy" course of the ship

sailboat course

Heading across the wind

M. morsk. rope, tackle, pulling the lower windward corner of the lower and slanting sails: the lee is called a sheet. On the Volga, tack naz. deadlift, vacation sheet. Since the tack is stretched (sits down) from the wind, then this word, with the addition: right, left, also means from which side the wind is, with a steep course (see bet, hauled); go on the starboard tack, on the left side of (against) the wind, which will blow on the right. The name of the tackle of the tack is given by the sail: main-tack, fore-tack, etc. The sheet is pulled, and the tack is planted. Tack, related to the tack. Hals-clamp marine a well in the side where the tack passes. Gals-tali pl. hoists, blocks with a base, for landing a tack in a fresh wind

Lower sail cable

Windy course change

1.7. Sailing armament of a six-oared yal

The six-oared yawl has a single-mast rake split sailing rig, the main parts of which are spars- mast and rails, sail- fore and jib, standing rigging- gear to maintain the spars, running rigging- gear for lifting and managing sails (Fig. 19).

foremast, glued from pine or spruce, 5.5 m long serves as a support for sails (Fig. 20). The lower square end of the mast - spurs sheathed in metal for strength shackle. The mast is placed in steps with a spur and fastened with a basting to the bank. For better connection with a step, the spur has a groove into which the step pin enters. For a snug fit of the mast to the bank, its lower part in front has flat shape. Above the bank, the cross section of the mast is round with a gradual decrease in diameter along the height. The greatest thickness of the mast (100 mm) is in the basting area. In this place, she perceives the main load of the sails. Above the basting on the mast is reinforced yoke with a hook for reining and fastening the fore-tack. On the upper end of the mast - a top level with its cut is put on and fixed with screws yoke with collars for fastening shrouds. Below the yoke, a through hole is cut into which the pulley is placed. The running end of the fore-halyard is passed through the pulley.

Guys(hemp cable with a circumference of 50 mm or steel cable Ø 4-6 mm) secure the mast. A thimble and - metal rings with grooves are thrown into both ends of the guys.

Rice. 19. Sailing armament of a six-oared yal:
1 - slack line; 2 - third line; 3 - rax-yoke; 4 - yoke; 5 - top; 6 - halyard; 7 - scale; 8 - semi-benzel; 9 - rails; 10 - Naval ensign; 11 - weather vane; 12 - tubing; 13 - fork (sail); 14 - boots; 15 - krengels; 16 - fore-sheet; 17 - reef bows; 18 - thimble; 19 - cable lanyard; 20 - jib sheet; 21 - steps; 22 - forging; 23 - yoke with a tack hook; 24 - fore-tack; 25 - jib-tack; 26 - bows; 27 - reef-shters; 28 - thimble; 29 - jib; 30 - lyktros; 31 masts; 32 - eyelet

The upper ends of the shrouds are attached to the butts of the yoke. The shrouds are attached to the lower thimble shterty- the ends of the line with a circumference of 25 mm, serving as cable lanyards for fitting and fastening shrouds to shrouds. The length of the shrouds must be such that, when wrapped, the cable turnbuckle is no shorter than 20 cm. It is forbidden to shorten the shrouds with knots.

Rice. 20. Mast:
1 - gop mast; 2 - yoke with butts for fastening the upper ends of the guys; 3 - bath; 4 - a pulley for a halyard; 5 - rax-yoke; 6 - yoke with a hook for attaching the fore-tack; 7 - spurs of the mast in the fitting; 8-thimble; 9 - fastening of the pin to the guy-putens (lanyard knot); 10 - vant putens

Fock - halyard(plant cable with a circumference of 40 mm) is used to lift the rake with a sail. The root end of the halyard is attached to the butt of the rax-yoke, and the running end is passed through the pulley in the mast and attached to the dowel.

Rax-bougel(Fig. 19 and 22) - a metal ring with a hook, put on the mast to hold the rake with a sail at the mast. The rax yoke ring is sheathed in leather. The mast with shrouds and halyard is stored on cans in the centreline of the boat to the left of the sail.

Rice. 21. Reek:
1 - rails; 2 - scale; 3 - third line; 4 - semi-benzels; 5 - notch on the leg of the rake

Reek(Fig. 21) is made of pine or spruce 4.3 m long. The ends of the rake are called nokami. The legs have notches, with the help of which the upper luff is stretched with semi-benzels. sail. For strength, an oak trough-shaped plank, called scale. The scale is attached to the rail in three places with semi-benzels. On one third of the front leg, the rail is reinforced third line for connecting the rail with the rax-yoke. It is made of steel galvanized flexible cable and sheathed with leather. When raising the sail, the third line is put on the hook of the rax-yoke.

Sail are made from the best varieties canvas with waterproof impregnation. A split sail consists of two sails - a fore and a jib with an area of ​​​​14.6 and 5.8 m 2 (Fig. 19). The sails are sewn from separate panels with a double seam. The front, back, top and bottom edges of the sails, called luffs, edged with a gentle descent cable - lyktrosome. Lyktros is sewn to the front side of the sail with a whole end and has one splice, located in the place where the sail experiences the least stress - at the top. The corners of the sails experience the greatest tension, therefore they are additionally reinforced with pieces of canvas - bows and stripes of canvas - boats sewn on both sides of the sail.

The upper front angle of the fore and the rear angle of the jib are called benzene. The top front corner of the jib is called front knock-benzel angle, rear corner of the focus - rear knock-benzel angle. The front lower corners of the fore and jib are called tack, back - clew.

Rice. 22. Device for lifting the split focus: 1- lyktros; 2 - slack line; 3 - third line; 4 - rax-yoke; 5 - halyard; 6 - semi-benzel

Holes are punched along the entire length of the upper luff of the forefoot and jib - grommets, rounded at the edges with thread or bound with brass. Through the eyelets of the upper corners of the sail, semi-benzels are knitted, with which the sail is stretched along the rail; a slack line is threaded through the remaining eyelets, grabbing the sail to the rail along the entire length of the luff (Fig. 22).

In the lower part of the sail, parallel to the lower luff, two rows are punched at the fore, and at the jib there is one row of eyelets through which short (up to 60 cm) line segments are passed - reef-shterns to reduce the sail area in fresh weather. Reef-shterns are attached to the sail with the help of knots tied on reef-shterns on both sides of the sail close to it (Fig. 23). In the area of ​​the eyelets on both sides, the sails are sewn reef - bows.

A Naval flag is sewn to the luff of the rear knock-benzel corner of the forefoot, and below - a weather vane measuring 30 X X50 cm. .

All lower corners of the sail for fastening tacks and sheets have krengels- rope loops, into which metal galvanized round thimbles are inserted, protecting the krengels from chafing (Fig. 24).

Rice. 23. Fixing
reef-shtertov: 1 - sail; 2 - reef bow; 3 - node; 4 - reef-shtert

Crengels at the level of reefs serve to transfer tacks and sheets when taking reefs.

Rice. 24. Fastening the krengels to the sail:
1 - lyktros; 2 - bow; 3 - cloth; 4 - eyelet; 5 - krengels; 6 - thimble; 7 - lining of lyktros (cotton threads)

tacks(plant cables with a circumference of 25 mm and a length of 125 cm) fit and fasten the tacks of the sail. Gals fore is called fore-tack, jib tack - jib-tack.

Sheets(cables with a circumference of 30 mm) are used to control the sails. They are attached in the middle to the crengels of the clews and, depending on the sail, are called fore-sheets or jib sheets. Fock sheets are 15 m long, jib sheets are 9 m long.

Rice. 25. Spar cover: 1 - eyelets; 2 - sewn part of the cover; 3 - loops (strings)

spar cover(Fig. 25) is cut out of the canvas in the form of a rectangle, the large side of which is 25 cm longer than the rail. On the side facing the stern of the boat, the cover is sewn for 7 lengths. Eyelets are symmetrically punched along the unsewn edges.

For quick lacing, it is convenient to use not a pin, but a series of lines woven into the eyelets of one of the edges of the cover. The length of the lines is slightly longer than the distance between the eyelets. The cover is laced at the same time from both ends.

A sail with a rake, tacks and sheets is stored in the spar.

In order not to stain the canvas, all boat rigging is made of white hemp or sisal cable. Marks are applied to the ends of the tackle. To reduce the stretching of the gear, the cable from which the gear is made is pre-pulled out.

The ends of the tackle, which are splashed into the thimbles or passed through the blocks, are made thinner (part of the cables in each strand are removed from them). All steel lines and parts of gear, into which thimbles and blocks are inserted, are sheathed with yuft leather.

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