Mechanical engineering is a leading branch of the national economy; highly developed mechanical engineering is the main link in the material and technical base of the modern national economy, a condition for its intensive development. Mechanical engineering has always been considered an industry that determines scientific and technological progress, and therefore the level of development of this industry is used to judge the degree of development of a particular state.
Mechanical engineering includes:
Mechanical engineering is a unique industry. Its location does not depend on natural conditions and natural resources, but it does depend on socio-economic factors, i.e. on the level of development of the social sphere, science, the level of qualifications of the population, transport conditions, etc.
Features of mechanical engineering include:
1. Mechanical engineering is a branch of the highest specialization, because Any product, even a simple one, consists of many parts that cannot be produced at one enterprise. Therefore, the leading form of production organization is production specialization, and, consequently, cooperation. This industry is also characterized by concentration and combination.
2. All mechanical engineering products are distinguished by high precision manufacturing and the production of any product requires a large number of scientific developments, therefore mechanical engineering is a science-intensive and labor-intensive industry.
3. A number of branches of mechanical engineering require a large amount of metal when placing them, and therefore production is located near metallurgical bases.
Summarizing the above, for the mechanical engineering industries to develop successfully, the following conditions must be met:
1. availability of qualified labor resources;
2. the presence of a developed scientific base and scientific potential;
3. the presence of a developed and reliable transport network;
4. presence of large metallurgical bases;
5. presence of a consumer.
Mechanical engineering is the largest branch of the national economy, and therefore there are many placement options. However, according to the degree of metal consumption and the level of labor and energy intensity, all branches of mechanical engineering can be divided into three groups:
1. heavy engineering industries;
2. branches of general mechanical engineering;
3. industries of medium mechanical engineering.
Heavy engineering
This group of industries is characterized by high metal consumption, relatively low labor intensity and energy intensity. This industry is characterized as a complete enterprise production cycle, independently carrying out procurement, processing and assembly, and factories that combine these industries with the installation of imported equipment as a result of cooperation. The industry has highly specialized plants (hydraulic turbine, shipbuilding) and universal ones that produce various types of products (Uralmashzavod in Yekaterinburg).
The branches of heavy engineering include the following:
Production of metallurgical equipment;
Production of power equipment;
Production of mining equipment;
Heavy machine tool building and production of forging and pressing equipment;
Marine and river shipbuilding;
Railway engineering.
Production of metallurgical equipment includes the production of equipment for ore mining, blast furnace, steelmaking, and rolling production. The industry is a large consumer of metal, and therefore develops near the centers of development of metallurgy and consumption of these products. Centers: Ekaterinburg, Orsk, Novokuznetsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur; Kramatorsk, Mariupol; Alma-Ata.
Production of power equipment. This industry is engaged in the production of steam turbines and generators, hydraulic turbines and steam boilers for the fuel and energy complex. Historically, this industry arose and developed in large centers of machine-building bases with the presence of highly qualified personnel. Centers:
1. St. Petersburg (production of hydraulic turbines for hydroelectric power stations, gas turbines, nuclear reactors for nuclear power plants – “Izhora Plants”);
2. Yekaterinburg (production of gas turbines);
3. Syzran (production of hydraulic turbines);
4. Taganrog, Podolsk, Belgorod, Biysk, Barnaul (production of steam boilers);
5. Khabarovsk (production of steam turbines);
6. Volgodonsk (nuclear power engineering plant).
A major sub-industry is diesel production, which is the production of diesel engines and diesel generators for cars, tractors, locomotives, sea and river vessels. Centers: St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Saratov, Balakovo, Troitsk, Yekaterinburg, Barnaul, Khabarovsk, Kharkov, Riga.
Production of mining equipment(production of vehicles for reconnaissance, open and underground ways extraction, crushing and beneficiation of solid minerals for enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, coal industries, as well as the building materials industry). Enterprises in this industry are located in the largest coal bases in the country:
1. production of excavators: Ekaterinburg, Krasnoyarsk, Kramatorsk
2. production of coal combines: Shakhty, Gorlovka, Karaganda
3. production of lifting machines and winches for work in mines: Yekaterinburg, Donetsk, Kramatorsk
4. production of mine electric locomotives: Kyshtym, Yasnogorsk (Tula region)
5. production of mine trolleys: Perm
Heavy machine tool building and production of forging and pressing equipment. Products in this industry are produced in small series according to orders from machine-building enterprises. Centers: Kolomna, Voronezh, Novosibirsk.
Shipbuilding. Modern shipbuilding in Russia is represented by the production of vessels for a specific purpose - tankers, dry cargo ships, passenger, fishing, timber vessels, container ships, ferries, etc. - With different types ship engines (motor ships, steam turbine ships, nuclear powered ships, etc.). The complexity of modern ships requires the installation of a variety of standard and special equipment. Therefore, in shipbuilding, the role of cooperative ties between related enterprises, which supply not only equipment, but also entire units and sections of ships, is extremely important. The products of this industry are non-transportable and cannot be transported, and therefore the main conditions for locating shipbuilding enterprises are:
1. presence of a consumer (i.e. proximity to river, sea and ocean coasts)
2. availability of highly qualified personnel
3. presence of large machine-building bases
Marine shipbuilding
The largest center of maritime shipbuilding in Russia has developed on the Baltic Sea in St. Petersburg (the Severnaya Verf, Baltiysky, Admiralteysky, Kanonersky, Nevsky plants). First-class passenger liners, cargo and passenger ships, tankers, nuclear-powered icebreakers, and scientific vessels are produced here. Another major center of Baltic shipbuilding is Kaliningrad; ship repair is based in Vyborg. In the Baltic countries, shipbuilding and ship repair are located in Tallinn and Klaipeda.
The second important shipbuilding region is the Black Sea. The leading centers here - Nikolaev, Kerch, Kherson - which are completely transferred to the territory of Ukraine, produce dry cargo and liquid vessels, fishing vessels, and container ships. Ship repair yards are located in Poti, Novorossiysk, Batumi, Odessa, and Sevastopol.
Large shipbuilding centers in Russia are also Arkhangelsk on the White Sea, Murmansk on the Barents Sea. Timber trucks are produced in these centers. Marine vessels for the Caspian Sea are being built in Astrakhan. In the Far East, the centers of shipbuilding and ship repair are Vladivostok and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
River shipbuilding
Represented by numerous shipyards on the most important river highways: the Volga (Krasnoe Sormovo plant in Nizhny Novgorod, Gorodets, Bor), Dvina (Veliky Ustyug), Pechora (Shchelyayur), Ob (Tyumen), Yenisei, Lena (Kirensk, Ust-Kut, Kachug), Amur (Blagoveshchensk).
Railway engineering. This industry is characterized by high metal consumption, and therefore is located near large metallurgical bases.
The leading center of railway engineering is the Central Economic Region: Kolomna, Murom, Lyudinovo (diesel locomotive building), Bryansk (production of isothermal cars), Tver (passenger car building), Mytishchi (electric trains for the metro). Historical factors have influenced the location of businesses in the area. It was from this area that the country's railway network began to take shape and, as a result, the first locomotive-building plants appeared in the area.
Other centers:
St. Petersburg, Tbilisi (electric trains for the metro)
Nizhny Tagil, Kaliningrad, Novoaltaisk, Abakan, Lugansk (production of freight cars)
Ust-Katav (production of trams)
Novocherkassk (production of electric locomotives)
Riga (production of electric trains)
General mechanical engineering
Includes industries with average metal and energy consumption rates. General mechanical engineering unites industries specializing in the production of technological equipment for the oil refining, chemical, forestry, pulp and paper, light, food, construction industries, and agricultural machinery. General engineering enterprises are located almost everywhere in Russia, but depending on the economic specialization of a given economic region.
Agricultural engineering
The location of agricultural and tractor engineering enterprises generally corresponds to the location and specialization agriculture, regional conditions of crop cultivation. Therefore, enterprises are located in almost all economic regions of the country, but the main facilities are located in the North Caucasus, Volga, Ural, Central, Central Chernozem, Volga-Vyatka regions.
Centers: Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, Krasnoyarsk (production of combine harvesters), Dnepropetrovsk, Ternopil (production of beet harvesters), Ryazan (potato harvesters), Bezhetsk (flax harvesters), Tashkent (cotton harvesters), Voronezh, Syzran, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Kurgan (various branches of agricultural engineering).
Tractor manufacturing: Vladimir, Lipetsk, St. Petersburg, Volgograd, Rubtsovsk, Barnaul, Chelyabinsk, Bryansk, Cheboksary; Kharkov, Dnepropetrovsk, Tashkent, Pavlodar.
Secondary mechanical engineering
This industry unites enterprises with low metal intensity, high energy intensity and labor intensity. This group includes the following industries:
Automotive industry
Aviation and rocket and space industry
Electrical industry
Instrument making and radio engineering industry
Machine tool industry
Production of computers, robotics, electronics, etc.
Enterprises in this group of industries are highly specialized and have extensive cooperative ties with other machine-building enterprises. Industries consume large quantities of non-ferrous metals, rubber, and glass. In its location, this group of industries requires a highly developed transport network, scientific personnel and developments.
Automotive industry.
In terms of production volume, as well as in terms of the value of fixed assets, the automotive industry is the largest branch of mechanical engineering, represented by 22 production associations, which include more than 200 factories. It is in this industry that the specialization of factories is most pronounced and extensive cooperation ties can be traced.
The industry is highly knowledge-intensive and labor-intensive. Taking these features into account, modern enterprises in the industry are concentrated in old industrial areas of the European part, which are distinguished by highly qualified personnel, a network of research institutes, high level road transportation (consumer factor), as well as large transport hubs, on the paths of mass flows of raw materials, materials, and components. Such areas include Central, Volgo-Vyatsky, Povolzhsky districts.
Automotive centers:
Central region:
Moscow (production of trucks (ZIL) and passenger cars "Moskvich", cars)
Likino (bus production)
Serpukhov (production of minicars)
Volgo-Vyatsky district:
Nizhny Novgorod (production of trucks and cars)
Pavlovo (bus production)
Saransk (production of dump trucks)
Volga region:
Naberezhnye Chelny (production of KamAZ trucks, minicars)
Tolyatti (production of LADA passenger cars)
Ulyanovsk (production of light-duty trucks)
Engels (trolleybus production)
Miass (production of trucks)
Izhevsk (passenger car production)
Kurgan (bus production)
Ukraine: Kremenchug (trucks), Zaporozhye (minivans), Lvov (bus production), Belarus: Minsk, Zhodino (trucks), Baltics: Riga (minibus production), Armenia: Yerevan (buses, trucks), Georgia : Kutaisi.
Aviation, rocket and space industry
In this industry, enterprises from almost all branches of heavy industry cooperate, supplying various structural materials from ferrous and non-ferrous metals, chemical materials, electrical, electronic and radio equipment.
The enterprises are distinguished by an exceptionally high level of qualifications of engineering and technical personnel and workers. This led to the emergence and development of the aviation industry in large industrial centers, where there are experienced personnel, specialized research institutes and design bureaus, as well as related enterprises. Centers:
Moscow (Il-96-300, Il-114, Tu-204, Tu-334, Yak-42M)
Smolensk (Yak-42)
Voronezh (Il-86, Il-96-300)
Taganrog (Tu-334)
Kazan (IL-62)
Ulyanovsk (Tu-204, An-124)
Samara (Tu-154, An-70)
Saratov (Yak-42)
Omsk (An-74)
Novosibirsk (An-38)
Kyiv, Kharkov, Tashkent.
Helicopters are produced in Moscow, Rostov-on-Don, Kazan, and Ulan-Ude.
The rocket and space industry produces various types orbital spacecraft, rockets for launching satellites, reusable spacecraft. Centers: Moscow, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kaliningrad. Russia accounts for 85% of the capacity of the aerospace complex of the former USSR.
Electrical industry
This branch of mechanical engineering produces generators for steam, gas, and hydraulic turbines, electric motors of varying power of alternating and direct current, power transformers and converters, lighting and electrothermal equipment. Production is highly science- and labor-intensive, and therefore requires qualified personnel, specialized research institutes and design organizations when deploying. Centers: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Cheboksary, Saransk, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Minusinsk, Kharkov.
Machine tool industry
Includes the production of metal-cutting machines, metalworking tools, and the production of computer-controlled machines. Plants of the machine tool industry are located in the main machine-building centers of the country: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, etc.
This group of mechanical engineering industries is characterized by high metal consumption, relatively low labor intensity and energy use. Heavy engineering includes the production of equipment for metallurgical enterprises, mining, large power equipment, heavy machine tools and forging machines, large sea and river vessels, locomotives and cars. Features of the production of heavy engineering products include casting, machining and assembly of large-sized parts, assemblies, assemblies and entire sections. For this purpose, the industry is characterized by both enterprises of a complete production cycle, which independently carry out the procurement, processing and assembly of parts and assemblies, and factories that combine these operations with the installation of imported parts, assemblies and sections that arrive in the order of cooperative connections. The industry also includes highly specialized factories.
The costs of raw materials and materials here range from 40 to 85%, wage costs 8-15%, transport costs from 15 to 25%, electricity costs 8-15%.
Heavy engineering plants can be oriented both to metallurgical bases and to areas of consumption.
The main regions and centers of heavy engineering include:
- - Ural economic region (Uralmash plant in Yekaterinburg).
- - Siberia (production of metallurgical and mining equipment in the cities of Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, production of turbines in Novosibirsk).
- - St. Petersburg is a historical center of heavy engineering (the Elektrosila plant, which produces turbogenerators).
- - new centers related to the production of nuclear reactors - the Atommash plant in Volgodonsk.
The production of metallurgical equipment has developed both in large metal production areas and outside these areas. Enterprises of this profile specialize in the manufacture of certain types of equipment for ore mining, its preparation, blast furnace, steelmaking, foundry, rolling equipment or individual units. The Ural factories concentrate the country's production of excavators for ore mining, sintering machines, and equipment for blast furnaces and electrothermal furnaces (Sverdlovsk, Orsk). Equipment for open-hearth furnaces, rolling and welding of pipes is produced in the Central region (Elektrostal). Ore grinding equipment is supplied by the Volga region (Syzran), foundry machines - by the Far East (Komsomolsk-on-Amur), etc.
The production of large power equipment arose and developed primarily outside metallurgical bases in large centers of developed mechanical engineering, which specialize in the production of certain types of this complex product requiring skilled labor. Powerful turbines and generators for power plants are provided by the North-Western, Ural and West Siberian regions. The largest center for the production of this metal-intensive, but small-scale or individual products is St. Petersburg. In these regions and centers, specialization has developed in the production of certain types of equipment. Almost all of them produce steam or hydraulic turbines and generators for them, but of different capacities and designs, especially for different types of hydroelectric power plants. The rapid development of nuclear energy has forced a transition to the production of complex equipment at existing plants.
High-performance boilers producing hundreds and thousands of tons of steam per hour are produced in the Central region (Podolsk), Central Chernozem region (Belgorod), North Caucasus region (Taganrog), Western Siberian region (Barnaul). Power equipment - powerful diesel engines for ships - are produced in St. Petersburg, Bryansk, Nizhny Novgorod, Khabaravsk, for diesel locomotives and power plants - in Balakovo, Penza, Kolomna.
The production of heavy machine tools and press-forging equipment is located primarily outside the metallurgical bases. They are produced in small series and often on individual orders for domestic and foreign factories. Enterprises in this industry are located in Western Siberian (Novosibirsk), Central (Kolomna, Ivanovo), Central Chernozem (Voronezh), Volga (Ekaterinburg), etc.
The production of mining equipment has developed in the main coal regions of the country (West Siberian - Prokopyevsk; Ural - Sverdlovsk, Kopeisk; East Siberian - Cheremkhovo). Often, such placement of enterprises for the production of mining equipment is associated with taking into account the local characteristics of the extraction of coal, ore and other minerals.
The majority of shipbuilding industry enterprises are located outside metallurgical bases, despite their consumption of large quantities of metal profiles that are inconvenient for transportation. Shipyards specialize in the production of vessels for specific purposes, with different types of marine engines. The complexity of modern ships determines the installation of a variety of standard and special equipment on them. Therefore, in shipbuilding, cooperative ties with numerous related enterprises are extremely developed, supplying not only equipment, but often entire units and sections of ships. The construction of ships begins on land, and they are completed afloat. Therefore, many naval shipyards are located in sheltered estuaries of large rivers (Neva, Amur), or harbors protected from the sea.
The largest maritime shipbuilding area has developed in the Baltic Sea, where its most important center is located - St. Petersburg with a number of factories specializing in the construction of linear passenger, cargo-passenger, tankers, nuclear-powered icebreakers, and river vessels. There are shipbuilding plants in Vyborg and Kaliningrad.
River shipbuilding is represented by numerous shipyards on the most important river routes: the Volga, Ob, Yenisei, and Amur. The creation of deep-water fairways on rivers, the construction of canals that connected the most important river arteries with each other, made it possible to move on to the construction of river-sea vessels not only in the lower reaches of rivers, but also in the middle and upper reaches. These river shipyards also build lake-type vessels and small sea-type vessels. Profitable geographical location Such river shipyards relative to related enterprises in the central regions make the construction of ships at them very effective.
Railway engineering is one of the oldest branches of mechanical engineering, relatively highly developed in pre-revolutionary Russia and reconstructed in the 60s. Technical process in transport in post-war years led to a change in the types of traction: the replacement of low-cost steam locomotives with more efficient and powerful electric and diesel locomotives, an increase in the carrying capacity of cars, and the creation of new types of cars for the transportation of specialized, liquid, bulk cargo. The technical re-equipment of railway transport also affected the location of enterprises producing locomotives and cars.
Modern diesel locomotives, electric locomotives, passenger and special freight cars are not only material-intensive products that use a variety of structural materials - ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, wood, glass, but are also equipped with sophisticated equipment - powerful diesel engines, electric motors, refrigeration units, heating units for special tanks, pneumatic unloading units bulk materials. Therefore, the production of locomotives and carriages, having arisen at metallurgical bases and in important centers of the first railway lines, still retains the main features of its original location.
The concentration of locomotive production in the Central region (in the cities of Kolomna, Bryansk, Kaluga) has increased sharply; in the city of St. Petersburg. Shunting and industrial diesel locomotives for broad and narrow gauge are supplied primarily by enterprises in the Central region (Murom, Lyudinovo, Bryansk).
Mechanical engineering complex- complex interdisciplinary education covering mechanical engineering, metalworking, as well as repair of machinery and equipment. There are about 120 sub-sectors and industries in this industry + small metallurgy.
Mechanical engineering in Russia has the following characteristic features:
1) in Russia, mechanical engineering is heavy, because we create machines for machines.
2) high degree militarization ( military equipment)
Factors for locating enterprises in the mechanical engineering industry largely depend on production technology.
- Metal-intensive production
- Science-intensive and labor-intensive mechanical engineering
But for all industries the main factors are:
- Labor intensity.
- Science intensity.
- Raw material factor.
- Consumer factor.
- Transport.
- Territorial concentration.
The machine-building complex is divided into stages of the technological process:
- workpiece
- machining
- assembly
Procurement industries gravitate towards raw material bases. Assemblies are associated with places of consumption.
Machining enterprises have factors:
- Raw materials
- consumer
- transport
The optimal option for locating mechanical engineering enterprises is the coincidence of the source of raw materials with the places of consumption finished products.
Important factors:
- specialization is the process of isolating a separate industry and a clear division of labor between enterprises in a particular industry.
- cooperation is an organized long-term relationship between individual specialized enterprises for the joint production of products.
Types of Specialization: subject, detail (production of spare parts), technological (production of castings, forging and pressing products), functional (repair work)
Sub-sectors of mechanical engineering:
1. Heavy and power engineering.
Heavy engineering includes the production of metallurgical, mining, and handling equipment, as well as the production of other metal-intensive large-sized products. Enterprises also focus on large raw materials or metallurgical bases and places of consumption of finished products.
Largest heavy engineering areas- Ural (Ekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk, Perm, etc.), Central (Moscow, Bryansk, Kolomna, Ivanovo, etc.), Northwestern (St. Petersburg). There are large enterprises in the Volga, Volga-Vyatka, East Siberian and other regions.
Aside from the sources of raw materials, heavy engineering centers have historically developed in St. Petersburg and its suburbs. Also available in Voronezh, Volga region, etc.
Enterprises producing heavy machine tools and press-forging equipment are located outside metallurgical bases and are consumer-oriented. (Kolomna, Voronezh, Ulyanovsk, Novosibirsk, Ivanovo)
Power engineering.
It specializes in the production of diesel engines, power plants, steam boilers and turbines, generators, and nuclear reactors.
SPB-turbine construction boilers, etc. Volgodonsk, Kolpino turbines for nuclear power plants. Steam boilers: Belgorod, Barnaul, Taganrog. Diesels for ships: Khabarovsk, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Diesels for diesel locomotives and power plants: Kolomna, Balakovo, Penza.
2. General mechanical engineering.
Characterized by predominance of assembly metal structures, as well as the production of simple but large-sized workpieces. This includes:
- transport engineering
- production of technological equipment for industry and construction
- agricultural machines without tractor manufacturing
Railway mechanical engineering.
3 groups of production:
- car building (freight, passenger, isothermal, dump cars, train cars, metro, tram cars)
- locomotive building (production of mainline diesel locomotives, shunting industrial diesel locomotives, diesel locomotives for narrow gauge railways)
- electric locomotive construction
Railway engineering originated in the central region (center and north-west), but later moved to sources of raw materials (metal and wood)
Shunting and industrial diesel locomotives: Kaluga, Murom, Bryansk. Diesel locomotives for narrow gauge railways: Kambarka (Udmurtia). Electric locomotives: Novocherskask
Diesel locomotives are made piece by piece.
Almost all locomotive production centers are located within the European part.
Production passenger cars: Tver, St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Torzhok, Vyshny Volochyok, Tikhvin. Cars for electric trains: Kaliningrad, St. Petersburg. Tram production: Ust-Katav, village. Demekhovo. Subway cars: Mytishchi, St. Petersburg. Master's degree and freight cars: Abakan, Novoaltaisk, Nizhny Tagil. Isothermal cars: Bryansk. Dump cars: Kaliningrad, Ural.
Shipbuilding. (main center of St. Petersburg)
Covers shipbuilding, marine engineering. It is divided into river and sea. The most important centers of maritime shipbuilding: St. Petersburg, Vyborg, Murmansk, Vladivostok, Astrakhan. River: Nizhny Novgorod (red sormovo), Perm, Krasnoyarsk, Volgograd, Blagoveshchensk, Tyumen, Tobolsk
Agricultural engineering.
The main factor in placement is the consumer. The specialization of enterprises is directly dependent on the specialization of agriculture in a given region.
Production of flax harvesters: Bezhetsk (Tver region) Grain harvesters: Ryazan, Tula, Taganrog, Rostov, Krasnoyarsk.
3. Medium mechanical engineering.
Includes: automotive industry, machine tool industry, tractor industry, medium-sized machinery.
Automotive industry.
Trucks: Volga region. For the production of passenger cars: Volga region, Central, North-West and Volgo-Vyatka.
Buses: Likino-Dulyovo, Golitsino. Trolleybuses: Engels. Tractor manufacturing: JV, Petrozavodsk, Chelyabinsk, Vladimir, Lipetsk.
Machine tool industry.
1. Production of metal-cutting machines (Ural)
2. Woodworking machines (Tatarstan, Kolomna, Dmitrov, Yegoryevsk, Ryazan)
3. Forging and pressing equipment.
4.Automatic and semi-automatic lines.
5.Machine units and machine normals.
6. Tool production.
4. Electrical engineering and instrumentation (precision engineering)
the most knowledge-intensive branch of mechanical engineering; the fastest growing branch of mechanical engineering; high degree of concentration of production (production is mainly concentrated in large companies in the USA, Japan (the USA and Japan produce 90% of microcircuits), Southeast Asia (Korea, Taiwan), Western Europe);
1) Ryazan, Kaluga, Podolsk, Alexandrov
2) NW: Diversified mechanical engineering (!) St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Pskov, Velikiye Luki
3) Volga region: Penza, Ulyanovsk
4) Ural (Ufa, Perm, Chelyabinsk, Ekb, Izhevsk)
5) Western Siberia (Barnaul, Omsk, Tomsk)
Mechanical engineering accounts for 35% of the value of world production, trace. 1/3 of the world's people are involved in mechanical engineering.
The USA accounts for 30% of the cost of engineering products. 15% Japan, 10% Germany, 6% Russia, 3% China.
The following countries have modern machine-building plants: Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Türkiye, India, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico
By scale of production:
1. North America
2.Zap. Europe (Germany (!))
3.B. and SE. Asia
In the world's mechanical engineering, the dominant position is occupied by a small group of developed countries - the USA, which accounts for almost 30% of the value of engineering products, Japan - 15%, Germany - about 10%, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada. Almost all types of modern mechanical engineering are developed in these countries, and their share in global exports of machinery is high. With an almost complete range of engineering products, a key role in the development of mechanical engineering in this group of countries belongs to the aerospace industry, microelectronics, robotics, nuclear power engineering, machine tool building, heavy engineering, and automotive industry.
The group of leaders in world mechanical engineering also includes Russia (6% of the value of mechanical engineering products), China (3%) and several small industrialized countries - Switzerland, Sweden, Spain, the Netherlands, etc. Few developing countries, especially newly industrialized ones, have machine-building plants. South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, India, Türkiye, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico. The main directions of development of their mechanical engineering are the production of household electrical appliances, automotive industry, and shipbuilding.
The largest producers and exporters of general engineering products in general are developed countries: Germany, the USA, Japan, etc. Developed countries are also the main manufacturers and suppliers of machine tools to the world market (Japan, Germany, the USA, Italy and Switzerland stand out). The general engineering industry of developing countries is dominated by the production of agricultural machinery and simple equipment.
World leaders in the field of electrical engineering and electronics are the USA, Japan, Russia, Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands. The production of household electrical appliances and consumer electronics products has also developed in developing countries, especially in East and Southeast Asia.
Among the branches of transport engineering, the automotive industry is developing most dynamically. The area of its spatial distribution is constantly growing and currently includes, along with the traditional main car manufacturers (Japan, USA, Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain, Sweden, Spain, Russia, etc.), countries that are relatively new to the industry - countries South Korea, Brazil, Argentina, China, Turkey, India, Malaysia, Poland.
Unlike the automotive industry, aircraft manufacturing, shipbuilding, rolling stock production railways is experiencing stagnation. The main reason for this is the lack of demand for their products.
Shipbuilding has moved from developed countries to developing ones. The largest manufacturers of ships were South Korea (ahead of Japan and took first place in the world), Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, China, and Taiwan.
The aviation industry is concentrated in countries with a high level of science and workforce qualifications - the USA, Russia, France, Great Britain, Germany, and the Netherlands.
The products of which are various machines and mechanisms. Moreover, this formation is characterized by very complex connections.
The mechanical engineering complex, the structure of which is extensive, includes mechanical engineering itself, as well as metalworking. The products of the enterprises of this complex play main role in the process of implementing the latest achievements of modern scientific and technological progress. Moreover, this is relevant for all areas of the national economy.
Structure of the mechanical engineering sector
This largest complex industry provides the entire national economy of the country with instruments and equipment. It produces a variety of consumer goods for the population. This includes repair of equipment and machinery, as well as metalworking. It is characterized by deepening the specialization of production and the constant expansion of the scale of activity.
Included machine-building complex More than seventy industries are included. Moreover, all of them are combined into groups according to the purpose of the products, the similarity of technological processes and the types of raw materials used.
The mechanical engineering complex includes:
1. Energy and heavy engineering. This includes production of energy, hoisting and transport and mining, printing and nuclear equipment, car, turbine and diesel locomotive construction.
2. Machine tool industry, responsible for the production of various types of machine tools.
3. Transport engineering, which includes the automobile and ship manufacturing industries, as well as those related to aviation and the rocket and space sector.
4. Tractor and agricultural engineering.
5. Instrument making, production of electrical engineering and electronics, considered precision engineering.
6. Production of machines and equipment for the food and light industries.
In addition to the above divisions, the machine-building complex includes small metallurgy, which produces rolled products and steel. This technological process is carried out in foundries. Such areas are located in machine-building or specialized enterprises. Stampings, castings, forgings and welded structures are produced here.
Heavy engineering
All factories included in this industry are characterized by high metal consumption. At the same time they provide necessary machines and equipment of enterprises related to the mining-chemical, mining, fuel-energy and metallurgical complex.
The products of heavy engineering factories are components, parts (for example, rolls for metallurgical plants, as well as finished equipment (turbines and steam boilers, excavators, mining equipment). This industry includes ten sub-sectors. Among them are hoisting and transport, track, nuclear , printing, mining and metallurgical engineering, as well as diesel, railcar, turbo and boiler manufacturing.
The highest value products in the heavy engineering industry are produced by metallurgical equipment production. They are used in electric smelting and sintering factories. Equipment for crushing, grinding and rolling production is also high in cost.
The products of mining engineering enterprises are units used for exploration, as well as mining (open and closed), enrichment and crushing of minerals with a solid structure. These include clearing and mining machines, walking and rotary excavators. Such equipment is used in enterprises of non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, coal and chemical industries, as well as in the production of building materials.
Products produced by the hoisting and transport engineering industry are of enormous economic importance for the national economy of the country. After all, about five million people work with such equipment in Russia. This sub-industry produces electric and overhead cranes, belt and stationary conveyors, as well as equipment intended for the comprehensive mechanization of warehouses.
The products of car and diesel locomotive construction are designed to provide the railway sector with the transport it needs. This sub-industry also produces track mechanisms necessary for rail welding, laying, snow clearing and other works.
As for turbine construction, its main task is to equip necessary equipment energy sector of the national economy. Factories in this sub-industry produce units for nuclear and hydraulic, gas turbine and thermal power plants. It is also responsible for equipping main gas pipelines and supplying injection, compressor and recycling units used in the oil refining and chemical industries, as well as non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy.
Nuclear engineering plants specialize in the production of various equipment for nuclear power plants. This list also includes pressure vessel reactors.
Printing mechanical engineering has a minimum production volume. Its enterprises produce conveyors for printing houses, printing presses etc.
Machine tool industry
This branch of the mechanical engineering complex produces:
Metalworking tools;
- forging and pressing equipment;
- metal-cutting machines;
- woodworking equipment.
Besides release finished products This industry is also responsible for the centralized repair of units used for metalworking.
Transport engineering
One of its industries is the aviation industry. To manufacture products, materials and a variety of equipment are used, produced at enterprises in almost all branches of the machine-building complex. Aviation industry factories employ highly qualified engineers and workers producing cargo and passenger aircraft. Helicopters of various modifications also come off the assembly lines of these enterprises.
The products of the rocket and space industry are orbital rockets and manned and cargo ships. These vehicles perfectly combine high technology and broad cross-industry complexity of production.
Shipbuilding industry enterprises use large amounts of metal in the production of their products. But, despite this, they are located outside the regions with large metallurgical bases. This is due to the great difficulties of transporting finished ships. Enterprises of the shipbuilding industry have numerous cooperative ties with factories in many sectors of the national economy. This allows for the installation of various equipment on water transport vehicles.
The largest branch of the mechanical engineering complex is the automotive industry. The products it produces find their application in all spheres of the national economy. Cars are also in demand in retail trade.
Tractor and agricultural engineering
This industry is characterized by detailed specialization. The production process of its products involves a small number of factories that produce components and parts for various stages of the technological process.
The tractor and agricultural machinery industries produce combine harvesters various types. These include flax and grain harvesters, cotton and corn harvesters, potato harvesters and other machines. Various modifications of wheeled and tracked tractors are also produced at factories in this industry.
Instrumentation and electrical industry
The products manufactured by enterprises in these industries are characterized by low energy and material consumption. However, its production requires the selection of highly qualified workers and research personnel.
Instrumentation factories carry out adjustment and installation of automation equipment. Their tasks include developing software, design and production of medical devices, watches, office equipment and measuring equipment. Such products are knowledge-intensive and are used for automatic control technological processes and information systems.
Russian factories that are part of the electrical engineering industry currently produce more than one hundred thousand types of various products.
These products find their application in almost all areas of the national economy. The volume of products produced by the electrical industry exceeds the number of products produced by all branches of heavy engineering combined. The main range of such products is represented by generators for hydraulic, gas and steam turbines, as well as electric motors, electric machines, converters and transformers, electrothermal, electric welding and lighting equipment.
Mechanical engineering for food and light industry
This area of production includes sub-sectors that produce equipment for the knitting and textile, footwear and clothing, fur and leather, and food industries of the national economy. The geography of location of such factories depends on proximity to the consumer.
Role in the national economy
The importance of the mechanical engineering complex cannot be overestimated. After all, this industry is one of the leading in the heavy industry of the Russian Federation. At enterprises in this area, the main and most active mass of fixed assets is created, which includes tools of labor. In addition, the engineering complex has a significant impact on the direction and pace of development of scientific and technological progress, on the amount of growth in labor productivity, as well as on many other indicators that affect the efficiency of production development.
The entire volume of products produced by the Russian mechanical engineering complex accounts for more than one third of all commercial products produced in the country. Enterprises in this sector of the national economy employ 2/5 of the total number of industrial production workers. Almost a quarter of all industrial and production fixed assets available in the country are installed here.
The importance of the machine-building complex in the life of large regions of Russia is important. Moreover, the development of all spheres of the national economy depends on the level of development of these enterprises. The role of the machine-building complex is also great in ensuring the defense capability of Russia.
Distinctive features affecting the location of enterprises
The mechanical engineering complex of Russia has extensive intersectoral connections. But besides this, this education has a number of characteristic features. They must be kept in mind when locating various industries in a particular region.
First of all, the branches of the mechanical engineering complex have developed specialization. In other words, their enterprises are focused on producing one, or, in extreme cases, several types of products. In this case, high concentration is observed. This is a factor in mechanical engineering when several enterprises simultaneously produce finished products. Let's take, for example, a car factory. Its products are only vehicles.
Such a plant receives the components and parts necessary for the manufacture of cars in finished form from other enterprises, the number of which can be quite large. This factor has a significant impact on the location of the machine-building complex, which vitally needs good transport connections. That is why many branches of this sphere of the national economy are located in the Volga region and Central Russia. After all, these areas have a well-developed transport network.
The geography of the Russian mechanical engineering complex, which focuses on the production of the most complex and advanced goods (electronics and radio engineering), is associated with the factor of science intensity. That is why such industries are located near Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, etc. That is, close to those places where the scientific base is well developed.
The machine-building complex, the products of which are related to the military-strategic factor, is usually located in “closed” cities. These are Snezhinsk, Novouralsk, Sarov, etc. Sometimes such production facilities are located near military bases.
Factors in the machine-building complex that influence its development include the presence of a significant number of qualified personnel. Thus, machine tool and instrument making are considered the most labor-intensive industries. That is why such production facilities are located in regions with the highest concentration of population, that is, in Moscow, Voronezh, Penza, Ryazan, etc.
When constructing heavy engineering enterprises, their high material consumption is taken into account. To produce products in these industries, a lot of metal is required. Only if it is available can the production of metallurgical and energy equipment be carried out. Similar enterprises are located in the regions of the Urals (Ekaterinburg), Siberia (Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk). This is due to the large metallurgical base available in these regions. Sometimes heavy engineering enterprises rely on imported raw materials. These are available in St. Petersburg.
There are types of machines that only certain regions need. This applies, for example, to tractors for timber removal and flax harvesters. Such equipment is not easy to transport, which means it is best produced where it is needed.
Difficulties experienced
The development of the machine-building complex has significantly slowed down since the 90s of the last century. Some of these enterprises were simply closed, others significantly reduced production volumes. The quantity of products at factories producing machine tools, as well as precision engineering products, has especially decreased. What was the main reason this process? It lay in the low quality of our products, which could not compete with imported products. In addition, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, all production ties that previously existed between the republics of the country were broken.
The problems of the machine-building complex also lie in the high wear and tear of equipment. According to statistics, it reaches almost 70%. This state of affairs exists in helicopter and shipbuilding, as well as in radio electronics. Middle age machine tools at machine-building plants is approximately 20 years. This does not allow the use of new technologies in the production of products. Today, many branches of mechanical engineering require radical modernization of equipment. Only in this case will their products become competitive in the sales market.
Many foreign companies are contributing to the aggravation of the situation. By penetrating our market, such corporations significantly increase the level of competition.
Another acute problem in the engineering industry is the shortage of personnel. The system of training labor resources that existed in the USSR was simply destroyed. Today, the age of qualified workers is already approaching retirement age. Due to the acute shortage of young personnel, the process of modernization of mechanical engineering production is significantly slowed down. But this deplorable situation is improving slightly thanks to investment projects. New factories are being built and have already been built, old enterprises are being reconstructed, new ones are being established and previously existing production ties are being restored.
Russia is an industrial country with centuries-old history industrial development. Accordingly, Russian machine-building plants play a leading role in the country's economy. In the total volume of industrial production, the share of mechanical engineering products fluctuates within 20%. This is a good global average, however, it needs to be increased, because in a number of industrialized countries this figure is close to 40% or more.
Place of the industry in Russian industry
Russian mechanical engineering in the structure of the national economy competes with the fuel industry for first place and significantly exceeds other sectors of the national economy. After the collapse of the USSR, its share in the “total piggy bank” dropped from 28% (1990) to 16% (1995), but then a smooth recovery began. TO beginning of XXI century, the figures increased to 19%, and by 2015 - to 22%.
In 2013, Russian machine-building plants earned $190 billion (6 trillion rubles). In total, there are 19 industry complexes, more than a hundred sub-sectors and individual industries in the Russian Federation. More than 40,000 enterprises of all levels are involved in mechanical engineering various forms property (of which 2,000 are large), which is one third of the total number of industrial enterprises. The industry employs 1/3 of the total working population: more than 4.5 million people (3.5 million of which are workers). A large number of workers determines the social significance of the industry in providing employment to the population.
Historical background
Peoples on the territory of Russia have been processing metals since time immemorial. Ancient settlements were discovered in the Urals, where metal was smelted and various products were made from it more than 6,000 years ago. In Kievan Rus already in the 10th century there were large workshops that produced complex products. In the 12th century, our ancestors mastered turning and However, the first machine-building factories in Russia appeared in the 16th century. They were associated with the arms business and were located in Tula. Production was based on local iron ore, but was small, fragmented and unsystematic.
Revolutionary changes in the industry took place under Peter I, who pursued an active expansionary policy. His army needed more modern weapons, ammunition, and equipment. With the discovery of large deposits of iron ore in the Urals, machine-building enterprises, mainly weapons-related ones, were also created there.
Locomotives of the industry
The breadth of the range of manufactured products leads to the fact that many large machine-building plants in Russia, being exclusive manufacturers of certain types of products, at the same time have relatively small sales volumes in monetary terms. In the fuel industry, metallurgy and petrochemicals, only AvtoVAZ OJSC, Sukhoi Holding Holding Company, GAZ OJSC, SOK Group and KAMAZ OJSC are comparable in terms of sales volume.
The leading ones include mainly automotive enterprises (the sub-sectors of civil engineering with the largest share in the structure of engineering production) and the military-industrial complex, and the total number of large engineering industries (with an annual turnover of more than 5 billion rubles) is relatively small.
Holdings and financial industrial groups
Russian mechanical engineering in recent years embarked on the path of forming holdings and financial-industrial groups (FIGs). In this case, it is observed as further development machine-building companies and holdings created in previous years (United Machine-Building Plants, Power Engineering Corporation, “New Programs and Concepts” and others), as well as the formation of new groups created on the basis of capital earned in other industries. The most noticeable expansion of metallurgical companies into mechanical engineering resulted in the formation of the powerful financial and industrial group RusPromAvto and the Severstal group of automobile manufacturing enterprises in the automotive industry. As a result, most sub-sectors have formed one or more large companies(groups) occupying a dominant position in them.
The largest machine-building plants in Russia
The list of enterprises with more than 12,000 employees has been reduced by an order of magnitude (from 120 to several dozen). TOP 10 companies by the number of people working for them last decades has undergone dramatic changes. A number of factories are actually bankrupt, others have significantly reduced their staff. As an example, we provide a comparative table of mechanical engineering giants at the peak of their development and today.
Number of employees | Maximum quantity | Latest data |
|
Chelyabinsk Tractor | |||
"Kalashnikov" ("Izhmash") | |||
"Uralmashzavod" | |||
"Uralvagonzavod" | |||
"Sevmash" | |||
"Rostselmash" |
A more detailed list of large operating companies by region is as follows.
Central Federal District
In the west of Russia, high-tech enterprises of the military-industrial complex (in particular, aircraft and rocket manufacturing, air defense and radar systems, firearms, wheeled vehicles), and the space industry are concentrated; a wide range of diesel engines, railway equipment, machine tools and equipment are produced. There is a whole cluster of automobile enterprises from foreign manufacturers in the Kaluga region. Meanwhile, domestic auto giants AZLK and ZIL have lost their former greatness.
- Enterprises of East Kazakhstan region "Almaz-Antey" ( total number the concern's employees are 98,000 people). Includes the Moscow Avangard Machine-Building Plant (production of anti-aircraft missiles), Dolgoprudnenskoe Research and Production Enterprise (anti-aircraft missile systems), NPO LEMZ (radar stations), Moscow Radio Engineering Plant (radio equipment) and others.
- GKNPTs im. M. V. Khrunicheva (43,500 people, Moscow) is a leading enterprise in the rocket and space industry. Develops and produces Proton and Angara launch vehicles.
- Moscow Machine-Building Plant "Znamya Truda" and RSK "MiG" (14,500 people, Moscow) - production of MiG fighters.
- Car plants of foreign companies: Renault Russia (Avtoframos, 2300 people, Moscow), PSMA Rus (PSA Peugeot Citroen and Mitsubishi, Kaluga region), Volkswagen Group Rus (Kaluga region), Volvo Vostok "(Kaluga region) and others.
- RSC Energia (Korolev) is the leading rocket and space enterprise in the world.
- Military-industrial complex "NPO Mashinostroeniya" (18,000 people, Reutov) - rocket and space technology.
- MZ "ZiO-Podolsk" (4,700 people) - equipment for nuclear power plants and thermal power plants.
- "Kolomensky Plant" (6400 people) - diesel locomotives, electric locomotives, diesel equipment.
- (6800 people) - diesel locomotives, cars.
- "Avtodiesel" (Yaroslavl Automobile Plant) - production of engines.
Northwestern Federal District
The largest machine-building plants in Russia are concentrated in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. Locals occupy leading positions in the construction of military and civilian ships. Among the domestic flagships, the Kirov Tractor Plant stands out due to the gigantic size of its workshops (200 hectares in the city center), whose main income was the rental of space, and not the production of specialized products. Next door, in Vsevolozhsk, there is large plant"Ford". Another engineering center in the region is the city of Severodvinsk, where submarines are built.
- "Sevmash" (25,000 people, Severodvinsk) - construction of submarines.
- St. Petersburg: “Admiralty Shipyards” (the first enterprise of the city, 8000 people), “Baltic Shipyard” (4000 people), “Northern Shipyard” (3500 people), “Sredne-Nevsky” (approx. 1000 people).
- Production of energy equipment: Leningrad Metal Plant (celebrates its 160th anniversary in 2017, produces turbines), Elektrosila (generators), Izhora Plants (equipment for nuclear power plants, excavators).
- Automotive companies Ford, Toyota, Nissan, Hyundai, General Motors, MAN, Scania.
- LOMO (St. Petersburg) - optical instruments.
- Kirov Tractor Plant (8000 people) - production of Kirovets tractors and various equipment.
Southern Federal District
Home driving force mechanical engineering in the region is the production of agricultural machinery and equipment for the energy sector. The large automobile manufacturer TagAZ and the Volgograd Tractor Plant have been declared bankrupt.
- Machine-building enterprise "Rostselmash" (10,000 people, Rostov-on-Don) - production of "Don" combines and other agricultural equipment.
- "Krasny Kotelshchik" (4400 people, Taganrog) is a large manufacturer of boiler equipment.
- Atommash (Volgodonsk) is a leading supplier of equipment for nuclear power plants and thermal power plants.
- PA "Barricades" (3300 people, Volgograd) is a multidisciplinary enterprise (artillery, missile systems, equipment for nuclear power plants and the oil and gas sector).
Volga Federal District
Well-known Russian machine-building plants operate in the region: AvtoVAZ, GAZ, Tyazhmash, KamAZ, UAZ, Kalashnikov and others. The range of products is extensive: from bearings (1/4 of the domestic market) to unique equipment for the energy sector, from cars to aircraft.
- AvtoVAZ (52,000 people, Tolyatti) is the leader in terms of the number of passenger cars produced.
- "Tyazhmash" (7000 people, Syzran) - equipment for heavy industry.
- Automotive plants of the GAZ group: Gorky Automobile Plant (low- and medium-tonnage trucks, military equipment, passenger cars), Pavlovsky Bus (PAZ), Ulyanovsk Motor Plant and others.
- KamAZ (Naberezhnye Chelny) is a leading manufacturer of domestic
- Izhevsk arms factories: Kalashnikov (formerly Izhmash, 4500 people), Izhevsk Mechanical Plant (7000 people).
- Aviation industry of Bashkiria: UMPO (21,000 people, UFA) - aircraft engines, UPPO (Ufa) - aircraft instruments, KumAPP (Kumertau) - production and repair of helicopters of the "KA" series.
- Perm engine-building complex (12,000 people) - rocket and aircraft engines.
- (7000 people, Perm) - weapons.
- UAZ (Ulyanovsk) - SUVs and minibuses.
- Aviastar-SP (10,000 people, Ulyanovsk) is the largest aircraft manufacturing plant (aircraft of the Tu, An, Il models).
Ural Federal District
It is no coincidence that the Urals are called the heart of Russian industry. The presence of rich mineral deposits and an important strategic location have become prerequisites for the location of large industrial enterprises here, mainly related to metal processing and the defense complex. The most powerful centers of mechanical engineering are Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Tagil.
- Uralvagonzavod (27,000 people, Nizhny Tagil) is one of the flagships of the domestic mechanical engineering industry. It produces a wide range of products: from freight cars to tanks. The Uraltransmash branch (Ekaterinburg) produces self-propelled gun mounts and trams.
- Uralmash (14,000 people, Yekaterinburg) is a leader in the production of drilling, mining, and metallurgical equipment.
- ZiK (Ekaterinburg) - anti-aircraft missile systems, municipal equipment.
- Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant (13,000 people) - tractors, road construction equipment, engines for them.
- Automobile plant "Ural" (13,500 people, Miass) - trucks.
- "Kurganmashzavod" (4800 people, Kurgan) - military equipment (infantry fighting vehicles, tractors).
- Zlatoust Machine-Building Plant - rocketry.
Siberian Federal District
Mechanical engineering production is focused on the military-industrial complex, aircraft manufacturing and the production of equipment for mining. Many underlying businesses are bankrupt or close to it. The industry in this region needs modernization and support.
- Aerospace enterprises: NAPO im. V.P. Chkalova (6000 people, Novosibirsk) - production of aircraft of the Sukhoi company; PA "Polyot" (4500 people, Omsk) - An aircraft, satellites of the GLONAS system, rocket and space technology; Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant (6,000 people) is one of the largest manufacturers of aircraft: Mi helicopters and Su aircraft; Irkutsk Aviation Plant - Su, Yak, MS aircraft, components for Airbus; "Information satellite systems» (8000 people, Zheleznogorsk) - satellites for various purposes and communication systems.
- Tyazhstankogidropress (Novosibirsk) is a leading manufacturer of hydraulic presses, machines, and pumps.
- Radiozavod named after. A. S. Popova (Omsk) - radio engineering and communication systems.
- "Altaivagon" (7000 people, Novoaltaysk) - production of cars.
- Machine-building enterprise LVRZ (6000 people, Ulan-Ude) - production and repair of locomotives and electric trains.
Far Eastern Federal District
Represented by individual large enterprises:
- KnAAZ named after. Gagarin (13,500 people, Komsomolsk-on-Amur) is the country's leading airline. Military (Su family, PAK FA) and civil (Sukhoi Superjet) aircraft and components for Boeing are produced.
- Shipbuilding and ship repair enterprises: Amur Shipyard (Komsomolsk-on-Amur) - previously produced nuclear submarines, now military and civilian ships; "Dalzavod" (Vladivostok); Primorsky Shipyard (Nakhodka), Nakhodka Shipyard.
Conclusion
Russian mechanical engineering is experiencing better times. Despite the fairly powerful industrial potential, most flagships have reduced production, many are frankly surviving. The industry is in dire need of reform, modernization of machines and equipment, and a new approach to management. Meanwhile, new highly efficient enterprises are being built, mainly medium and small. Factories producing military products received a second wind. Foreign partners, especially automakers, are showing great interest. With comprehensive support from the state and private initiative, mechanical engineering can make a much greater contribution to the country's economy.
