Every detail plays its role in the interior of a room. Curtains are of particular importance - in addition to aesthetic appeal, they also have a functional orientation. And in order for the curtains not only to look good, but also to faithfully perform their functions, it is important to choose them correctly in size.
How to correctly calculate the size of curtains?
Deciding on the size of curtains to fit the window is not so easy. There are no clear parameters for sizes - you have the right to decide for yourself whether you want short curtains or floor-length curtains, whether to hang them across the entire width of the wall, or to lightly cover the window itself without any draperies.However, a few tips still need to be taken into account when choosing the size of curtains in order to avoid disappointment after purchasing curtains. So you will first have to arm yourself with a tape measure and a calculator, and take into account the following recommendations.
How long should curtains be?
To choose the right curtain length, you need to consider that:
Considering these nuances, you can easily decide how long your new curtains should be. How to calculate the width of curtains?
Correctly selected curtain width is beautiful window, and convenient operation of curtains. If you skimp on the width of the material, the drapery will not look beautiful, and once you draw the curtains, you will probably have to adjust them on the other side often.The width of the fabric for curtains is chosen depending on the type of curtains and the stiffness of the fabric - thin fabrics form folds more easily.
For straight canvases without draperies, roller blinds and Roman blinds, the calculation is very simple: just measure the width of the window with a tape measure, add a few centimeters and you will get the desired value.
It is more difficult to choose curtains of the appropriate width if you plan to build a complex composition with draperies. Here the curtains are selected according to the size of the room and the width of the window - than bigger room and the wider the window opening, the greater the draping of the fabric that can be allowed.
For example, if the window is more than 2 meters wide, then the curtain should be about three meters wide. And for windows 4 meters wide, curtains that exceed this value even 2-3 times will look good, especially if the fabric is thin, soft and easy to drape.
Today on sale there are ready-made curtains of the most different sizes. Correct selection The size of the curtains is the key to making your window look very impressive. And the insidious rays of the sun will not wake you up too early, breaking through the edges of the curtains onto your pillow. Let your new curtains add coziness to your home and comfort to you.
Please note that the length calculation is made without taking into account the hemming of the bottom and top of the curtains; this parameter will be added later. To calculate fabric for curtains, use a metal tape measure to measure the distance from the place where the curtain is attached to the curtain rod to its desired length.
- Length to window sill. In this case, it is recommended to make the curtains slightly higher than the level of the window sill, about 1 cm. Then they will move easily without touching it.
- Average length. Curtains that go down 10-15 centimeters below the window sill line look good. In addition, this option allows you to reduce.
- Full length. One of the most traditional and favorite options for decorating window openings is floor-length curtains. In this case, you need to measure the distance not to the floor surface, but a little higher. This will prevent the fabric from fraying, the curtains can be washed less often, and they will last longer. Curtains falling onto the floor certainly look impressive, but they quickly become unusable and interfere with cleaning.
Width calculation
To calculate fabric for curtains, you need to consider how the fabric will be attached to the cornice, and how lush the curtains will be. The last parameter takes into account the density and width of the folds on the curtain when fully opened.
Before you start taking measurements, you should hang the curtain rod - this will be needed to calculate both the length and width of future curtains. Typically, the distance from the top edge of the window to the cornice is in the range from 7.5 to 12.5 centimeters; it must protrude beyond the width of the window by a distance of at least 15 cm in order to be able to completely free the window opening from the curtains.
In order to beautifully fold the curtains on the sides when sewing, you need to add 10 centimeters on each side.
How to calculate the fabric for curtains intended, for example, for a standard window opening and standard ceiling height?
In this case, the length of the cornice can be 2 m, the height of the curtains (to the floor) - 2.6 m. So that they are not too lush, we will take the gathering factor equal to 2.
Curtain: tulle
Tulle is made according to the following formulas:
Height: curtain height + hem allowance at the bottom + hem allowance at the top
In our case we have 2.6 + 0.15 + 0.10 = 2.85 (m)
Width: cornice length x assembly factor, or in our case 2 x 2 = 4 (m).
Curtain: curtain
The fabric consumption for thick curtains is done according to the same formula, with the only difference being that, unlike tulle, it is made from at least two parts. Therefore, the height will be the same, but the resulting width will have to be divided by two.
Do not throw away pieces of fabric left over from cutting curtains. From these leftovers you can sew decorative pillows, curtain tiebacks, other decorative elements.
Attention!
If the pattern on the curtains is repeated along the length, then when sewing the curtains you will have to adjust the pattern at their junction. To do this, you need to take the fabric with a margin for the amount of repeat (a repeating pattern on the fabric). If the rapport is 60 cm long, you need to take 60 cm more fabric than calculated.
Welcome to Furniture&Textiles. This article provides a little guidance on determining the width and length of your curtains. It must be remembered that one of the first and important steps when choosing curtains is determining the correct and exact sizes of future curtains.
To select the size of curtains, you first need to take measurements of the cornice, window, window sill and measure the distances from them to the walls of the floor and ceiling. To take more accurate measurements, use a metal tape measure. It holds its shape well and will allow you to take measurements without distortion.
It is advisable to have a tape measure at least 5 meters long, so that when measuring you do not measure long distances in parts. Now let's take a closer look.
How to take measurements to choose curtain size
To determine the size of the curtains, first of all, you need to determine what you will use and where this curtain rod will be located. This is important because we will take subsequent measurements from the curtain rod.
Take a tape measure and take measurements as shown in the picture. Don't forget to record all readings. Take measurements to the nearest centimeter.
- Measure the length of the curtain rod. (In fact, this will be the width of the window plus the indents on both sides from the borders of the window onto which the cornice protrudes.) Measure the length of the cornice, within the limits - the curtain rod hangers, since the curtain fabric will not go beyond them. If you have a different type of cornice and the curtain can move along its entire length, measure full size. Let's call this size the Working length of the cornice.
- Measure the distance from the cornice to the floor
- Measure the distance from the eaves to the top edge of the window sill
How to calculate the length of curtains
Calculating the length of curtains depends on three main factors:
Select the type of curtain length you want
To choose the right curtain length, you will need to determine what type of curtains you will use in your room. The following are the main types of curtains depending on their length
- Standard long curtains, the size of this type of curtain is equal to the distance from the cornice to the floor minus 1-2 centimeters
- Extended curtains, the size of this type of curtain is equal to the distance from the cornice to the floor plus 20-30 cm.
- Short curtains , the size of this type of curtains is equal to the distance from the cornice to the top edge of the window sill
Determine the type of fastening of curtains to the cornice
Another element that affects the length of curtains- this is a type of fastening of curtains to the cornice.
- If you use curtain fasteners in the form of loops or hooks, then the length of the curtain should be measured taking into account the height of this fastener. In the version with loop fasteners total length The curtain fabric should be reduced by the size of the loops.
- If eyelet rings are used as fasteners, then the size of the curtain fabric should be reduced by the distance of the eyelets from the top edge of the curtains.
The figure shows curtain fasteners in the form of loops and in the form of eyelet rings
Thus, the total length of the curtain will be equal to the length of the curtain fabric plus minus the length of the curtain fastening element.
Consider the length allowances for curtains
When purchasing fabric for curtains, do not forget to provide allowances of 5 cm for the top and bottom edges of the curtains for processing and hemming the edges. The top and bottom edges of the curtains must be hemmed, otherwise the curtain fabric may unravel and become “shaggy.”
How to calculate the width of curtains
The width of the curtain depends on the width of the window and the length of the curtain rod. But in order to choose the right width of the curtains, you need to decide on the number and volume of ruffles on the curtain panels. The splendor of the curtain and the number of folds on it mainly depends on your preferences, but there are also accepted ones standards that allow you to make the curtains look neat and harmonious.
Choosing the width of the curtain depending on the type of fabric
There is a concept of curtain puffiness, which determines the number of folds on the curtain fabric along its width.
To calculate the total width of the curtain, depending on the type of fabric, the pomp factor (Kp) is used.
To determine the width of the curtain taking into account the type of fabric you need to:
Multiply the working length of the cornice by the pomp factor.
Fluff factor depending on fabric type
- For dense heavy fabrics Kp=2
- For medium density fabrics Kp=2.5
- For light, low-density fabrics Kp=3
In the photo there is a curtain made of thick corduroy Kp = 2
In the photo there is a medium density curtain Kp=2.5
The photo shows examples of light curtains Kp=3
Selecting the width of curtains depending on the number of folds
Here are some tips for choosing the width of the curtains and selecting the number of folds on the curtains
- When choosing drapery, consider the volume of the room in which the curtains will be used.
- Very lush curtains will look intrusive in a small room.
- You should not make a lot of folds on curtains with a pronounced pattern.
- Consider the style of the interior. Do not use lush curtains in minimalist and high-tech interiors
In the photo above and below are examples of curtains with a pronounced pattern
To determine the width of sliding curtains, you can use the following table
| Cornice length | Curtain width |
| Cornice no more than 1.4 m. | The width of the panel is equal to the length of the cornice |
| Cornice no more than 2.0 m. | The width of the panel is equal to 1.5 times the length of the cornice |
| Cornice no more than 2.8 m. | The width of the panel is equal to 2 lengths of the cornice |
| Cornice no more than 3.4 m. | |
| Cornice no more than 4.0 m. | The width of the panel is equal to 2.5 lengths of the cornice |
Using the table, you will get the required total width of the curtains. Keep in mind that the total width assumes the width of all canvases- after all, curtains can consist of several curtain panels.
In the case when you do not want folds on the curtain fabric at all, the width of the curtains will be equal to the length of the curtain rod.
Curtain width allowances
As a rule, curtain fabrics already have edge processing on the sides. But if you are using a different type of fabric, then do not forget about an additional 5 centimeters from each edge of the curtain for processing and hemming.
Choosing the length and width of curtains depending on the type of room
Choosing the size of curtains for the kitchen
Length and width of curtains in the kitchen. Since there are many sources of pollution in the kitchen - grease, steam and other delights, for easier care of curtains it is preferable to have curtains with a small area of contamination. Curtains up to the length of the window sill and with minimum quantity folds in width., optimally - smooth, read in width equal to the length of the cornice. Of course, if you are not afraid of more frequent washing of curtains, then you can choose long and more draped options.
- Curtains in the living room length.Will look good in the living room classic curtains to the floor. That is, the length of the curtains is equal to the distance from the cornice to the floor, plus or minus the fastening of the curtains.
- Curtains in the living room width. The width depends on the size of the room and the style of the interior. If the living room is in classic styles, then the drapery of the curtains is acceptable, which means the width of the curtains can be calculated according to the table given above. If the interior is in modern style, for example, an interior in a minimalist style, then the width of the curtains should be equal to the length of the cornice - that is, smooth and without folds.
How to choose curtain sizes for the bedroom
Curtains in the bedroom are preferable with a voluminous texture that immerses you in peace.
- Bedroom curtain length. Elongated curtains with a length of 20-30 centimeters longer than the distance from the cornice to the floor are well suited.
- Width of curtains in the bedroom should provide maximum folds i.e. at least 2.5 times the length of the cornice.
How to choose curtain sizes for children's rooms
Curtains in a nursery should be easy to wash and not have excess areas for contamination. Active kids play everywhere, including near the windows.
- Curtain length for children's room. The optimal length would be to the floor without unnecessary overlaps, that is, the distance from the cornice to the floor.
- Width of curtains in the nursery It can be like in the living room without unnecessary folds, but you can also make more draped options, i.e. The width of the curtain is from 1.5 to 2.5 times the length of the cornice.
Video on how to choose curtain size
Finally, to consolidate the material, you can watch the video from step by step plan determining the size of curtains
But also with the size of the panel, which is sometimes much more difficult. Correctly sized curtains can highlight all the advantages of the room, while too wide, long or short can ruin even the most ideal and stylish room. Therefore, before going to the store for curtains or when buying fabric for them, you need to clearly know what size curtains you will need.
We take measurements
Naturally, the process of determining optimal sizes curtains begins with taking the necessary measurements. So, the main data that we need to obtain is the width and length of the future curtains, and all other data, type of assembly, etc., are then calculated based on these data.
It is worth noting that it is worth taking measurements already after the cornice has been selected and installed. , can be attached to a wall or ceiling, but in any case, the length of the cornice must exceed the width of the window. If there is another room for relaxation, then you can attach a cornice to the entire width of the walls, effectively emphasizing the window area. In other rooms, the cornice should be 20-30 cm larger than the window opening so that the curtains can move, clearing the way sun rays, the exception is where, as a rule, only translucent ones hang, and the length of the cornice is almost the same as the width of the window. Please note that there are now curtain rods with adjustable length: if desired and necessary, they can be made a little shorter or longer.
It is, of course, desirable before taking measurements, already decide on the curtain model, since the calculation of the length and width of the required fabric will depend on the type of fabric, fastening, and number of layers of window decoration.
- The width of the curtains can be measured tape measure or soft measuring tape from the first fastening to the last.
- Curtain length is measured from the cornice or from selected fastening elements, for example, rings, to the mark you need.
Determining the width of the curtain
So, we measured the distance from the left hook to the right, but the resulting figure does not mean the required width of the curtain, because in this case it will only hang freely. In the vast majority of cases it is necessary drapery, but how lush and voluminous it will be depends on the nuances of the individual room.
It is worth noting in advance that you need to be especially careful with drapery:
Remember that this rule works regardless of how many panels are used to decorate the window - one or two. But in the latter case, another 15 cm is added to the calculated length of the curtains so that the curtains can overlap each other when closed, creating a spectacular darkening.
Many years of experience of curtain sewing experts gave us the basis to develop approximate values of the width of the fabric depending on the length of the cornice. You can use the rule described above, or you can take into account the following data:
As a rule, the size of the room and windows is proportional, so such simple tips and calculations will help you without any problems decide on the required width of curtains to make the room look neat and comfortable.
Please note that sometimes The width of the curtains depends on the selected models. So, for example, abundant draperies are appropriate for translucent curtains, but on massive thick curtains there should be folds, but they may be less voluminous, so here you should rely on your own taste, or use verified data on the gather factor for each type of fabric.
So, for curtain fabric this coefficient is 1.7, for a veil and organza with a pattern - 2, and for thin organza without a pattern - 3.
Width and length of Roman blinds
Lambrequin width corresponds to the length of the cornice, so if you decide to decorate the window with a similar element, then it will be unnecessary to use any correction factors and carry out additional calculations.
Width of Roman, roller, Japanese curtains
It is worth mentioning separately such types of curtains as Roman, roller, Japanese blinds and other similar structures. Roller blinds and Roman blinds are usually placed directly in window opening, therefore their width corresponds to the width of the window, measured from bead to bead. Sometimes roller blinds placed on the wall above the window, then their width should be 10-15 cm larger than the window opening, completely covering the window and extending slightly beyond the boundaries in order to hide residents from the rays of light as much as possible.
Width they are chosen exactly according to the width of the window opening, and Japanese curtains, consisting of many panels, can extend far beyond the window, or can cover only the transparent part without going beyond its boundaries. It all depends on design solution and features of the room, its area, etc.
Determining the length of the curtain
The length of curtains is an even more important parameter than their width. Here you need not only to measure everything correctly, but also to imagine in advance, what length of curtains would be more appropriate?. The choice depends on functional purpose the room, as well as its characteristics: area, height, illumination, etc. If this is the case, then long curtains may be inappropriate, with the exception of translucent tulle with a vertical stripe. In the kitchens in most cases, long curtains are also not suitable: they will interfere and clutter up the already predominantly cramped rooms. But if the kitchen is spacious, and there is a lot of free space near the window, there is no stove or sink, it is located dining area, then you can experiment with floor-length curtains. Rooms such as bedroom and living room, require use long curtains, which will cover the entire window opening and fall to the floor.
So, once you have decided where the curtains will end, it's time to take measurements. Measure the length from the eaves to the floor or to, or to any necessary point. Please note that you need to think through the curtain fastening system in advance, and if these are hooks or rings, then you will need to measure the length of the curtains from them, and not from the cornice.
In and bedrooms Many experts recommend choosing the length of the curtains so that there is still 3-4 cm left to the floor - for reasons of comfort and convenience. If the window decoration consists of from several layers, That curtains should be several centimeters longer than curtains to completely cover their edge.
Many apartments cannot boast of a flat floor or ceiling, and in this case it is better to curtain length measurements on the left, right and in the middle, then use either the average or maximum value depending on the deviation present.
Even if you are planning to choose for a room curtains to the floor, it is better to follow the practice of professional seamstresses and measure distance from the eaves to the window sill and from the window sill to the floor. When you come to the store and start choosing a specific model, there is a high probability that you will like cascading curtains, with tiebacks or other elements. In this case, you will know exactly all the parameters of your window opening.
Lambrequin length it can be anything: it all depends on your preferences and the interior features of the room.
If you are buying fabric for making curtains, then to the obtained data on length and width you need to add 5 cm, which will be spent on bending and processing.
Eat curtain models that lie effectively on the floor: if you want to hang the same ones at home, then add another 20-50 cm to the measured length to form a spectacular wave.
If you want to sew curtains yourself and choose patterned fabric, and the curtains, for example, will consist of two parts, then you need to correctly combine the pattern. If the pattern is repeating, then you need to measure that part of it that is constantly duplicated. For example, it will be 70 cm, and we add the resulting result to the final value of the fabric length.
Another important point: Now widespread artificial fabrics, which are very durable in use and almost do not shrink when washed, so if you want to sew curtains from them, you should not make any additional allowances for shrinkage. If the fabric is in stock more than 60% natural fibers, then the likelihood that it will shrink a little after washing increases, so In this case, the fabric is taken with a reserve- about 10%. If you want the window to be decorated with original and unique curtains that are not available in the store, then you need to buy the required amount of fabric for sewing them. So, how much fabric will be needed for curtains and drapes for our conditional window?
The standard width of a roll of translucent tulle is 2.8 m, which should be quite enough for standard height windows, so the length issue remains resolved. As for the width, for a given window width and the selected CS, 2 * 2 = 4 m of fabric will be required. But since 5 cm is left for allowances on the sides, the resulting amount of fabric will be 4.1 m.
Width of curtain fabric, as a rule, is 1.4, 2.8 or 3.0 meters. It’s good if the width of the canvas ideally matches the length of the window opening, but it may be that the width is not enough, and then you will have to measure the fabric lengthwise and use several canvases to cover the window opening. Here it is important not to forget about the combination of the pattern and the length of the repeat - a repeating element of the ornament. In this case, you can sew a special fabric together, or maybe just make curtains from two parts.
The calculation in this case will be like this:
amount of fabric = ((window opening height + allowance)*number of panels) + repeat * (number of panels – 1)
If the window width is 2 m and KS = 2, and the width of the fabric in the roll is 1.4 m, then to make curtains, for example, you will need 3 canvases: 1.4 * 3 = 4.2 m, with a repeat value of 0.35 m we get the following data:
amount of fabric = ((2.7+0.2)*3)+0.35*2=9.4 m
If after cutting the fabric and sewing the curtains there will be leave a lot of fabric, and this may be when it was selected large drawing, then from the leftovers you can sew tiebacks for curtains or small pillows for the sofa. When the curtains and other textiles in the room are made in the same style, this gives a special effect to the room.
It’s easy to sew the most common curtain models yourself, but if you doubt your professionalism or are planning to decorate a window with an elaborate model, then it is better to resort to the services of specialists.
In conclusion
The length and width of curtains are important parameters for window decoration, which need to be given no less importance than fabric, pattern and color. The correctly selected size will decorate the room and make it more comfortable, so before you go to the store for ready-made curtains or for fabric for them, you need to take all the necessary measurements from the window opening, write them down and then base your choice on them.
The importance of window curtains in the interior is difficult to overestimate. It is the curtains that shape the final look of the room. You need to choose them based on the general style and color range. But you need not only to choose suitable material, but also correctly calculate the required quantity, otherwise a discrepancy will ruin the most thoughtful design.
Curtains, curtains, drapes are types of window frames that can be raised upward using a mechanism or be sliding.
To avoid any problems communicating with textile sellers or designers, call the window frame elements by their proper names.
Curtains - curtains of any type, can be sliding or raised using a mechanism.
Curtains are thin translucent curtains of any type. You may come across names: tulle, mesh, organza, but these are just types of material for sewing curtains.
Draperies are heavy, usually opaque curtains. Previously, the term was used to refer to fabric decorating doorways, but today it unites all blackout curtains.
Correct measurements
An important step in calculating the material for curtains is the correct measurement of the window.
The length and width of the curtain depends both on the parameters of the window and on the height of the cornice relative to the floor.
There is no general formula for calculation and it will be individual for each type of fabric. For the most accurate calculation, you need to know the following parameters:
- cornice length;
- curtain width;
- curtain length;
- the necessary supply for sewing on the braid;
- repeat of the drawing.
Rapport is the distance between repeating elements of a pattern. You need to know this so that when cutting the curtains, both canvases turn out identical.
It is better to take measurements using a metal tape measure. Tailor's cm is not very accurate and convenient.
So, everything is clear with the terms, we can move on to measurements.
- Length of cornice. It is important that by the time you calculate and purchase the fabric, you already know exactly which model will hold the new curtains. If the cornice is wall-mounted, its length is measured strictly from tip to tip, height - from the top border of the tube to the floor. If the cornice is ceiling, the length should be measured from edge to edge, and the height - from the bottom edge to the floor. You should not take measurements “by eye”; fix the cornice on the wall and only then pick up a tape measure.
- Curtain width. The length of the cornice from tip to tip is taken as a basis. If there are two curtains, the value must be divided in half. The resulting figure is the minimum possible width of the curtain. In order for it to lie beautifully, the total needs to be multiplied by the fold factor. For curtains - 2-4, for curtains - 1.5-3.
- Curtain length. Getting this measurement right is extremely important. To determine the optimal length of the canvas, measure the distance from the curtain rod string or the bottom edge of the fixing rings to the desired level. The most common options: to the window sill (1 cm above it), below the window sill (10-15 cm below) and to the floor (1 cm above the floor). There is no need to reserve stock for hemming yet.
- Stock for sewing on braid. Decide in advance on the size of the braid and allow 2 widths for sewing it on.
- Rapport of the drawing. Once you have the final dimensions of the curtain in hand, measure the repeat and add it to the required length if the pattern is located along the length of the fabric.
Calculation of material quantity
Calculation of fabric for tulle and curtains with a window height of 2.6 m and a cornice length of 2 m.
Before you start calculating the footage, it is better to know in advance the width of the rolls of fabric you need. Depending on the data received, the formula will differ, this will allow you to purchase the ideal quantity so that you have enough for sewing, but there is also a minimal surplus left.
Most fabrics for curtains have a roll width of 2.8 m. That is, if the roll width is 2.8 m, and the curtain length you need, taking into account hems and processing, does not exceed this figure, you can take the fabric by length.
Curtain fabric is usually produced in rolls with a width of 1.4 m, 2.8 m, 3 m, but it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the material. A large drawing will significantly interfere with saving. In addition, it is not recommended to set the minimum width of the curtains; the play of fabric and beautiful folds play an important role in interior design.
It is more profitable to select the fabric in width, but you must pay attention to the direction of the pattern. This rule is the same for all types of curtains.
Now that you have all the necessary measurements on hand, you can begin to calculate the required amount of fabric for the curtains. The formula will be different for curtains and drapes, the data used is the same.
To make the example easier to understand, conditional indicators are given:
- cornice length – 2 m;
- curtain length – 3 m;
- assembly factor – 2.5.
Curtains:
- Along the length of the canvas. Curtain length + top hem + bottom hem = 3+0.2+0.1 = 3.3 m.
- According to the width of the canvas. Length of cornice x assembly factor = 2×2.5 = 5 m.
As can be seen from the example, calculating the fabric according to the length of the canvas, provided that the pattern and the necessary measurements match, allows for significant savings.
Curtains:
- Along the length of the canvas. Curtain length + top hem + bottom hem = 3+0.2+0.1 = 3.3 m.
- According to the width of the canvas. Length of the cornice x assembly factor = 2x2.5 = 5 m. The result must be divided by 2, since there are 2 curtains, but you need to purchase 2 panels of 2.5 m each, this will allow you to avoid errors when cutting yourself.
When calculating, take into account the pattern repeat. If it is, you need to add this indicator to the result. If the repeat step is quite large, you can sew beautiful tiebacks or decorative pillows from excess fabric.
Custom designs
If you decide to use it in the interior unusual solutions, to calculate and sew curtains, it is better to contact specialists. But you will have to take the dimensions yourself, and it is very important to show maximum care, since the responsibility will lie with the customer.
If you are planning to install an arched cornice, it is better to go to a specialist with a photograph of it, which shows the exact dimensions of all the parts. Only in this case will the fabric calculation be correct.
Calculating the amount of fabric for sewing curtains looks complicated only at first glance. With a little practice and attention, you will be able to name the required footage without even taking measurements. Sewing curtains yourself is not only a significant savings, but also an opportunity to show your creativity.
