The flat, spongy bone that closes the chest at the front is called the sternum. It consists of several parts:
Lever
Body
xiphoid process
The bone becomes a single bone only at the age of 30-35 and looks like in the photo.
Interestingly, the xiphoid process, which is the lower part of the sternum, varies greatly in its shape and size. The first seven pairs of ribs are connected to the sternum by cartilage. The abdominal part of the pectoralis major muscle is attached to the lower part of the sternum.
In utero, the sternum is formed from the so-called sternal ridges, which are separated by membranous tissue. The rollers are connected to each other by the 12th week of embryo development. This happens sequentially: the first one is formed upper section, the future manubrium, after the manubrium the body is formed and the last is the xiphoid process. In some cases, the xiphoid process does not fuse completely, then a bifurcated xiphoid process is formed, which is a variant of the physiological norm.
Functions of the sternum
This bone performs several important functions in the human body:It is part of the human skeleton, namely the ribcage, which protects internal organs from mechanical damage.
It is one of the hematopoietic organs, as it contains hematopoietic bone marrow. This function has found application in the diagnosis and treatment of blood cancer, when bone marrow puncture is necessary. The sternum has the most convenient location for this procedure.
Pathology of the sternum
Symptoms of pathological processes associated with the sternum area can be determined directly by diseases of the sternum or diseases not associated with this anatomical structure.Diseases of the sternum:
Tumors
Injuries
Deformation of the sternum ( congenital and acquired due to rickets, tuberculosis)
The symptoms of a sternum tumor are not always clearly expressed, so diagnosing this disease is difficult. The main symptom is pain in the sternum, which is intermittent. The pain may be localized to the affected area or involve neighboring areas. Over time, the pain increases and gets worse at night. A compaction appears, painful on palpation. Gradually, the compaction increases, and symptoms associated with the progression of the disease appear, which manifest themselves to a greater or lesser extent, depending on the direction of tumor growth. The pain becomes sharp, analgesics do not relieve the pain. The tumor quickly metastasizes and grows into the underlying tissue.
Statistically, sternum injuries account for 15% of all musculoskeletal injuries. They most often occur in road accidents and are therefore called “motorist injuries.” Chest injury can occur if chest compressions are performed too roughly during emergency medical care. The point of application is the sternum; one or more ribs are injured.
Fractures and contusions of the sternum are rarely isolated. More often they are combined with fractures and bruises of various anatomical structures: the skull, ribs, spine, limbs. The outcome of isolated sternal fractures is usually favorable if there is no damage to the chest organs from fragments of the damaged bone.
A fracture of the sternum is accompanied by pain and swelling at the fracture site. In this case, consultation and assistance from an appropriate specialist is required. When fragments are displaced, surgery with reposition is necessary to restore the anatomical integrity of the bone. After healing, the site of the former fracture still aches and periodically hurts for some time, just like after a fracture in any other place.
What's behind chest pain?
The cause of discomfort and pain in the sternum, as mentioned above, may not be related to a violation of the bone anatomy. These are the following states:Diseases of the heart and blood vessels ( myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, aortic rupture, mitral valve prolapse, pathology of the heart muscle - myocarditis)
Diseases of the pulmonary system ( pleurisy, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism)
Mediastinal diseases
Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract ( diaphragmatic hernia, peptic ulcer)
Psychogenic factor
A burning sensation, heaviness and a feeling as if something is pressing behind the sternum occurs with diseases of the cardiovascular system, namely angina pectoris, myocardial infarction.
Pain in the sternum due to respiratory diseases. In this case, painful sensations can be similar to those in diseases of the cardiovascular system; a distinctive characteristic is increased pain during breathing movements. A burning sensation in the chest caused by pathology of the gastrointestinal tract is relieved by antacids, in contrast to similar symptoms caused by heart pathology.
Sternum(sternum) is an unpaired long flat spongy bone *, consisting of 3 parts: the manubrium, the body and the xiphoid process.
* (Spongy bone is rich in the circulatory system and contains red bone marrow in people of any age. Therefore, it is possible: intrathoracic blood transfusion, taking red bone marrow for research, red bone marrow transplantation.)
Sternum and ribs. A - sternum (sternum): 1 - manubrium sterni; 2 - body of the sternum (corpus sterni); 3 - xiphoid process (processus xiphoideus); 4 - costal notches (incisurae costales); 5 - angle of the sternum (angulus sterni); 6 - jugular notch (incisure jugularis); 7 - clavicular notch (incisure clavicularis). B - VIII rib (inside view): 1 - articular surface of the rib head (facies articularis capitis costae); 2 - neck of the rib (collum costae); 3 - rib angle (angulus costae); 4 - body of the rib (corpus costae); 5 - rib groove (sulcus costae). B - I rib (top view): 1 - rib neck (collum costae); 2 - tubercle of the rib (tuberculum costae); 3 - groove of the subclavian artery (sulcus a. subclaviae); 4 - groove of the subclavian vein (sulcus v. subclaviae); 5 - tubercle of the anterior scalene muscle (tuberculum m. scaleni anterioris)
Lever makes up the upper part of the sternum; on its upper edge there are 3 notches: unpaired jugular and paired clavicular, which serve for articulation with the sternal ends of the clavicles. On the side surface of the handle two more notches are visible - for the 1st and 2nd ribs. The manubrium, connecting to the body, forms an anteriorly directed angle of the sternum. At this point the second rib is attached to the sternum.
Body of the sternum long, flat, widening at the bottom. On the lateral edges it has notches for attaching the cartilaginous parts of the II-VII pairs of ribs.
xiphoid process- This is the most variable part of the sternum in shape. As a rule, it has the shape of a triangle, but can be bifurcated downwards or have a hole in the center. By age 30 (sometimes later), parts of the sternum fuse into one bone.
Ribs(costae) are paired bones of the chest. Each rib has bone and cartilage parts. Ribs are divided into groups:
- true from I to VII - attached to the sternum;
- false from VIII to X - have a common attachment by a costal arch;
- wavering XI and XII - have free ends and are not attached.
The bony part of the rib (os costale) is a long, spirally curved bone, which distinguishes the head, neck and body. rib head is located at its rear end. It bears an articular surface for articulation with the costal fossae of two adjacent vertebrae. The head goes into rib neck. Between the neck and body, a tubercle of the rib with an articular surface for articulation with the transverse process of the vertebra is visible. (Since the XI and XII ribs do not articulate with the transverse processes of the corresponding vertebrae, there is no articular surface on their tubercles.) Rib body long, flat, curved. It distinguishes between the upper and lower edges, as well as the outer and inner surfaces. On the inner surface of the rib along its lower edge there is a rib groove in which intercostal vessels and nerves are located. The length of the body increases up to the VII-VIII rib, and then gradually decreases. In the 10 upper ribs, the body directly behind the tubercle forms a bend - the angle of the rib.
The first (I) rib, unlike the others, has an upper and lower surface, as well as outer and inner edges. On the upper surface at the anterior end of the first rib, the tubercle of the anterior scalene muscle is noticeable. In front of the tubercle is the groove of the subclavian vein, and behind it is the groove of the subclavian artery.
Rib cage in general (compages thoracis, thorax) is formed by twelve thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum. Its upper aperture is limited posteriorly by the 1st thoracic vertebra, laterally by the 1st rib and in front by the manubrium of the sternum. The lower aperture of the chest is much wider. Its border is formed by the XII thoracic vertebra, XII and XI ribs, costal arch and xiphoid process. The costal arches and the xiphoid process form the substernal angle. The intercostal spaces are clearly visible, and inside the chest, on the sides of the spine, there are pulmonary grooves. The back and side walls of the chest are much longer than the front. In a living person, the bony walls of the chest are supplemented by muscles: the lower aperture is closed by the diaphragm, and the intercostal spaces are closed by muscles of the same name. Inside the chest, in the chest cavity, are the heart, lungs, thymus gland, large vessels and nerves.
The shape of the chest has gender and age differences. In men, it widens downwards, cone-shaped, has large sizes. The chest of women is smaller, egg-shaped: narrow at the top, wide in the middle and tapering again downwards. In newborns, the chest is somewhat compressed from the sides and extended anteriorly.
Rib cage. 1 - upper aperture of the chest (apertura thoracis superior); 2 - sternocostal joints (articulationes sternocostales); 3 - intercostal space (spatium intercostale); 4 - substernal angle (angulus infrasternalis); 5 - costal arch (arcus costalis); 6 - lower aperture of the chest (apertura thoracis inferior)
The rib cage forms the bony base of the thoracic cavity. It protects the heart, lungs, liver and serves as an attachment site for the respiratory muscles and muscles of the upper limbs. The rib cage consists of the sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, connected at the back to the spinal column.
The shape of the chest changes significantly with age. In infancy, it is as if compressed laterally, its anteroposterior size is larger than the transverse one. In an adult, the transverse size predominates.
During the first year of life, the shape of the chest gradually changes, which is associated with changes in body position and center of gravity. According to the change in the chest, the volume of the lungs increases. Changing the position of the ribs increases the movement of the chest and allows for breathing movements.
The conical shape of the chest lasts up to 3-4 years. By the age of 6, the relative sizes of the upper and lower parts of the chest characteristic of an adult are established, and the inclination of the ribs sharply increases. By the age of 12-13, the chest takes on the same shape as that of an adult.
The shape of the chest is influenced by exercise and posture. Under the influence of physical exercise, it can become wider and more voluminous. With prolonged incorrect sitting, when the child leans on the edge of a table or desk lid, deformation of the chest can occur, which impairs the development of the heart, large vessels and lungs.
Brisket and ribs.
Human sternum
Human rib
Ribs, costae(I-XII)/ Seven pairs of upper ribs (I-VII) are connected to the sternum by cartilaginous parts. These edges are called true, costae verae. The cartilages of the VIII, IX, X pairs of ribs are connected not to the sternum, but to the cartilage of the overlying rib. Therefore, these ribs are called false ribs, costae spurlae. The XI and XII ribs have short cartilaginous parts that end in the muscles of the abdominal wall. These ribs are more mobile, they are called oscillating, costae ftuctuates [ fluitantes].
At the posterior end of each rib there is a head, caput costae, which forms a joint with the body of one or the bodies of two adjacent thoracic vertebrae, with their costal fossae. Most ribs articulate with two adjacent vertebrae. The head of the rib is followed by a narrower part - the neck of the rib, collum costae. At the border of the neck and body of the rib there is a rib tubercle, tuberculum costae. On the ten upper ribs the tubercle is divided into two elevations. The medial inferior eminence bears the articular surface of the tubercle of the rib, fades articularis tuberculi costae, to form a joint with the costal fossa of the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra. The neck with the tubercle passes directly into the wider and longest anterior part of the costal bone - the body of the rib, corpus costae, which is slightly twisted around its own longitudinal axis and sharply bent forward near the tubercle. This place is called the rib angle, angulus costae.
Sternum, breastbone, sternum, It is a flat bone located in the frontal plane. The sternum consists of three parts. Its upper part is the manubrium of the sternum, middle part- body and lower - xiphoid process. In adults, these three parts are fused into a single bone.
Manubrium of the sternum, manubrium sterni, - the widest, especially at the top, and thickest part of the sternum. On its upper edge there is a shallow jugular notch, incisura jugularis. On the sides of the notch is the clavicular notch, incisura clavicularis, to connect to the collarbones.
Body of the sternum, corpus sterni, - the longest part of the sternum; in the middle and lower sections the body of the sternum is wider than at the top. Rough lines (places of fusion of bone segments) are visible on the anterior surface of the body; there are costal notches at the edges of the body, incisurae costales, to form connections with the cartilage of the true ribs.
xiphoid process, processus xiphoideus, can have a different shape, sometimes it is forked at the bottom or has a hole.
Sternum, resembling a dagger in shape, consists of three parts: the upper one is the handle, manubrium sterni, the middle one is the body, corpus sterni, and the lower one is the xiphoid process, processus xiphoideus. On the upper edge the handle has a jugular notch, incisura jugularis; on each side of it there is a clavicular notch, incisura clavicularis, in which articulation with the sternal end of the clavicle occurs.
The lower edge of the manubrium and the upper edge of the body form between themselves the so-called angle of the sternum, angulus sterni, protruding anteriorly. At the edge of the body of the sternum there are costal notches, incisurae costales, in which articulation occurs with the cartilages of the ribs, starting from II. The xiphoid process varies greatly in appearance and can have an opening, be bifurcated, bent to the side, etc.
The structure of the sternum is characterized by an abundance of delicate spongy substance with a very rich vascular network, which makes intrathoracic blood transfusion possible. The rich development of bone marrow in the sternum allows it to be taken from here for transplants in the treatment of radiation sickness.
Which doctors to contact for examination of the sternum:
Traumatologist
What diseases are associated with the sternum:
What tests and diagnostics need to be done for the sternum:
Chest X-ray
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Other anatomical terms starting with the letter "G":
| Head |
| Eye |
| Pharynx |
| Throat |
| Breast |
| Rib cage |
| glans penis |
| Shin |
| Pituitary |
| Brain |
| Hypothalamus (hypothalamus) |
| Larynx |
| Voice apparatus |
| Vocal fold |
| Glottis |
| Vocal process |
| Laryngeal ventricle |
| Genes |
| Blood group |
| Hemoglobin |
| Thoracic vertebrae |
Sternum, sternum, is an unpaired bone of elongated shape with a slightly convex anterior surface and a correspondingly concave posterior surface. The sternum occupies a section of the anterior wall of the chest. It distinguishes the manubrium, body and xiphoid process. All these three parts are connected to each other by cartilaginous layers, which ossify with age.
Manubrium of the sternum, manubrium sterni, - the widest part, thick at the top, thinner and narrower at the bottom, has on the upper edge a jugular notch, incisura jugularis, easily palpable through the skin. On the sides of the jugular notch are the clavicular notches, incisurae claviculares, the places of articulation of the sternum with the sternal ends of the clavicles.
Sternum video
Somewhat lower, on the lateral edge, there is the notch of the 1st rib, incisura costalis I, the place of fusion with the cartilage of the 1st rib. Even lower there is a small depression - the upper section of the costal notch of the second rib; the lower portion of this notch is located on the body of the sternum.
The body of the sternum, corpus sterni, is almost 3 times longer than the manubrium, but narrower. The body of the sternum is shorter in women than in men.
The anterior surface of the sternum has traces of the fusion of its parts during embryonic development in the form of weakly expressed transverse lines.
The cartilaginous connection of the upper edge of the body with the lower edge of the handle is called synchondrosis of the manubrium of the sternum, synchondrosis manubriosternalis, while the body and manubrium converge, forming an obtuse angle of the sternum, open posteriorly, angulus sterni. This protrusion is located at the level of the articulation of the second rib with the sternum and is easily palpable through the skin.
On the lateral edge of the body of the sternum there are four complete and two incomplete costal notches, incisurae costales. - places of articulation of the sternum with the cartilages of the II-VII ribs. One incomplete notch is located at the top of the lateral edge of the sternum and corresponds to the cartilage of the 2nd rib, the other is at the bottom of the lateral edge and corresponds to the cartilage of the 6th rib; four complete notches lie between them and correspond to ribs III-VI.
The areas of the lateral sections lying between two adjacent costal notches have the shape of semilunar recesses.
xiphoid process, processus xiphoideus, is the shortest part of the sternum, can be different in size and shape, with a forked apex or with a hole in the middle. The sharp or blunt apex faces either anteriorly or posteriorly. In the superolateral part of the xiphoid process there is an incomplete notch that articulates with the cartilage of the 7th rib.
The xiphoid process forms with the body of the sternum synchondrosis of the xiphoid process, synchondrosis xiphosternalis. By old age, the xiphoid process, ossified, fuses with the body of the sternum.
The sternum is an unpaired elongated bone with a slightly concave posterior surface and a slightly convex anterior part. This bone is the center of the anterior chest wall. The pectoralis major muscle is the main muscle of the sternum.
Structure
The center of the anterior chest wall (sternum) consists of three main parts: the xiphoid process, the body and the manubrium. All these parts are connected to each other by cartilaginous layers, which ossify with age.
The manubrium is the widest part of this bone. It is thinner at the bottom and thicker at the top. At its very bottom there is a jugular notch that can be easily felt through the skin. The manubrium of the sternum has two more notches called clavicular. They are located under the jugular notch. In these places, the above bone connects to the collarbones.
The body of the sternum is three times longer than the manubrium. In women, the body of this bone is shorter than in men. The connecting cartilage of the lower edge of the manubrium with the upper edge of the body is called synchondrosis of the manubrium. The body and the manubrium are connected, forming an open obtuse angle at the back, which can be easily felt through the skin. It is located at the level of the 2nd rib connection. On the sides of the body of this bone there are 4 complete and 2 incomplete costal notches.
The smallest part of the sternum is the xiphoid process. It can vary in size and shape, have a forked top and a hole in the middle. The sharp or blunt apex of the xiphoid process can be directed both backward and forward. This process, together with the body of the sternum, forms the synchondrosis of the xiphoid process. In old age, it ossifies, merging with the body of the sternum.
The main muscle of the sternum is considered to be the major muscle pectoral muscle, which originates in the collarbone. This muscle passes through the body, as well as the manubrium of the above bone and the rectus abdominis muscle.
Pain and burning sensation
Pain in the sternum is most often associated with damage to its osteochondral structures, diseases of the internal organs and psychogenic diseases. Pain is a sign of the following ailments: angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, mitral valve prolapse, pneumonia, pleurisy, gastrointestinal diseases, diaphragmatic abscess and lung malignancies.
Pain and burning in the sternum are considered integral symptoms:
- blood diseases;
- bronchopulmonary diseases;
- gastrointestinal ailments (gastroesophageal disease, stomach ulcer);
- fractures and injuries of the sternum;
- cardiovascular diseases.
Sometimes pain in the chest accompanies psychogenic diseases (vegetative-vascular dystonia, hysteria, etc.).
Fracture
Fracture of the sternum is very rare in traumatology. In most cases, the fracture occurs as a result of a direct strong blow to the chest. This can happen due to severe compression of the chest or during a traffic accident. With a non-displaced fracture, severe pain may not be observed, but quite often the fracture is accompanied by displacement of the fragments.
The main symptoms of a sternal fracture are pain, hemorrhage and swelling in the area of the bone injury. Palpation is very painful. A fracture with displaced fragments is a life-threatening condition for the patient, as it can lead to damage to the chest organs. Damage to the pleura and lungs can trigger the development of hemothorax (collection of blood) or pneumothorax (accumulation of air) in the chest. These complications require immediate medical intervention as they can be fatal.
Located in the middle of the upper edge of the manubrium of the sternum jugular notch. On the sides of the jugular notch there are clavicular notches for articulation with the collarbones. On the sides of the handles there are rib tenderloins for attachment of the cartilage of the first and upper edge of the second ribs.
The body of the sternum expands inferiorly. On its anterior surface four rough lines are visible - traces of the fusion of four separate segments of the sternum. Along the edges there are notches for the cartilage of the II-VII ribs.
The xiphoid process has no notches. The ribs are not attached to it.
Rib cage limits chest cavity. The chest cavity contains internal organs (heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus), blood vessels, lymphatic ducts and nerves.
The intercostal muscles are attached to the ribs.
There are two openings in the chest: top And lower.
The upper opening is limited on the sides by the first ribs, and in front by the upper edge of the manubrium of the sternum. The trachea, esophagus, blood vessels, and nerves pass through it.
The lower opening is limited by the XII thoracic vertebra, XII pair of ribs, costal arches and the xiphoid process of the sternum. It's closed diaphragm.
The diaphragm has openings for the passage of the aorta, esophagus, nerves and inferior vena cava.
The process of ossification of the spinal column occurs in a strictly defined order: ossification nuclei first appear in the thoracic vertebrae (already at the 2nd month of intrauterine development), and then ossification spreads towards cervical spine and coccygeal. The first wave of increased growth occurs from birth to 2 years, then growth slows down slightly, then at the age of 7-9 years the second wave of increased growth begins, the third wave occurs during puberty.
The newborn's spine is open at the back along the line of all vertebral arches. By the age of 7, the arches close. Complete fusion of the vertebral processes with the vertebral body occurs at the age of 18-24 years.
Physiological curves of the spine appear: cervical lordosis - 2.5-3 months, thoracic kyphosis - at 6 months, from the moment of the first steps - 9-10 months - lumbar lordosis and sacral kyphosis. At first, the bends are not fixed and disappear when the muscles relax. Fixation of bends in the cervical and thoracic regions occurs at 6-7 years, and in the lumbar region - by 12 years.
The child's chest has a conical shape - compressed from the sides. In an adult, the transverse size of the chest predominates. The chest acquires the shape of an adult by the age of 12-13 years.
The sternum begins to ossify at the 2nd month of intrauterine development, final ossification occurs at 25 years.
Ossification of the ribs begins at 6-8 weeks of intrauterine development, then at 8-11 years, secondary ossification nuclei appear. The fusion of the bony parts of the rib occurs at 18-19 years, and the head and body of the rib - at 20-25 years.
Human skull. A- side view; B- front view.
The cranial cavity contains the brain, sensory organs, some digestive and respiratory systems. The bones of the skull serve as protection from external influences and act as a support.
The skull consists of two sections: brain And facial The brain is located in the medulla. The facial section forms the bony basis of the face, the initial sections of the digestive and respiratory systems.
The human skull has 23 bones: 8 paired and 7 unpaired.
Brain department formed by unpaired bones (occipital, sphenoid, frontal, ethmoid) and paired (parietal And temporal). Some bones (sphenoid, ethmoid, etc.), located on the border of the brain and facial sections, are functionally involved in the formation of the facial section.
All bones are connected to each other by sutures.
Located in the occipital bone foramen magnum, connecting the cranial cavity with the spinal canal. The occipital bone articulates with the first cervical vertebra.
Inside the temporal bone is the organ of hearing and balance. On its surface there is an external auditory opening leading to the external auditory canal.
The sphenoid and ethmoid bones are located at the base of the skull, the ethmoid bone in front of the sphenoid.
08.02.2017
The sternum, sternum, belongs to the flat bones and consists of three sections: the manubrium, manubrium stemi, the body, corpus sterni, and the xiphoid process, proc. xiphoideus.
The sternum, sternum, belongs to the flat bones and consists of three sections: the manubrium, manubrium stemi, the body, corpus sterni, and the xiphoid process, proc. xiphoideus. In addition, sometimes there are unstable suprasternal bones in the sternum, ossa suprasternalia.
The manubrium is the most massive section of the sternum, on the upper edge of which there is a jugular notch, incisura
jugularis, and on the lateral ones - clavicular notches, incisurae claviculares, under which there are costal openings -
cutting, incisurae costales, for connection with the cartilages of the first ribs.
The body of the sternum is connected to the manubrium using the manubrium-sternal synchondrosis, synchondrosis
manubriosternalis. For articulation with the cartilages of the II-VII ribs, there are joints on the lateral surfaces of the body of the sternum.
corresponding rib notches.
The xiphoid process is variable in shape and size; it may be fork-shaped or enclose an opening along the midline. The xiphoid process is connected to the body of the sternum by means of xiphosternal synchondrosis, synchondrosis xiphosternalis.
Styling
Oblique anterior projection. When performing radiographs of the sternum in an oblique anterior projection, positioning is performed with the patient in the prone position. The head is turned to the right. Left upper limb dropped
along the body, the right one is retracted to the side and upward. The right half of the chest rises above
table so that an angle of 25-30° is formed between the frontal plane of the body and the plane of the table.
The mammary glands in women are retracted outward. The cassette is located in the plane of the table under the sternum area. The central beam of rays is directed perpendicular to the plane of the table between the medial edge
right scapula and spinal column at the level of the V thoracic vertebra. On the radiograph, the sternum is clearly visible against the background of the pulmonary pattern.
Raising the left half of the chest above the table and directing the central beam of rays between
medial edge of the left scapula and the spinal column, the image of the sternum is obtained against the background of the heart
vascular bundle. Similar radiographs can be obtained if the patient is placed symmetrically on the anterior surface of the chest and the central beam of rays is directed at the sternum area at an angle
25-30° to the median plane.
If the patient’s condition allows, radiography of the sternum is performed in a vertical position with
storing the above-described relationships between the patient, the cassette and the central beam of rays.
Lateral projection. When performing an X-ray of the sternum in a lateral projection, positioning is done in
position of the patient on his side. The upper limbs are retracted posteriorly. The cassette is located in the plane of the table
under the sternum area. The frontal plane of the body is perpendicular, and the sagittal plane is parallel
table plane. The central beam of rays is directed perpendicular to the plane of the table, tangential to the body
sternum. A similar radiograph can be obtained with the patient in a vertical position under the control of a screen, maintaining the same relationships between the patient, the cassette and the central beam of rays.
X-rays of the sternum are taken with the patient holding his breath.
X-ray anatomical analysis
Oblique anterior projection. On a radiograph of the sternum in an oblique anterior projection (Fig. 122) all sections
The sternum is clearly defined outside the shadow of the spinal column against the background of pulmonary tissue or against the background of the cardiovascular bundle, which is due to the variant of placement. The shadow of the sternum is projectively intersected by the posterior departments V-X ribs
The manubrium (1) is the most massive section of the sternum. The jugular notch (2) is visible on the upper edge of the handle, and
On the lateral sections, the clavicular notches are identified (3). Due to the fact that in the described projection the sternum is located somewhat obliquely, the right and left clavicular notches do not have a symmetrical display: the notch projectively located closer to the spinal column is concave, the distant one is projectionally flattened.
A comparative analysis of the sternoclavicular joints in this projection is impossible. The manubrium of the sternum is connected to the body (5) by the manubrium-sternal synchondrosis (6), which looks like a horizontal stripe of clearing with clear contours.
The body of the sternum is represented by an elongated plate, slightly expanding in the caudal direction.
The body passes into a narrow and thin xiphoid process (7), sometimes separated by a strip of clearing caused by xiphosternal synchondrosis. Forked cleft of the xiphoid process or
the presence of a clearly defined clearing is a variant of the norm.
On the lateral surfaces of the sternum there are costal notches (8) for ribs I-VII, which have clear, intense contours. The notches for the 1st ribs are located on the lateral surfaces of the manubrium, the notches for the 2nd ribs - at the border of the manubrium and the body, the notches for the 3rd-6th ribs - at the level of the body of the sternum, and for the 7th ribs - at the border of the body of the sternum with the xiphoid process.
Rice. 122. X-ray of the sternum in an oblique anterior projection.
1 - manubrium of the sternum; 2 - jugular notch; 3 - clavicular notches; 4 - X-ray joint space of the sternoclavicular joint; 5 - body of the sternum; c - manubrium-sternal synchondrosis; 7 - xiphoid process; 8- rib notches; 11 - sternal end of the clavicle.
Lateral projection. On an x-ray of the sternum in a lateral projection (Fig. 123), the sternum has the appearance of a slightly convex anterior plate 1-2 cm wide, limited by clear, intense contours determined by the cortical substance of the anterior (9) and posterior (10) surfaces.
Between the manubrium (1) and the body of the sternum (5) a clearing with clear contours can be traced, formed by the manubrium-sternal synchondrosis (6).
Unlike the body, which has two contours (anterior and posterior), an additional triangular shadow is adjacent to the posterior contour of the manubrium of the sternum, the base of which faces upward. According to experimental
research by V. S. Maykova-Stroganova and M. A. Finkelstein. its morphological substrate is the lateral edge of the manubrium of the sternum, distant from the cassette (1a).
Parallel to the anterior contour of the sternum, a low-intensity shadow is determined, due to soft tissues anterior chest wall. Their volume and intensity depend on age, gender and individual characteristics. Parallel to the posterior contour of the sternum, a strip of soft tissue 2-3 mm wide can be traced, which is a reflection of the internal fascia of the chest. Posterior to the sternum, against the background of the organs of the chest cavity, the anterior sections of the costal bones can be traced.
Rice. 123. X-ray of the sternum in the lateral projection.
1 - manubrium of the sternum; 1a - distant lateral edge of the manubrium of the sternum; 5 - body of the sternum; b - manubrium-sternal synchondrosis; 9 - anterior surface of the sternum; 10 - posterior surface of the sternum.
Tags: sternum, styling, jugular notch, synchondrosis
Start of activity (date): 02/08/2017 19:03:00
Created by (ID): 645
Keywords: sternum, laying, jugular notch
