What is an infinitive, its suffixes and features. Infinitive in English: a complete analysis of the initial form of the verb. In Russian

If you want to learn a language, start with verbs. After all, it is this part of speech that occupies the largest place in all reference books and dictionaries of any language, including English. Despite the fact that the verb has several forms, in these same dictionaries it is usually given in its simple (initial) form, and for good reason. After all, the infinitive in English, perhaps, is used more often than others. This is exactly what we will talk about today.

First, let's figure out what an infinitive is.

An infinitive in English is an indefinite or initial form of a verb that names actions and can function as either a noun or a verb. The infinitive refers to impersonal verb forms, that is, to English forms, which do not have number, person, tense or mood.

The infinitive has certain features that characterize and distinguish it from any other type of verb:

1. The infinitive is preceded by the particle to, which, however, can be omitted in certain cases. However, if a particle is present, it almost always comes before the infinitive.
2. The infinitive answers the questions “what to do?”, “what to do?”

Infinitive in English: forms

While Russian has only one infinitive form, English has six. Table for clarity:

The infinitive in the passive voice is simply not used in the Continuous and Perfect Continuous. Other forms are used extremely rarely, with the exception of simple. Due to the lack of similar forms in Russian, all of them are usually translated into a simple form.

Infinitive phrases

Infinitive phrases in English are divided into the following 3 types:

1. Complex object, also known as The Objective Infinitive Construction.
2. Complex subject (Complex subject) or The Subjective Infinitive Construction (Subjective infinitive construction). The subject infinitive is usually used with verbs in the passive voice.
3. The For-to-Infinitive construction or infinitive phrase with a preposition

Despite such a variety of infinitive phrases, they are not always used. The objective infinitive phrase is the most used phrase in the list, while the second most popular is the subjective infinitive phrase.

Functions of the infinitive in a sentence

In a sentence, the infinitive can act as almost any part of the sentence.

1. As the subject:

1. And the verb part of the compound predicate:

1. In the definition function:

It is worth noting that the word that defines a noun in Russian may not always look like a standard definition.

1. Purpose circumstance:

In this case, conjunctions can often be used before the infinitive: in order to (in order to) and so as (to):

Use with the particle to

The infinitive with the particle to is used in 99 percent of cases. So, for example:

1. An objective infinitive almost always requires the particle to. This infinitive phrase is characterized by verbs that express:

• Desire: want (want), wish (desire), desire (want):

• Mental activity: think, believe, expect, suppose:

• The objective infinitive phrase also includes words expressing an order, permission or prohibition: order (order), encourage (encourage), allow (allow), permit (allow), prohibit (prohibit):

1. The subjective infinitive phrase also did not stand aside. It uses the particle to with verbs:

• say (say), state (declare), allow (allow) in the passive voice:

• perception and mental activity in the passive voice:

• with verbs such as appear / seem (seem), happen (happen):

• And also with to be (un)likely - likely / unlikely, to be certain / to be sure - to be sure / definitely:

1. The particle to in English is also inherent in the infinitive phrase with the preposition for. This construction is formed by attaching the preposition for to a noun or pronoun with an infinitive. The noun in this case uses the general case, and the pronoun uses the objective case. Personal pronouns in English in the objective case should in no case be confused with their subject (or subjective) case:

As you can see, the objective case tends to be used as a complement, while the subject pronouns are characterized by the role of the subject.

The objective case can be translated in various ways, however, since it is preceded by the preposition for (for), accordingly, in this case, the objective case of the pronoun will answer the questions “for whom?” or “who?”

Let's look at the objective case and the infinitive using an example:

1. A verb in the infinitive without the particle to can also be used in short imperative sentences. They usually do not pay attention to the subject and other parts of the sentence. Moreover, these terms can be omitted.

Infinitive in English: gerund or infinitive

Using the infinitive in English can sometimes cause a number of difficulties. It seems that everything is simple, you take a verb from the dictionary and insert it into an English sentence. However, with further development of the forms of English verbs, when the study reaches the gerund or a verb with an ing suffix, confusion begins to occur in the head. To avoid this problem, let's look at verbs that are used only in the infinitive or only in the ing form:

1. Verbs such as agree, refuse, manage, decide, plan, offer, attempt, forget, promise, deserve deserve) are always used with an infinitive. These English verbs you just need to remember. Examples from the table:

1. At the same time, there are verbs that are used in gerunds and do not have an infinitive form after them. These include: miss (get bored), give up (stop), go on (continue), carry on (continue), involve (include), finish (finish). Some examples:

1. There are also words that can be used in both forms without significantly changing the meaning:

1. The meaning of other words can change depending on whether you use the infinitive or gerundial form. Study the table with the following examples:

Infinitive in English: infinitive without the particle to

There are also situations in which you need to use infinitives, but without the particle to. So, for example, the to particle is omitted after:

1. English verbs make (to force) and let (to allow) with a noun or object pronoun:

1. Verbs of perception feel (feel), see (see), hear (hear), for which the objective infinitive phrase is responsible.

1. Modal verbs:

Exceptions are modal verbs, which contain the particle to. These include: have (got) to, ought to and be to.

Infinitive in English: negation

Particular attention should be paid to the formation of negative sentences. The fact is that to use the infinitive in a sentence, you can use two forms of negation. You cannot confuse them, because otherwise you may simply be misunderstood.

• To sentences for negating the main action (verb before the infinitive), a simple English negative form with an auxiliary verb and a negative particle not is added:

• To negate an action in the infinitive, the negative not is placed before the particle to:

Infinitive in English: other features

1. If a sentence uses several verbs with infinitive forms, and the particle to is used in their case, then it is placed only on the first infinitive:

1. The English sentence is characterized by one more feature: if in a sentence the infinitive, which was used at the beginning, is used again at the end, the verb itself is usually omitted, and only the particle to remains in the sentence, which implies it (this verb):

Today we looked at the infinitive in English. As you can see, using the infinitive is not very difficult, but there are certain aspects of its use that are worth considering. To consolidate the topic, periodically return to the rules and examples in the tables, do exercises and reinforce each such exercise with practice. After all, there is nothing simpler and more effective in learning a language than communicating with native speakers.

What is the most important thing you need to know about the English infinitive?

Non-finite verb forms are verb forms that are characterized by the absence of the following grammatical categories: person, number, tense and mood.

After to be in the future tense, that is, after shall(first person) and will(for all other persons):

• • I shall read this novel next week. — I will read this novel next week.
  • You will watch the play day after tomorrow. - You will watch this performance the day after tomorrow
• After modal verbs
  • I can speak Russian. — I can speak Russian.

  Remember! The exception is the modal verb ought- must:

  • I thought to do this thing. - I have to do this thing
• After to let- allow, to make- meaning “to force”:
  • Let him discuss the problems. - Let him discuss the problems.
  • They make me go. - They make me leave
• After combination: had better(better), would rather(it would be better):
  • I had better work today. - I'd rather work today.
  • You would rather leave this house. - You'd better leave this house
• After verbs:
  

  see	see
  notice	notice
  feel	feel
  cause	cause, force
  watch	look
  observe	observe
  hear	hear

Existing forms of the English infinitive

The infinitive in English has six forms, four of which are in the active voice and two in the passive voice. As you study the table, you will notice that all four types of active voice have the same translation “to draw”, and two types of passive voice are translated as “to be drawn”. Translation into Russian does not reflect the semantic differences, but in English they have different semantic connotations, as well as certain cases of use. For example, the infinitive forms of the Perfect and Perfect Continuous types express actions that precede some other actions.

Study the sentences below to understand how each form is used in speech.

1. Indefinite Active
   • I want to read your story. — I want to read your story
2. Indefinite Passive
   • A culprit must be punished. — The culprit must be punished
3. Continuous Active
   • I believed him to be working. — I believed that it worked
4. Perfect Active
   • I forgot to have seen Mike. — I forgot that I saw Mike
5. Perfect Passive
   • I didn’t know that the tasks to have been done. — I didn’t know that the tasks had already been done
6. Perfect Continuous Active
   • She must have been waiting all day. — She must have been waiting all day

Multifunctionality of the infinitive

In sentences, the infinitive in English can take on various functions:

1. Subject
   As a subject, the infinitive is at the beginning of the sentence and must be followed by the predicate:
   • To run every morning is very useful habit. — Running in the morning is a very useful habit.
2. Circumstance of the goal
   • To walk in this beautiful garden I wrote my homework very quickly. — To take a walk in this beautiful garden, I wrote my homework very quickly
3. Addition
   • The pupils were glad to have been given a holiday. — The students were glad that they were given a day off
4. Part of a compound predicate
   Performing this function in a sentence, the infinitive is associated with:
   • modal verbs: must, can, may etc:

   You may remain here. -You can stay here.

   • to be And to have- in the meaning “must”, while after them the particle is required - to:

   I have to write the exercises. — I have to write exercises

5. Definition Sentences where the modifier is an infinitive have the following syntactic rule regarding the word order in them: the modifier comes after the word being defined:
   • I bought them the coffee to drink. — I brought them coffee to drink.
   • I have a great dream to travel. — I have a huge dream to travel

When we need an infinitive

forms of the infinitive There are a huge number of cases in English when exactly its simple forms of the infinitive are needed in speech. Therefore, all the following examples of use refer specifically to use in speech simple shapes infinitive. Its other forms are used extremely rarely in English. One of the problems with using the infinitive in English is its similarity to the gerund. Which one and when should you use it? This is the question that arises. Sometimes there is no one right option.

1. For example, the infinitive acts as a subject extremely rarely, the gerund is preferred, especially in modern English.

• Reading is interesting and useful. — Reading is interesting and useful. (More commonly used option)
• To read is interesting and useful. — Reading is interesting and useful.

However, both options are grammatically correct and possible.

2. When it comes to the function of the subject, sometimes you also need to make a choice between the infinitive and the gerund. In this case it all depends on the semantic verb, which plays a decisive role in the choice.

• I enjoy running. — I like to run (after to enjoy always followed by a gerund)
• I want to run. - I want to run ( to want needs an infinitive form)

3. These verbs are followed by an infinitive:

• learn - teach
• dare - dare
• tend - to look after
• need - to need
• mean - to mean
• agree - agree
• refuse - refuse
• afford - deliver
• forget - forget
• promise - promise
• threaten - threaten
• offer - provide
• attempt- - try
• manage - manage
• fail - to fail
• decide - decide
• plan - plan
• arrange - arrange
• hope - to hope
• appear - appear
• seem - seem
• pretend - pretend
• ask - ask
• know - know
• remember - remember
• explain - explain
• understand - remember

4. The following verbs are used with an infinitive, but only if it is preceded by a noun:

• The mother advised her daughter to be more confident in her forces. — The mother advised her daughter to be more confident in her abilities

5.In English there is also such a construction using the infinitive:

to be + adjective + infinitive

• She is happy to have such a good husband. — She is happy that she has such a good husband
• Mary was miserable to find out the bad news. —Mary was unhappy when she heard the bad news

6. Nouns that are used with an infinitive after them:

• My advice to study French was good. — My advice to learn French was good
• His plan to continue studying is measured. — His plan to continue his studies is deliberate
• Your refusal to visit grandparents is very strange. “Your refusal to visit your grandparents is very strange.”

The next video is a brief overview of all the material we covered. To better consolidate new information in your memory, it would be a good idea to review it. Good luck!

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In English infinitive(Infinitive) is a word that denotes an action, but does not indicate a person or number. In Russian English infinitive corresponds to the indefinite form of the verb, which answers the questions “what to do?” what to do?": to live - to live.

The formal sign of the infinitive is the particle to:

to write- write, to read- read, to drink- drink, to think- think.

If there is a particle before the verb to, then before you is an infinitive (or an indefinite form of a verb). Sometimes the infinitive can be used without a particle to.

The negative form is formed using a particle not, which comes before the infinitive: not to use - do not use.

It is difficult to use .- Difficult use.
It is difficult not to use .- Difficult do not use.

Infinitive forms

In English, the infinitive has 6 forms (unlike Russian, which has only one form). To understand well the meanings of the infinitive forms, you need to have an understanding of the verb.

Simple infinitive. Indefinite Infinitive

Infinitive in the form Indefinite (Simple) or simple infinitive is the basic form and represents the verb in the dictionary (for convenience, the particle in the dictionary to often omitted). This form of the infinitive is in the same tense as the verb that precedes it.

I was glad to see her. - I was glad to see her (simple infinitive in active voice).
The child didn't like to be washed. — The child did not like being washed (simple infinitive in the passive voice).

Compare the use of the simple infinitive in the active and passive voice: to help - to be helped
I am glad to help you. - Glad to help. (I'm glad I'm helping).
I am glad to be helped. - I'm glad they're helping me.

Perfect infinitive. Perfect Infinitive

Infinitive in the form Perfect or perfect infinitive denotes an action that precedes the action of the predicate verb.

I was very glad to have met you. - I am very glad that I met you (perfect infinitive in the active voice).
Sorry not to have noticed you. - Sorry that I didn’t notice you (perfect infinitive in the active voice).
The child was happy to have been brought to the circus. — The child was happy that he was brought to the circus (perfect infinitive in the passive voice).

Compare the use of the Simple Infinitive and the Perfect Infinitive in the active voice: to see - to have seen
I am glad to see you. - Glad to see you. (Glad to see you.)
I am glad to have seen you. - Glad I saw you.

Long infinitive. Continuous Infinitive

Infinitive in the form Continuous or long infinitive emphasizes the duration of an action occurring simultaneously with the action of the predicate verb. This form is used only in the active voice.

He doesn't seem to be writing something. — It seems he is writing something now (long infinitive in the active voice).

Perfectly continuous infinitive. Perfect Continuous Infinitive

Infinitive in the form Perfect Continuous or perfect continuous infinitive emphasizes that the action began earlier than the action of the predicate verb, lasted for a period of time and is still lasting. This form is also not used in the passive voice.

He didn't seem to have been writing all day. “It seemed like he was writing all day.”

Infinitive forms in the table

Using the infinitive without the particle to

Most often the infinitive in English is used with the particle to, but there are cases when the particle to not used before an infinitive.

The infinitive is used without particle to in the following cases:

• After can, could, must, may, might, will, shall, should, would And need (in the modal sense). Exceptions are modal verbs have to, ought to, be to.

• IN complex addition after sensory verbs feel(feel), hear(hear), see(see), watch(observe), notice(notice):
  

  I saw him leave the office. — I saw him leave the office.
  I heard him go down the stairs. “I heard him come down the stairs.
  

  But: if the listed verbs feel, see, hear, watch, notice are used in the passive voice, then the particle precedes the infinitive to:
  

  He was seen to leave the office. — We saw him leave the office.
  

• In a complex object after verbs make(meaning “to force, compel”) And let(meaning “to allow, allow”). Again, if these verbs are in the passive voice, then the infinitive is used with the particle to.
  

  I can't make you take this medicine. “I can’t force you to take this medicine.”
  We let her go to the party. — We allowed her to go to the party.
  She was made to rewrite the test. — She was forced to rewrite the test (was made - passive verb).
  

• After the verb help(help) the infinitive can also be used with a particle to, and without it. Both options are acceptable, with the option without to less formal.

Greetings, ladies and gentlemen! Today we will learn what an infinitive is, get acquainted with the rules of formation and learn the forms, and also discuss the role it plays in a sentence and find out when the infinitive is used with the particle “to” and when without.

Infinitive in English (Infinitive)- impersonal or indefinite form of the English verb, which answers the question “What to do?”, “What to do?”. It indicates only the action, without naming the person, number or mood.

A distinctive feature of the infinitive is the particle “to”, but in some cases it can be omitted (bare infinitive).

I was glad to see you. - I was glad to see you.
Can't play chess. - He knows how to play chess.

Negative forms are formed by adding a particle " not" before the infinitive.

I have decided not to invite them. - I decided not to invite them.

Rules for forming the infinitive in English

The infinitive in English has 4 forms (or types) in the active (active) voice and 2 in the passive (passive).

Let's look at them:

Forms of the English infinitive

• Simple Infinitive- the form that we are used to seeing in the dictionary. It is usually used to indicate action in the present or future tense.

I am glad to meet Peter. - I'm glad to meet Peter.
I have a lot of work to do. - I have a lot of work to do.

• Continuous Infinitive- this form indicates a long-term effect. This infinitive, like the Simple, denotes an action in the present or future tense.

The weather seems to be changing. - It seems the weather is changing.
He doesn't seem to be sleeping. - He seems to be sleeping.

• Perfect Infinitive names an action that occurred before the moment of speech indicated in the sentence or before another action.

I am happy to have left school. - I'm glad I left school.
She will pretend to have won the lottery. - She will pretend that she won the lottery.

• Perfect Continuous Infinitive shows an action that lasts until a specific moment or other action in the present.

I'm glad to have been living in London for so long. - I'm glad I've lived in London for so long.
Jack seems to have been living here since his childhood. - It seems that Jack has lived here since childhood.

• Passive Indefinite Infinitive expresses an action on someone or something that occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by a verb in its personal form - a predicate verb.

I didn't expect to be invited. - I didn't expect to be invited.
Everybody wants to be loved. - Everyone wants to be loved.

• Passive Perfect Infinitive used to denote an action in the passive voice that occurred before the action or state expressed by the predicate verb.

Not said to have won the Olympic Gold. - They say that he won a gold medal at the Olympic Games.
They were lucky - they could have been killed. - They were lucky - they could have been killed.

Functions of the infinitive in English

The infinitive in a sentence can perform various functions: be a subject, an object, part of a compound predicate, a definition, etc.

• Subject.

To walk alone late at night is very dangerous. - Walking alone late at night is very dangerous.

• Addition (object).

Many people hate to lose. - Many people hate losing.

• Part of a compound predicate.

My decision is to stay here for a couple of days. - My decision is to stay here for a couple of days.

• Definition (attribute).

She was the best to solve this problem. “She solved this problem best of all.”

• Adverbial modifier

You can break this model. It was made to be tested. - You can break this model. It was made for testing.

The infinitive is often used in sentences as introductory words or phrases.

To put it mildly, Jack was tipsy. - To put it mildly, Jack was tipsy.
To tell the truth, I don’t really like this city. - To be honest, I really don’t like this city.
Well, to cut a long story short, the party was awful. - In short, the party was terrible.

When the infinitive is used with the particle to

• The infinitive is usually used with the particle “to”: “to read”, “to write”, “to work”.

But, if in a sentence there are 2 infinitives connected by the conjunction “and” or “or”, then the particle “to” is usually omitted before the second infinitive.

She decided to go and buy something for supper. - She decided to go and buy something for dinner.
I intend to call on him and discuss this question. “I intend to go to him and discuss this issue.”

• The particle "to" is sometimes used at the end of a sentence without a verb.

This is done to avoid repeating the same verb in a sentence. This use of the particle “to” usually occurs after the verbs “ to wish"- wish, " to want"- want, " to try"- try , « to allow"- allow, " to have to"- to be due, etc.

I didn't want to stay there, but I had to. - I didn’t want to stay there, but I had to (stay).
He wished to go, but he wasn’t able to. - He wanted to go, but was not able (could not go).

• The infinitive with “to” is used after the verbs “ask” (ask), “learn” (learn, find out), “explain” (explain), “decide” (decide), “find out” (find out), “want to know” "(want to know) when they are followed by a question word.

We should decide now what to do next. - We must decide now what to do next.
Ralph wanted to know where to buy some good cheese. - Ralph wanted to know where he could buy good cheese.

• The infinitive with “to” is always used after the words “first” (first), “second” (second), “next” (next), “last” (last).

He loves parties: he is always the first to come and the last to leave. - He loves parties: he is always the first to arrive and the last to leave.

• The infinitive with “to” is used after the expressions “would like” or “would love” (would like), “would prefer” (would prefer), which indicate a specific desire.

I would like to talk to her right now. - I'd like to talk to her right now.
I would love to help you, but I have no time. - I would love to help you, but I don’t have time.
I would prefer to drink hot tea - I would prefer to drink hot tea.

• The infinitive with "to" is always used after the words "too" and "enough".

It’s too cold outside to go jogging. - It's too cold outside to go for a run.
That place was good enough to visit it again. - That place was good enough to visit again.

List of verbs that require an infinitive after themselves

to agree- agree
to aim- intend, try
to appear- turn out to be
to arrange- negotiate
to ask- ask
to attempt- try
to be able- to be able, to be able
to run- ask, beg
to begin- start
to care- want, have a desire
to choose- choose
to claim- declare, assert
to dare- make up your mind, have courage
to decide- decide
to demand- demand
to deserve- deserve
to dread- to be afraid, to be afraid
to expect- expect
to fail- not to come true, not to do, not to be able to
to get- get permission
to happen- turn out to happen
to hesitate- not to decide
to hope- hope
to hurry- hurry up
to intend- intend
to learn- study
to manage- be able to cope
to need- need
to neglect- forget, not do something
to plan- plan
to prepare- get ready
to pretend- pretend, pretend
to proceed- go to, start doing something after something
to promise- promise
to refuse- refuse
to seem- seem
to strive- try, make an effort
to wear- swear
to tend- to have a tendency, to gravitate
to threaten- threaten, intimidate
to vow- take an oath
to wait- wait
to want- want
to wish- want, desire

When the infinitive is used without the particle to

• After modal verbs(may, can, should, must etc).

Children should spend more time outside. - Children should spend more time outdoors.
Can I ask you a question? - Can I ask you a question?

Exception The modal verbs are “dare” / “ought” / “have” / “be”.

She ought to be more polite to other people. - She should be more polite to people.

• After the verbs “let”, “make”, “see”, “hear”, “feel”.

I felt him put his hand on my shoulder. “I felt him put his hand on my shoulder.
I saw she leave the room. - I saw her leave the room.
I heard her sing. - I heard her sing.

But, if these verbs are used in Passive Voice, then they are accompanied by an infinitive with the particle “to”.

Not was seen to leave the house. - We saw him leave the house.

• After the verb “help” (to help), a verb can be used either with or without “to”.

Help me ( to) find my keys, please. - Help me find the keys, please.

• After the expressions “had better” / “would rather”.

I would rather don't tell them about it. - I would prefer not to tell them about it.
You" d better see the doctor. - You'd better go to the doctor.
I" d rather drink coffee - I would prefer to drink coffee.

• IN interrogative sentences, which begin with "Why not?" (why not).

Why not dance? - Why not dance?
Why not join us and have some wine? - Why not join us and have some wine?

Conclusion

We hope that we have revealed to you all the secrets of the infinitive in English. Now you can safely apply the rules in practice and avoid mistakes in speech :)

Good luck in your studies!

Big and friendly EnglishDom family

Infinitive(from Latin infinitus - indefinite) - an indefinite form of the verb, naming an action or procedural state without indicating the time of the action, its relationship to reality and to the subject of the action. The infinitive answers the questions what to do? what to do?: love, be, say.

As the most abstract, most generalized verbal form, infinitive contrasted with a complex of personal forms. is the most “pure” representative lexical meaning. He expresses the general grammatical meaning of the verb(action value) and has only those morphological characteristics which are constant for all verb forms: reflexivity, transitivity, aspect, conjugation.

In relation to personal forms, it is characterized by a high degree of regularity: in the Russian language there are almost no personal forms of the verb from which an infinitive cannot be formed and vice versa.

is opposed to the finite forms of the verb because it has no number, no person, no mood, no tense. It has only categories of the form ( write – write), grammatical meanings repayment ( build - be built) and transitivity ( paint, lie) associated with the category of collateral.

The means of forming the infinitive, as a verb form, are suffixes(do, sleep, live, saw) And -ti (carry, crawl, go).

Most infinitives with a stem ending in a vowel sound have suffix -т. Some verbs may have this suffix after a consonant: gnaw, put. Suffix -ti(more ancient) can be found in a small group of verbs with a consonant base. This suffix is ​​always stressed. Some forms s-ti have options s:carry – carry(were common in literary language in the nineteenth century). Suffixes And -ty formative and therefore do not form part of the infinitive.

In Russian there is verb infinitives ending on -whose(preserve, guard, bake). In these verbs -ch is part of the root. Such infinitives are formed from personal forms of verbs in -г, -к, -х with alternation: shore - protect, bake - oven. The ancient forms of these verbs are take care, bake. As a result of historical changes, the combinations [gt] and [kt] formed the sound [h]. In ancient forms, the morphemic composition is clear: [g] and [k] are part of the root, and [t] is part of the suffix.

In addition to the formative suffixes-t and -ti, The infinitive is characterized by the suffixes -a-, -e-, -i-, -yva-, -iva-, -ova-, -eva-, -nu-, etc.: hear, sit, saw, use, grieve, rest, etc.

In a sentence, the infinitive can perform the function of any member of the sentence. Most often it is part of the predicate.

The girl began writing poetry at the age of 6 simultaneously in Russian, German and French (predicate).

And the queen laughs and shrugs her shoulders (predicate).

Smoking is prohibited (subject).

Another attempt to rest was unsuccessful (inconsistent definition).

I suggest you sit and be silent (addition).

We went into some ditch to shoot and swim in a small river (circumstance).

As the subject can be an independent infinitive. Usually it is located before the predicate and is separated from it during pronunciation by a pause, and in writing by a dash.

, part of the predicate, denotes the action of the person named as the subject.

An infinitive that performs the syntactic function of an adverbial purpose, refers to the verbal predicate denoting movement. In some cases, such an infinitive can be replaced with a noun.

Infinitive as an object denotes the action of another person, sometimes not named at all.

All verb forms are formed from two stems: the basics of the infinitive and the basics of the present tense.

From the stem of the infinitive the infinitive itself, the past tense and the subjunctive mood, the participle and the past participle are formed, from present tense basics– present tense, imperative, participle and present participle.

To find the stem of the infinitive, from the form singular feminine gender of the past tense, let's take away the final -la: say, said - the basis of the infinitive skaz -a-.

To find the basis of the present tense, from the 3rd person plural form of the present tense we subtract -at or -ut: say, say - the basis of the present tense is say-.

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