Inflammatory ovarian cyst. Manifestation of inflammation of the ovarian cyst and measures to combat it. What happens if you don't treat an inflamed cyst?

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In gynecology, an ovarian cyst is a formation in the form of a tumor of benign etiology. A cyst is a cavity filled with secretory contents. It is attached to the ovary with a stalk and increases in size over time due to the accumulation of fluid in it. Mostly it proceeds hidden if complications do not arise in the form of twisting of the leg or. Both medical and surgical treatment are possible.

This pathology can be caused by various factors, one of which is infectious damage to the female reproductive organs.

The most common cause of the formation of ovarian cysts is functional disorders associated with pathological changes in the process of egg ovulation. A cyst forms due to excessive growth of the follicle from which it eventually forms. Such a formation is easily subject to inflammation in the event of any infection or other negative influences on the body.

The inflammatory process in a cyst can be primary or secondary, this is determined by the localization of the source of inflammation. The primary form is spoken of if the inflammatory process affects only the area of ​​the uterine appendages. This course of the disease is not difficult to treat; conservative therapy methods are usually sufficient for complete recovery.

Secondary inflammation of the cyst is a consequence of damage to the uterus or vagina, from where the inflammatory process spreads to the ovarian area. When this type of disease is diagnosed, more radical treatments are usually required, and the affected cyst is most often removed surgically.

Reasons for development inflammatory process An ovarian cyst may contain:

  • Infectious lesions of the genitourinary system, and the development of pathology can be associated with various pathogens: gonococci, trichomonas, mycoplasmas, chlamydia and others, as well as a combination of representatives of pathogenic microflora.
  • Nervous strain, constant stress and mental stress, lack of vitamins, poor nutrition, excessive physical activity, decreased immunity.
  • Prevention from unwanted pregnancy with intrauterine device. It is especially dangerous if it is installed incorrectly, is not replaced in a timely manner, or if a woman is promiscuous. The fact is that microbes can accumulate on the antennae of the spiral: streptococci, staphylococci, E. coli and other pathogens.
  • Frequent abortions and various diagnostic procedures associated with curettage of the uterine cavity.
  • Appendicitis associated with peritonitis.
  • Violation hormonal balance, the consequence of which is too early puberty and the pathological course of the process of ovulation and follicle growth.
  • Endocrine system disorders: thyroid problems, diabetes and others.

Symptoms and signs of exacerbation

Ovarian cysts in most cases proceed without any problems. discomfort for a woman, but this happens until she begins to become inflamed. But even in this case, subjective complaints depend on many factors:

  • state of the immune system;
  • the nature of the infectious agent;
  • degree of cyst growth;
  • one or both ovaries are affected by neoplasms.

Before the development of the inflammatory process, a woman most often does not suspect that cysts have formed on her ovaries, but even in the case when the inflammation has already affected the organ, the symptoms depend on the degree of its damage. There are three degrees of ovarian inflammation.

Mild degree

If the inflammatory process is mild, a woman may not pay attention to discomfort in the genital organs, since her overall health remains normal and she continues to lead her usual lifestyle. If she is slightly unwell, she can only limit herself to visiting the gym and other activities. physical activity. A mild form of inflammation of the ovarian cyst is characterized by the following symptoms:

Moderate degree

If a woman does not consult a doctor at the first signs of the onset of the inflammatory process and does not receive proper treatment, the disease begins to progress and the symptoms become more pronounced:

  • pain in the lower abdomen increases significantly, which significantly interferes with a normal lifestyle;
  • there is an increase in body temperature, but the indicators usually do not exceed subfebrile values;
  • against the background of severe pain, irritation of the bladder and rectum occurs, as a result of which the woman experiences a constant desire to go to the toilet.

Severe inflammation

In the absence of adequate therapy, the disease progresses to the stage of a pronounced pathological process, which threatens serious complications. The danger is the formation of an abscess at the site of inflammation, which threatens the outpouring of pus into the cavity of the genitourinary system. Pus can accumulate in the fallopian tubes, which can cause inflammation in the uterus and vagina.

This condition almost always requires immediate surgical intervention, since if the cyst ruptures, pus can enter the pelvis and abdominal cavity, which can be fatal.

The symptoms of this stage are as follows:

  • temperature rise to critical values;
  • diffuse severe pain in the lower abdomen;
  • severe intoxication: low blood pressure, anemia, general weakness of the body, etc.;
  • problems with the digestive system: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting.

Possible complications without treatment

The lack of adequate therapy for any inflammatory processes in the organs of the female reproductive system threatens with serious consequences. If a woman did not consult a doctor about inflammation of the ovarian cyst and did not take any medications, the prognosis further development events might look like this:

Information about such severe consequences of inflammation of the ovarian cyst should be conveyed to the woman at her first visit to the gynecologist.

For information about the symptoms and complications of ovarian cysts, watch this video:

Diagnostic methods

This disease presents a certain difficulty for a reliable definition, since its symptoms are similar to most gynecological pathologies of infectious-inflammatory etiology. Making an accurate diagnosis is necessary to choose a treatment method: in some cases, drug therapy is possible, and especially advanced cases require immediate surgical intervention.

To establish an accurate diagnosis, the following methods are used:

  • a general blood test, in which, in the presence of an inflammatory process, an increased number of leukocytes, accelerated ESR and a decrease in the number of red blood cells are detected;
  • biochemical blood test to detect markers of inflammation;
  • general urine test to assess the condition of the genitourinary system;
  • Ultrasound of the pelvic organs, which allows you to detect the presence of neoplasms in the ovarian area, as well as the presence of fluid in the cavities;
  • when neoplasms are detected, a study is carried out for tumor markers to exclude oncological diseases;
  • if the critical days are delayed, the presence of pregnancy is checked;
  • examination by a gynecologist using abdominal palpation.

If the doctor has a reasonable suspicion of a rupture of the cyst membrane and accumulation of pus in the abdominal cavity, which is confirmed by the results of laboratory tests, it is necessary to raise the question of surgical intervention.

To see what a hemorrhagic ovarian cyst looks like during an ultrasound examination of a patient, watch this video:

Treatment options for ovarian cyst inflammation

The choice of therapeutic technique is determined by the nature of the pathological process and the stage of its development. In gynecology, there are two approaches to treating this disease - conservative and surgical.

Drug therapy

In the case of uncomplicated pathology, conservative methods are used, which include:

  • Antibiotics, which are prescribed based on the type of pathogen, the individual reaction to the drug and the results of an analysis of the resistance of strains to a specific antibacterial agent. Antibiotics can be used in combination, for example, Metronidazole and Cefazolin or other drugs from the cephalosporin group.
  • Therapy with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - Diclofenac, Ibuprofen and their analogues.
  • Painkillers and antispasmodics, for example, No-shpa, Nurofen and others.
  • Vitamin complexes.
  • Immunomodulators.

Surgical intervention

If it is impossible to stop the development of inflammation with medications and when diagnosing an abscess of a cyst or spillage of pus into the abdominal cavity, the use of surgical techniques is recommended. The operation is performed if, after several months of conservative treatment, the cyst remains in the same condition.

The extent of surgical intervention is determined by two main factors:

  • Does the woman have children, and does she plan to have them in the future? If the patient has never given birth, specialists try to minimize the degree of intervention and preserve the appendages and a healthy ovary in case of unilateral inflammation. In this case, only the cyst itself is subject to resection, which preserves the likelihood of subsequent conception on its own or through the IVF procedure.
  • The severity of the inflammatory process. If the damage to the ovarian tissue has spread too widely, areas filled with pus have formed, then partial resection will no longer correct the situation, and the cyst is removed along with the affected ovary. The operation is performed abdominally or laparoscopically, depending on the degree of inflammation.

Laparoscopic surgery to remove an ovarian cyst

In the most advanced cases, extirpation of the uterus or its complete amputation is necessary.

Prognosis and chances of becoming a mother

The possibility of pregnancy after inflammation of an ovarian cyst is determined by the severity of the lesion and the effectiveness of the course of treatment. Complete recovery and restoration of reproductive function is possible only in rare cases when a woman consults a doctor at the first mild symptoms of the disease and adequate treatment is immediately prescribed. In other cases, after a course of therapy, the following problems of varying severity arise:

  • Adhesions form in the pelvic organs, which makes it difficult or impossible for the egg to pass through the fallopian tubes, which minimizes the likelihood of spontaneous conception.
  • A severe form of inflammation can lead to the removal of the uterus or ovary, as a result of which she will have to take hormonal drugs for the rest of her life as replacement therapy, since the ovaries lose the function of producing female sex hormones.

If the ovary and uterus are preserved, if it is impossible for a woman to conceive on her own, she can resort to the IVF procedure.

Inflammation of an ovarian cyst is a serious disease that can lead to a woman losing her ability to have children. As with any other inflammation of the reproductive system, the key to success is timely consultation with a doctor and compliance with all medical recommendations.

Useful video

For information on treatment methods for ovarian cysts, watch this video:

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It is important to understand here that this condition means a tumor-like benign formation on the ovary.

It is represented by a certain cavity on a stalk filled with liquid secretion.

A similar phenomenon can be provoked by the development of an inflammatory process in the tissues of the organ, decreased function of the thyroid gland and other endocrine pathologies, as well as artificial termination of pregnancy.

The essence of pathology

When it comes to education , then in this case there is no need for therapeutic measures, since they .

But abnormal tumors, especially indicating the development of an inflammatory process, as they are fraught with rupture or internal bleeding.

The inflammatory process in the ovaries, as a rule, is the result of the development of an infectious process that previously occurred in the body. The peculiarities of the anatomical structure of the organs of the reproductive system make it possible to protect them to some extent from the penetration of the pathological process. But, in a situation where the patient does not treat the infection in a timely manner, the disease will penetrate all other organs and systems. If, for example, the cervical canal or genital mucosa became the route of infection, then in the absence of proper sanitation it will not be possible to avoid exacerbation of the disease. The infection can attack the ovaries through the lymphatic system or blood. A similar development of events is possible in the presence of tuberculosis, tonsillitis, appendicitis, and in some cases even caries.

Symptomatic manifestations

The presence of an inflammatory process in a tumor-like formation in the ovarian tissue is usually detected during a regular visit to a gynecologist.

However, it is useful for every woman to know what signs indicate the development of the indicated disease.

In this case, experts highlight:

  • manifestation of various disorders during;
  • in the lower abdomen and back, which intensify during menstrual bleeding;
  • impaired urination process;
  • if the inflammation of the cyst intensifies or the patient experiences a feeling of nausea and vomiting.

Causes of the disease

According to experts, the following factors can provoke the development of an inflammatory process in the tissues of a tumor formation:

  1. The development of infection in the organs of the reproductive system in acute or chronic forms. Here we can distinguish trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, etc.
  2. Development of an immunodeficiency state against the background of HIV, regular stressful conditions and experiences, exhaustion, deficiency of vitamins in the body, etc.
  3. A contraceptive device in the uterine cavity, especially when it is not replaced in a timely manner or the woman has an active sex life with frequent changes of partners.
  4. Carrying out various manipulations in the uterine cavity, including abortions, gynecological curettages, etc.
  5. The postpartum period, characterized by an unsatisfactory state of the immune system.
  6. Purulent appendicitis, especially with inadequate antibacterial treatment.

Degrees of the inflammatory process

In practice, the following degrees of the inflammatory process in the tissues of an ovarian cyst are distinguished::

  1. Mild, when the clinical picture is not yet clearly expressed, and the woman continues to lead her usual lifestyle. Only sometimes, due to the discomfort that arises, the patient is somewhat limited in physical activity. In addition, patients with mild disease may experience frequent urination;
  2. Moderate degree, when painful sensations become more intense, and body temperature reaches subfebrile levels;
  3. A severe inflammatory process in which an abscess develops and pus accumulates in the fallopian tubes. In the overwhelming majority of cases, this condition requires immediate surgical intervention, since we are talking about a threat to the patient’s life.

Diagnostics and research

The diagnosis of such a disease is not always unambiguous, since a number of diseases have similar symptoms.

As main within the framework of the designated pathology there are:

  • a clinical blood test, the results of which, in the presence of a pathological process, will show an increased level of leukocytes, a state of anemia;
  • a urine test will help to understand whether there is a connection between the inflammatory process and diseases of the urinary system;
  • biochemical blood test;
  • Ultrasound of the pelvic organs;
  • If the menstrual cycle is delayed, pregnancy should be refuted using a blood test for hCG or a test.

Drug treatment

Within the framework of conservative or the patient is prescribed:

  1. Taking antibacterial medicines. The best option is a situation when the selection of drugs is carried out taking into account the sensitivity identified during tank culture.
  2. Taking anti-inflammatory and painkillers, for example, analgesics and antispasmodics.
  3. To strengthen the immune status, women are prescribed vitamins A, E and C.

PLEASE NOTE!

If, while taking the indicated drugs, the inflammatory process begins to subside, then physical therapy and hormonal therapy are prescribed for complete resorption.

Surgical intervention

for inflammation of an ovarian cyst, it is justified in the following situations:
  • suspicion of an abscess cyst;
  • with the accumulation of pus in the fallopian tubes;
  • if drug treatment is ineffective;
  • if the cyst does not resolve after 3 months after a successful one:
    • timely treatment of hormonal disorders and infectious and inflammatory processes in the organs of the reproductive system;
    • regular preventive gynecological examination;
    • balanced;
    • compliance with the regimen of taking hormonal medications;
    • planning the birth of a child;
    • avoiding frequent visits to the solarium.

    Inflammation of an ovarian cyst can lead to very serious consequences.. Therefore, every woman should be more careful about her own health and promptly treat emerging pathologies.

    Useful video

    From the video you will learn about ovarian cysts, its symptoms, causes and treatment:

    An ovarian cyst is a cavity filled with contents. This benign disease can be congenital or acquired. Cystic formations are detected in women of different age groups, and even girls who are not sexually active.

    Often the disease is asymptomatic, without causing discomfort, and is detected during an ultrasound examination.

    What is a cyst

    More than a third of women of all ages develop neoplasms in the ovaries, namely cysts. An ovarian cyst is a neoplasm located on the wall of an organ and filled with fluid. In most cases, a woman does not even suspect that any disturbances have occurred in her body.

    Cysts can be dangerous and harmless. Safe (functional - small, without inclusions of pathological cells) disappear over time and have practically no effect on a woman’s life. Other types of tumors are dangerous to health and must be removed surgically. If you delay treatment for an ovarian cyst, remember about possible complications: the development of a malignant tumor, suppuration and rupture of the cyst, followed by peritonitis.

    Causes

    The main reason for the formation of cysts is hormonal changes in the body associated with endocrine diseases, ovarian dysfunction and other changes, such as age-related ones.

    It has been noted that cysts often occur after abortion, stress and other traumatic factors. AllThe causes of cysts have not yet been precisely studied, but it is known that they are provoked by:

    • inflammatory processes in the ovaries;
    • sexual infections;
    • Ovarian endometriosis is a disease in which cells from the uterus (endometrium) enter the ovarian tissue;
    • congenital abnormalities of the reproductive system;
    • termination of pregnancy, especially those carried out by surgical curettage;
    • overweight;
    • metabolic diseases;
    • imbalance of sex hormones.

    Symptoms of an ovarian cyst

    Small cysts may not give any symptoms at all, but they can be detected during a routine examination or during the diagnosis of another disease. If the cyst is large or in the way, the following signs may appear.

    • irregular menstrual cycle;
    • tension in the anterior abdominal wall;
    • sharp pain in the area of ​​the uterus and ovaries (if there is torsion of the cyst leg or its spontaneous rupture).

    Acquired ovarian cysts

    • Follicular– occur if the follicle does not rupture and the egg does not come out. During ultrasound, they can be observed on both ovaries. Sometimes there are several such formations.
    • Endometrioid cysts– manifestations of ovarian endometriosis. They are formed from endometrial uterine cells that enter the ovary. These cellular structures react to hormonal changes caused by the menstrual cycle - before starting enlarge and then begin to bleed. There is nowhere for the released blood to flow out, so it forms cysts, which are called “chocolate” due to the coagulated dark bloody contents.
    • Corpus luteum cystsoccur due to hormonal imbalances. After the follicle emerges, the corpus luteum produces progesterone for some time, which is necessary for pregnancy. But, if conception does not occur, this formation should resolve. Sometimes this does not happen and a cystic formation forms in the ovary. Sometimes the formation reaches a large size and begins to bleed.
    • Cysts in polycystic diseaseare multiple. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is associated with metabolism, so women experience infertility, miscarriages, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and even mental illness.

    Congenital ovarian cysts

    • Dermoid, formed from embryonic glandular tissue. These formations may contain hair, fat, teeth, cartilage, and bone tissue. Dermoid cysts can reach a size of 25 cm. Although malignant degeneration of the cyst occurs only in 1-2 percent of cases, a large tumor puts pressure on neighboring organs, causing pain and dysfunction;
    • Paraovarian cysts, arising from embryonic tissue, are located next to the ovaries. The reason for their appearance is a violation of the intrauterine formation of the girl’s internal genital organs. Paraovarian cysts grow very slowly, but can reach enormous sizes (up to 30 cm).

    Diagnosis of cysts

    In order for the gynecologist to determine whether the patient has a cyst, he first of all conducts an examination and refers her to . If the ultrasound does not give accurate results, then the following procedures are performed:

    • And ;
    • , including .

    Additional studies performed to diagnose complications associated with the formation of an ovarian cyst:

    • , is carried out in order to find out whether the patient is losing blood during the day (in addition to the days of menstruation);
    • puncture of the posterior vaginal vault to determine whether there was hemorrhage in the abdominal area;
    • laparoscopic examination.

    Why is an ovarian cyst dangerous?

    Ovarian cysts increase in size, interfering with the work of neighboring organs. By disrupting the functioning of the reproductive system, they often cause infertility. Sometimes cysts develop into cancer.

    The most serious complication of these formations is rupture of the membrane, in which the cystic contents leak into the abdomen. The woman has to undergo emergency surgery to remove the tumor capsule, often including part of the ovary. Torsion of cysts that have a “leg” is no less dangerous. There is a disturbance in blood flow, accompanied by tissue necrosis. Without treatment, this complication is fatal.

    In order not to endanger life and health, it is necessary to identify and treat ovarian cysts in a timely manner.

    What do normal ovaries look like during ultrasound examination?

    Normally, during an ultrasound examination, both ovaries are almost the same size:

    • length – 30-41 mm;
    • width – 20-31 mm;
    • thickness – 14-22 mm;
    • volume - about 12 cubic ml.

    Due to the maturing follicles, the surface of the organ looks bumpy. Since the ovary is well supplied with blood, its tissues contain many blood vessels.

    Typically, at least 12 cells mature in two ovaries. Among them stands out a dominant follicle measuring 10-22 mm, from which an egg will be released in the middle of the cycle. If ovulation has already passed, the corpus luteum is visible inside the ovary, secreting hormones necessary for implantation and development of the embryo. If conception does not occur, the corpus luteum dissolves.

    What do the ovaries look like with cysts?

    Ultrasound examination allows not only to identify cystic formations, but also to determine their type. Sometimes this requires several ultrasound examinations. different periods menstrual cycle:

    • Dermoid cysthas quite dense contents, so it looks lighter than others. Areas of heterogeneous structure are found inside. The walls of the formation are quite thick - 7-12 mm. Since the cyst grows very slowly, repeated ultrasound on any day of the menstrual cycle does not reveal changes in its size and structure.
    • Paraovarian cystlocated outside the unchanged ovary. As a rule, it is single-chamber. Its size and appearance do not change depending on the day of the menstrual cycle.
    • Endometrioid cysthas a smooth, clear shape. Wall thickness 2-9 mm. Inside there are structures that have a high density and resemble a honeycomb. Therefore, on the screen the cyst looks like a dark formation separated by light areas. The eggs in such an organ do not mature, but the other healthy ovary works normally. Before the critical days, the size of the cyst increases. In parallel, an enlargement of the uterus may be observed.
    • Follicular cystthe ovary has thin walls and is smooth dark color. It is common - these neoplasms account for up to 20% of cases of ovarian tumors. In most cases, it gradually decreases in size, as can be seen on a repeat ultrasound. Sometimes follicular cysts do not resolve, being found even in women with long-extinct menstrual function.
    • Corpus luteum cystsimilar in appearance to follicular. To differentiate them, Doppler ultrasound is performed. On examination, a bright circle is visible around the cystic formation, which doctors call the “ring of fire.” There is no blood flow inside the cystic formation itself.

    What to do if you find a cyst in the ovary

    Detection of an ovarian cyst during an ultrasound is not a reason to panic. Education small sizes It is often possible to cure by prescribing hormonal drugs and vitamins A, B, C. K. Under the influence of drugs, the size of the tumor decreases in a few menstrual cycles.

    It is better not to touch small congenital cysts that are not disturbing or growing. You just need to visit a doctor and do an ultrasound to monitor the tumor. To exclude malignant degeneration, it is necessary to periodically donate blood for tumor markers.

    When planning a pregnancy, it is better to get rid of the cyst, because... it may begin to grow or burst during a period when surgery is unsafe. After a properly performed operation, cysts do not recur. But women prone to the appearance of such formations should be observed by a gynecologist.

    Features of treatment of ovarian cysts

    The following factors influence which treatment method the doctor chooses: the woman’s age, parameters of the ovarian cyst, general condition patient’s health, concomitant diseases. Treatment of the cyst may initially be hormonal, then laparoscopic.

    Functional cysts are treated with hormonal therapy and, if the method does not bring results, the patient is sent for surgery, which can be performed either laparoscopically or laparotomically. If the presence of a cyst is dangerous to life and health, the woman is urgently operated on.

    Growing dermoid, paraovarian and endometrioid cysts are removed laparoscopically through small incisions in the anterior abdominal wall. Modern methods They allow cysts to be removed while preserving the ovary, which is important for women planning to have children in the future.

    After surgery, the gynecologist prescribes a course of treatment to restore the proper functioning of the woman’s reproductive system. In addition to medications, hirudotherapy (intravaginal) and homeopathic medications are often prescribed. If the patient is overweight, a nutritionist and endocrinologist are involved in the treatment process.

    If the patient is planning to have children, surgery to remove the cyst cannot in any way affect the likelihood of conception. In extreme cases, operations are performed even during pregnancy. Sometimes this does not affect the development of the fetus, but, in rare cases, there is a need for it, since the threat to the life and health of the mother is extremely high.

    Where to diagnose and treat an ovarian cyst in St. Petersburg

    You can get checked for cysts and have them treated at the Diana Clinic in St. Petersburg. With us you can undergo expert ultrasound of the ovaries and other pelvic organs using a new device for only 1000 rubles.

    – tumor-like formation of the ovary of a benign nature. It is a pedunculated cavity filled with liquid contents and tends to increase in size due to the accumulation of secretions. There are ovarian cysts (follicular, corpus luteum, endometrioid, etc.) and supraovarian cysts (paraovarian). It is often asymptomatic and may manifest as discomfort and pain in the lower abdomen, menstrual dysfunction, and dysuric disorders (due to compression of the bladder). Complicated by torsion of the cyst stalk, rupture of the capsule, leading to a picture of acute abdomen and peritonitis.

    General information

    The term “cyst” (Greek “kystis” - bag, bubble) is used in medicine to designate pathological cavities in organs, consisting of a capsule and liquid contents and increasing in size as secretions accumulate. Cysts are the most common type of benign formations and can occur in almost all tissues and organs: teeth, kidneys, liver, mammary glands, pancreas, thyroid gland, male and female genital organs, etc.

    The concept of “ovarian cyst” hides a large group of tumor-like neoplasms that differ from each other in structure, causes of occurrence, course and approaches to treatment. Ovarian cysts are benign neoplasms of gland tissue; they usually develop over a long period of time; their size can vary from a few millimeters in diameter to 20 centimeters or more.

    Ovarian cysts are a widespread disease and occur more often in women during the childbearing period: in 30% of cases they are diagnosed in women with a regular menstrual cycle and in 50% - with an irregular one. During menopause, ovarian cysts occur in 6% of women.

    Reasons

    Classification

    Depending on the nature of the origin of the formation and its contents, the following types of ovarian cysts are distinguished:

    • Follicular. Follicular cysts are functional formations that form in the ovarian tissue itself and are directly related to the cyclic changes occurring in it. Formed at the site of an unruptured follicle.
    • Corpus luteum cyst. Formed in place of the non-regressed yellow body of the follicle. The pathological cavity in this type of ovarian cyst is formed from the membranes of the corpus luteum. Like the follicular ovarian cyst, the corpus luteum cyst does not reach significant sizes and can disappear on its own as the secretion in them resolves and the cystic cavity subsides.
    • Paraovarian. Paraovarian cysts arise from the supraovarian appendages without involving ovarian tissue in the process. Such ovarian cysts can reach gigantic sizes.
    • Endometrioid. Endometrioid cysts are formed from particles of the uterine mucosa (endometrium) during its pathological focal growth on the ovaries and other organs (endometriosis). The contents of endometriotic ovarian cysts are old blood.
    • Dermoid. Dermoid cysts refer to congenital formations formed from embryonic rudiments. They contain fat, hair, bones, cartilage, teeth and other fragments of body tissue.
    • Mucinous. Mucinous ovarian cysts are often multilocular and filled with thick mucus (mucin) that is produced by the inner lining of the cyst. Endometrioid and mucinous ovarian cysts are more prone to degeneration into malignant neoplasms.

    Symptoms of an ovarian cyst

    Most ovarian cysts do not have pronounced clinical manifestations for a long time and are often detected during preventive gynecological examinations. In some cases (increase in size, complicated course, hormonal secretion, etc.), ovarian cysts can manifest themselves with the following symptoms:

    • pain in the lower abdomen

    Pain may occur due to possible complications: torsion of the leg, rupture of the membrane, bleeding or suppuration of the ovarian cyst. Permanent aching pain are caused by pressure on neighboring organs due to a significant increase in size of the ovarian cyst.

    • enlargement and asymmetry of the abdomen

    An increase in abdominal circumference or its asymmetry may be associated with both a large ovarian cyst and ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity).

    • symptoms of compression of organs and blood vessels

    A growing ovarian cyst can put pressure on the bladder or lower intestines, resulting in dysuria and constipation. Compression of the venous vascular bundles can cause varicose veins of the lower extremities.

    • menstrual irregularities

    Hormonally active ovarian cysts cause menstrual irregularities - irregular, heavy or prolonged menstruation, acyclic uterine bleeding. When tumors secrete male sex hormones, hyperandrogenization of the body may occur, accompanied by deepening of the voice, male-type hair growth on the body and face (hirsutism), and enlargement of the clitoris.

    Complications

    Some types of ovarian cysts can disappear on their own, some require a course of anti-inflammatory or hormonal treatment, and in some cases surgical intervention is required to prevent the development of serious complications. An ovarian cyst poses a potential risk of malignancy; the risk of developing ovarian cancer from mucinous and endometrioid cysts is especially high. Therefore, in order to prevent the development of oncological process, priority in the treatment of ovarian cysts is given to their surgical removal.

    An ovarian cyst is most often a mobile formation on a stalk. Torsion of the pedicle of the cyst is accompanied by a violation of its blood supply, necrosis and symptoms of peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum), which is clinically manifested by the picture of an “acute abdomen”: sharp abdominal pain, increased body temperature up to 39°C, vomiting, tension in the muscles of the abdominal wall. Torsion of the cyst together with the fallopian tube and ovary is possible. In these cases, emergency surgery is required, during which the issue of the volume of necessary surgical intervention is decided.

    With some types of ovarian cysts (especially endometrioid cysts), there is a high probability of capsule rupture and spillage of contents into the abdominal cavity. Another complication of an ovarian cyst is infection and suppuration of the formation. In these cases, emergency surgical measures are also required. Ovarian cysts can cause female infertility or complicated pregnancy. Endometrioid ovarian cysts often cause the development of adhesions in the pelvis.

    Diagnostics

    Diagnosis of ovarian cysts is carried out based on the following methods:

    • collecting the patient's history and complaints
    • bimanual (two-handed) gynecological examination, which allows to identify pathological formations in the ovarian area, their mobility and soreness
    • transabdominal or transvaginal ultrasound diagnostics, giving an echoscopic picture of the condition of the pelvic organs. Today, ultrasound is the most reliable and safe method diagnosis of ovarian cyst and dynamic monitoring of its development
    • puncture of the posterior vaginal fornix, which allows to detect the presence of effusion or blood in the abdominal cavity (more often with complicated ovarian cysts)
    • diagnostic laparoscopy, which also allows removal of the ovarian cyst, followed by histological examination and final determination of the type of tumor
    • determination of the tumor marker CA-125 in the blood, an increased level of which in menopause always indicates malignancy of the ovarian cyst. In the reproductive phase, its increase is also observed with inflammation of the appendages, endometriosis, simple ovarian cysts
    • computed or magnetic resonance imaging (CT or MRI), providing information about the location, size, structure, contents of the ovarian cyst and its relationship to the underlying organs
    • pregnancy test to exclude ectopic pregnancy.

    Treatment of ovarian cyst

    Conservative treatment

    The choice of treatment tactics depends on the nature of the formation, severity clinical symptoms, the patient’s age, the need to preserve reproductive function, the risk of developing a malignant process. Watchful waiting and conservative treatment are possible if the ovarian cyst is functional and uncomplicated. In these cases, monophasic or biphasic oral contraceptives are usually prescribed for 2-3 menstrual cycles, a course of vitamins A, B1, B6, E, C, K, and homeopathic treatment.

    In some cases, diet therapy, therapeutic exercises, acupuncture, and treatment with mineral waters (balneotherapy) are indicated. In the absence of a positive effect from conservative therapy or when the size of the ovarian cyst increases, surgical intervention is indicated - removal of the formation within healthy ovarian tissue and its histological examination.

    Surgical treatment

    The advantages of elective surgical treatment of ovarian cysts before an emergency situation arises are quite obvious. In deciding the volume and access of surgical intervention, operative gynecology currently adheres to organ-preserving and low-traumatic techniques. Typically, planned operations to remove an ovarian cyst are performed laparoscopically and, if possible, preserve organ tissue as much as possible.

    Laparoscopy is usually not used if it is reliably known that the malignancy of the process in the ovaries. In this case, an extended laparotomy (abdominal surgery) is performed with emergency histological examination of the tumor. For ovarian cysts, the following types of operations are performed:

    • Cystectomy– removal of the cyst and preservation of healthy promising ovarian tissue. In this case, the capsule of the ovarian cyst is removed from its bed with careful hemostasis. The ovarian tissue is preserved, and after recovery the organ continues to function normally.
    • Wedge resection of the ovary– excision of the ovarian cyst along with the surrounding tissue.
    • Removal of the entire ovary (oophorectomy), often together with a tubectomy (i.e. complete removal appendages - adnexectomy).
    • Biopsy of ovarian tissue. It is carried out to take ovarian tissue material for histological examination if a cancerous tumor is suspected.

    Dermoid, mucinous, endometrioid ovarian cysts can only be removed surgically. It is also necessary to remove an ovarian cyst before a planned pregnancy due to the high risk of torsion of its stem or an increase in tumor size. Early diagnosis of ovarian cysts and planned surgery can significantly reduce the amount of surgical intervention, recovery time and avoid dire consequences diseases.

    For ovarian cysts at a young age When it is necessary to preserve reproductive function, a cystectomy or organ resection is performed while preserving healthy, unchanged tissue. During menopause, in order to prevent oncological processes, the uterus and appendages are removed - extended hysterectomy (panhysterectomy). After surgical removal of an ovarian cyst, a course of restorative treatment is prescribed.

    Prognosis and prevention

    Functional ovarian cysts can form repeatedly throughout life, as long as menstrual function is maintained. Properly selected hormonal therapy helps avoid relapses. It is also possible for endometriotic ovarian cysts to recur, but this depends on the correct operation and further treatment. Removed ovarian dermoid cysts do not form again. After removal or conservative treatment of an ovarian cyst, pregnancy may occur.

    To avoid the risk of complications, ovarian cysts must be diagnosed and treated in a timely manner to preserve reproductive function. This is possible only with a competent, conscious attitude towards your health and regular (2 times a year) preventive

    The importance of the ovary lies in its generative function, which is responsible for the production of sex hormones. Healthy female genital organs give a woman the opportunity to procreate.

    As a result of the analysis of all ovarian diseases, it was found that a cyst (benign formation) is one of the most common diseases. It appears in place of a follicle that has not burst. There is liquid inside this formation. Depending on the amount of fluid, the size of the tumor also changes.

    Any type of cyst is fraught with some danger. Rupture, torsion, suppuration or hemorrhage - even an asymptomatic form of the disease can lead to such complications.

    Classification of the disease

    It is customary to distinguish the following types of ovarian cysts.

    1. Follicular - the cause of its occurrence is a violation in the process of maturation of the follicle. This type of cyst is characteristic of puberty.
    2. Dermoid - appears by unknown reasons.
    3. Endometrioid - a cyst is formed as a result of the germination of endometrial tissue directly into the ovary. Endometriosis is characterized by an impressive adhesive process, in which the cyst increases in size and “sealing” occurs. Together with their appendages they form rock. Over time, this process moves to the second ovary (often to the intestines and bladder). A woman spends more than one year treating inflammation of the appendages and infertility.
    4. Muciotic - characterized by danger. Inside this formation there is mucin. The cyst can grow to large sizes and rupture the capsule. This can lead to peritonitis.
    5. Paraovarian - the cyst appears near the ovary and mesentery of the fallopian tube.

    All types are characterized by a severe chronic form - rapid suppuration, twisting of the cyst stalk and its rupture. We'll talk about this below.

    Signs of the disease

    Follicular ovarian cyst is characterized by the absence of obvious signs of the disease. In many cases, the woman is not aware of her presence. Corpus luteum cysts have a mild symptom in the form of pain in the lower abdomen. As the size increases, the symptoms become more pronounced - an inconsistent menstrual cycle, severe nagging pain in the lower abdomen.

    In the case when the cyst acquires a huge size, the woman experiences pain in the sides, the stomach becomes larger and there is an urgent need for frequent trips to the toilet. If this disease is not treated, the pain moves to the lower back. Also, pain appears during sexual intercourse; in addition, the woman notes the absence of orgasm. In some cases, the temperature rises and nervousness and anxiety appear. The following complications are typical for this disease:

    • infertility;
    • cyst rupture and suppuration;
    • peritonitis;
    • transformation of a cyst into ovarian cancer.

    Main reasons

    Until now, all the reasons why a cyst appears have not been established. However, there are some factors that cause this disease. These include:

    • predisposition to such a disease;
    • prolonged stressful situations, nervousness and anxiety;
    • excess weight;
    • early menstruation;
    • frequent abortions;
    • wrong lifestyle.

    Diagnosis and treatment methods

    It is very difficult to detect a cyst based only on the main symptoms of the disease on your own. This is due to the fact that about 80% of cysts have a follicular appearance and do not cause any pain.

    In order to diagnose an ovarian cyst, it is necessary to undergo a series of examinations and tests.

    Treatment options

    There are two ways to treat cysts:

    • conservative;
    • operational.

    Conservative therapy involves taking hormonal and anti-inflammatory drugs. Often this method is prescribed only for follicular cysts. If there is evidence that the cyst is turning into a malignant tumor, hormonal treatment is abandoned.

    The duration of conservative therapy is several menstrual cycles. Ultrasound monitoring is performed throughout the treatment. In some cases, this method is supplemented with traditional medicine recipes.

    Any treatment is prescribed by a professional doctor and only after an ultrasound scan. Traditional medicine has the same principles of action as drug therapy. Healing herbs help relieve inflammation. For tinctures and decoctions, chamomile, mint, nettle, and St. John's wort are used. Herbal medicine serves a good helper in the fight against the disease. Proper Use herbs will have a healing effect on the entire body.

    Methods for removing a cyst

    Surgical treatment is prescribed only in cases where conservative methods have not brought the desired result. Removal can occur using laparoscopy or conventional surgery.

    In some cases of emergency intervention, in addition to the cyst, the ovary itself is removed.

    Most often, removal is carried out by laparoscopy. Abdominal surgery is prescribed only in cases of a malignant tumor.

    Timely surgical intervention can prevent the development of infertility in 85% of cases. The operation is also preventive in nature against cancer. Elective surgery can reduce the risk of complications.

    Complications

    Severe chronic forms of cysts include: apoplexy, suppuration and torsion.

    Apoplexy and torsion are characterized by the same symptoms. They are accompanied by nausea, vomiting and sharp pain in the lower abdomen.

    Torsion of the cyst stem occurs as a result of sudden and careless movements. There is a malnutrition of the cyst, which leads to necrosis. The woman’s condition quickly deteriorates: the skin and mucous membranes turn pale, sharp and acute pain in the abdomen is observed, the pressure decreases, and the temperature rises.

    Rupture occurs through mechanical trauma. With this complication, bleeding may occur, which will lead to a decrease in blood pressure. The woman experiences vomiting and nausea. In some cases, the pain is progressive and radiates to the rectum. If the cyst ruptures, peritonitis may develop. When suppuration occurs, increased pain in the ovarian area, increased temperature and general malaise are observed. Soldering of the abscess with other organs is observed. Re-formation of an endometrioid cyst is also possible. A removed dermoid cyst does not form again. After this disease has been cured, pregnancy is possible.

    An ovarian cyst, which is functional in nature, can form repeatedly throughout life until the onset of menopause. Proper hormonal treatment will help prevent relapse.

    Conclusion

    Modern methods treatments are highly effective.

    A systematic examination by a gynecologist will prevent the development of complications and begin a course of treatment on time. Preventing a disease is much easier than curing it.

    All of the above factors influencing the formation of a cyst indicate the need to visit a gynecologist as often as possible. After all, only a woman is responsible for her health and procreation. Routine gynecological examinations will help significantly reduce the likelihood of complications. In nature, it is arranged in such a way that a woman is primarily assigned the role of a mother. The joy of motherhood and women's health are in your hands. Take care of yourself, and an ovarian cyst will not bother you. Be healthy!

    In secret

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    aginekolog.ru

    Inflammation of an ovarian cyst is a dangerous disease

    Ovarian cysts are most often observed in women of reproductive age. An ovarian cyst is a potentially dangerous disease, so patients with this pathology must be observed and, if necessary, treated by a gynecologist. The most common complications of ovarian cysts include: inflammation of the ovarian cyst, torsion of the ovarian cyst stalk and rupture of the cyst. In addition, we should not forget that an ovarian cyst can cause infertility or develop into a malignant tumor. If signs of inflammation in the pelvis occur, you should immediately consult a doctor to begin treatment and avoid complications.

    Ovarian cyst

    An ovarian cyst is a benign formation and is a cavity filled with secretion. The contents of the cyst depend on its origin. For example, endometrioid cysts are filled with “chocolate” fluid (old blood), dermoid cysts consist of sebaceous secretions, hair, teeth and other things. There are functional and organic cysts. Functional cysts include the corpus luteum cyst and the follicular cyst.

    As a rule, such cysts are asymptomatic and respond well to treatment.

    If the size of the cyst increases, surgical treatment is recommended. Organic cysts (dermoid, endometrioid, mucinous and others) are also surgically removed.

    Causes of inflammation of ovarian cysts

    An ovarian cyst can form for a number of reasons. The main ones include: inflammation of the uterine appendages, hormonal disorders, persistent infectious diseases, abortion. The reasons that cause inflammation of an ovarian cyst are as follows:

    • sexually transmitted diseases;
    • general infectious diseases (ARVI, influenza, sore throat);
    • hypothermia;
    • torsion of ovarian cyst;
    • secondary infection (appendicitis);
    • gynecological manipulations (diagnostic curettage of the uterine cavity);
    • acute or chronic endometritis;
    • chronic somatic diseases (diabetes mellitus, thyroid pathology).

    That is, the causes of inflammation of the ovarian cyst are similar to the causes of inflammation of the uterine appendages (all factors leading to weakening protective forces organism).

    Clinical manifestations

    An ovarian cyst is often asymptomatic and is an incidental finding during a gynecological examination. The main manifestations of ovarian cysts include menstrual irregularities and pain of varying intensity in the lower abdomen and lumbar region. The severity of pain directly depends on the size of the cyst; the larger the cyst in diameter, the more it compresses nearby organs. When an ovarian cyst becomes inflamed, signs of intoxication appear in the body (temperature rises, appetite disappears, nausea and vomiting appear).

    Pain during inflammation of an ovarian cyst intensifies not only due to the development of the inflammatory process in the formation, but also due to an increase in the size of the cyst. Disorders of intestinal functions (diarrhea, constipation) and urination (painful and frequent) are observed.

    In the absence of timely treatment of the inflammatory process in the ovarian cyst, torsion of its legs is possible. In this case, the blood supply to the cyst stalk is disrupted, and necrotic changes occur, which lead to the development of peritonitis. When the legs of the ovarian cyst are torsed, the pain becomes unbearable, and the body temperature rises to 40 degrees. Tension of the abdominal muscles and symptoms of peritoneal irritation appear.

    A gynecological examination reveals a painful, elastic formation in the uterine appendages, which practically does not move due to the development of the adhesive process.

    The principles of treating inflammation of the ovarian cyst are similar to the principles of treating inflammation of the uterine appendages. Antibiotics are prescribed taking into account the sensitivity of microorganisms to them, detoxification therapy (intravenous infusions), rest and cold on the lower abdomen. Conservative therapy is carried out for uncomplicated ovarian cysts. In case of torsion of the pedicle of an ovarian cyst, emergency surgery is performed.

    Anna Sozinova

    Article tags:

    www.womenhealthnet.ru

    Treatment of ovarian cysts

    An ovarian cyst is a pathological benign neoplasm in the ovary, filled with liquid or other contents. The main complication of a cyst is the degeneration of the neoplasm from benign to malignant.

    Ovarian cysts are pathological neoplasms; depending on their nature and size, they can adversely affect the condition of a woman’s reproductive system and reduce reproductive function, even leading to infertility. Only a gynecologist can detect and diagnose a cyst using an ultrasound examination.

    Types of ovarian cysts

    Functional ovarian cyst - formed in cases of absence of ovulation. The most common functional ovarian cysts are in girls during puberty and women of reproductive age. This type of cyst occurs when the hormonal system malfunctions. Functional cysts usually resolve on their own. In case of endocrine disorders, the following types of cysts can form:

    • Follicular cyst - when a mature follicle cannot leave the ovary, it begins to grow and fill with fluid;
    • Corpus luteum cyst - formed when pregnancy has not occurred and the corpus luteum has not regressed. The corpus luteum cyst reaches a diameter of no more than 6-8 cm. This type of cyst often goes unnoticed due to the asymptomatic development of the pathology and the ability of the cyst to self-resolve. However, there is a risk of rupture of the formation, often associated with bleeding.
    • Hemorrhagic cyst - a rupture of blood vessels occurs in the follicle or corpus luteum, which leads to hemorrhage in the ovarian tissue.
    • Paraovarian cyst - develops from the epididymis and is a thin-walled single-chamber formation. Can reach 12-20 cm in diameter.
    • A dermoid cyst is a neoplasm from the rudimentary elements of the appendage tissues of the body (hair, cartilage, fat cells, tissues of bones and teeth, etc.), enclosed in a slimy and viscous mass, covered with a dense capsule. It grows slowly up to 15 cm, gradually squeezing neighboring organs.
    • Endometriotic cyst - occurs when endometrial tissue (the inner layer of the uterine wall) grows in the ovaries. As a rule, both ovaries are affected at once. The size of such cysts ranges in diameter from 4-5 cm to 15-20 cm. The endometrioid cyst increases in size as the next menstruation approaches. May degenerate into a malignant formation.
    • A true ovarian cyst is a dangerous type because it differs high degree predisposition to development into cancer, often multilocular. There are several types: serous cystadenoma and mucinous cyst; in all these cases, surgical removal of the tumor is necessary.
    • Dysontogenetic cyst - formed as a result of impaired growth and development of the ovaries during puberty.

    Reasons

    Main reason, which provokes the appearance and development of an ovarian cyst - changes in the functioning of the endocrine system. Therefore, an accelerated pace of life, difficult working conditions and irregular work schedules, and lack of a diet can lead to the development of pathology. Artificial termination of pregnancy has an extremely negative effect on hormonal levels.

    Although the mechanisms of cyst formation have not been fully studied, according to statistics, patients with this disease are found to have:

    • hormonal imbalances;
    • inflammatory processes;
    • insufficiency of apoptosis of embryogenesis (natural cell death), leading to the occurrence of tissue malformations;
    • obesity;
    • early menarche (beginning of the menstrual cycle) - up to 11 years;
    • late onset of menopause.

    Symptoms

    The course of the disease can be either pronounced or completely asymptomatic. Identify the neoplasm in a timely manner and prescribe effective treatment Only a gynecologist can, so all women require regular examination by a specialist.

    You should consult a doctor unscheduled in the following cases:

    • Severe, sharp pain in the lower abdomen;
    • Pain in the vagina (sometimes with bloody discharge);
    • Feeling of heaviness and/or pressure in the pelvic area;
    • Prolonged nagging pain during menstruation;
    • Disruptions in the menstrual cycle;
    • Feeling of pressure when urinating and defecating;
    • Fever;
    • Constant weakness and dizziness;
    • Menstrual flow is heavier than usual;
    • Abdominal enlargement;
    • Masculine characteristics (intensive facial hair growth);
    • Constant thirst and excessive urination;
    • Tachycardia (rapid heartbeat);
    • Sudden weight loss.

    According to statistics, ovarian cysts are observed in 30% of women with a regular cycle and in 50% of women with an irregular cycle.

    Symptoms of cyst complications

    Torsion of the cyst leg - the body quickly reacts to cyst necrosis with high temperature, low blood pressure, pallor of the mucous membranes, sharp pain in the abdomen.

    Rupture of the cyst - due to internal bleeding, the pressure drops sharply, dizziness, the effect of “flickering flies”, and nausea are observed. All this is accompanied by acute pain in the abdomen, which radiates to the rectum.

    Suppuration - high temperature, cramping pain in the lower abdomen and sacrum, signs of intoxication of the body.

    Common symptoms of ovarian cyst complications:

    • The temperature cannot be brought down with antipyretic drugs;
    • Nausea and vomiting;
    • Bleeding, which is accompanied by mucous discharge;
    • Headaches, dizziness and even loss of consciousness;
    • Anemia (anemia) - pallor of the skin, mucous membranes;
    • Low blood pressure.

    Diagnosis of ovarian cyst

    Only a gynecologist can detect, diagnose an ovarian cyst and prescribe treatment, who will determine the type, type of cyst, its exact location and the nature of the development of the pathological process.

    Diagnostic methods

    List of examinations necessary to diagnose the disease:

    • An initial examination will allow you to suspect the presence of a cyst.
    • Ultrasound using transvaginal and transabdominal sensors allows you to get the maximum necessary information about the presence of an ovarian cyst.
    • General blood and urine tests, as well as biochemical blood tests, are necessary to identify the presence of an inflammatory process and the degree of blood loss.
    • A blood test for the hormones LH and FSH, estrogen and testosterone - allows you to diagnose hormonal imbalances;
    • Pregnancy test - to exclude ectopic pregnancy.

    In more serious cases and rare forms of cystic formations you will need:

    • Puncture of the posterior vaginal fornix is ​​necessary if a cyst rupture is suspected, as it will detect blood or fluid in the abdominal cavity;
    • Blood test for tumor marker CA-125 - to exclude ovarian cancer;
    • Laparoscopy is a surgical operation through small holes in the abdominal cavity, allows you to take tissue samples for histological examination and remove the cyst (if necessary);
    • Computed tomography - required if diagnostics are difficult.

    Treatment

    Depending on the complexity of the case, the attending physician decides on the method of treating the disease:

    • The conservative method is drug treatment, which is based on hormonal therapy;
    • Surgical intervention - removal of the tumor.

    In order to protect against twisting of the cyst and its rupture, it is necessary to observe general recommendations:

    • Reduce physical activity and do not strain the abdominal muscles;
    • Avoid spa and physiotherapeutic procedures (massages and wraps, myostimulation, lymphatic drainage, etc.);
    • Do not take hot baths, do not visit the sauna and steam bath;
    • Limit exposure to the sun;
    • Give up completely folk recipes and self-medication - this can cause irreparable harm not only to the ovaries and other organs of the reproductive system, but also to the entire body.

    Treatment methods for ovarian cysts

    Medication method

    Most ovarian cysts are treated on an outpatient basis with hormone therapy. The drugs are strictly prescribed only by a doctor; on average, treatment takes 2-3 months. The duration of the course depends on the size of the cyst and the dynamics of development of the formation. The progress of treatment is monitored using ultrasound. Since ovulation is one of the reasons for the development of ovarian cysts, to reduce the risk of developing functional formations, the gynecologist may recommend taking contraceptives hormonal pills(to suppress ovulation).

    In some cases, the disease may be accompanied by pain of varying degrees of intensity, to eliminate which the doctor may prescribe non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

    If drug treatment is ineffective, the doctor will most likely decide on the need for surgical intervention.

    Surgical treatment for ovarian cysts

    Surgery is used in the following cases:

    1. Ineffectiveness of drug therapy;
    2. Large sizes cysts (more than 10 cm);
    3. The tumor does not decrease after 3 menstrual cycles;
    4. If there is a risk of developing ovarian cancer.

    To remove an ovarian cyst, a common method is laparoscopy - a minimally invasive operation performed through several small holes in the abdominal cavity.

    After surgery, you should avoid physical activity for 3-4 weeks. Also, if necessary, hormonal therapy may be prescribed.

    www.polyclin.ru

    2018 Blog about women's health.

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