Publication 2018-04-03 I liked it 3 Views 450

Mysteriously deserted

Destroyed by war

Perishing in fire

Defeated by water

Every city is a mystery

Some people believe that a city, if people live in it long enough, takes on a semblance of a personality with its own character and mood. He can be mysterious or open, friendly or cold. But the most intriguing secrets are hidden in cities whose inhabitants suddenly disappeared. Roanoke, Centralia, Mohenjo-Daro... Places abandoned suspiciously quickly attract with their secrets and beckon you to solve a mysterious puzzle

Incredibly, there were five- and seven-story buildings in the city

Mohenjo-daro, rich and prosperous

The mysterious city is located in Pakistan, in an area called Sindh and is considered the largest of the ancient cities of the Indus Valley. In addition, it is one of the first cities built in this area during the times Ancient Egypt.

A statue of the Priest King greets tourists at the entrance to the museum.

In 1911, Mohenjo-Daro was found in the sands, and its regular excavations were carried out by archaeologists until 1931. Experts were surprised by the thoughtful layout of the streets, the use of baked bricks in construction, and the complex irrigation and agricultural structures. This is not entirely typical for urban planning of that period.

Mohenjo-daro - view from space

In the golden age of the city, the territory of Mohenjo-Daro reached 300 hectares, and about 40,000 people lived there permanently. Apparently the city was an important center Indus civilization. Large religious ceremonies, meetings and other events were held here.

The city was built at the same time as the pyramids of Egypt and Stonehenge

Interestingly, despite the presence of signs indicating the wealth and prosperity of the city, archaeologists did not find a single luxurious palace or temple. It looks as if the population of Mohejo Daro was not in awe of material assets and the accumulation of goods, which is characteristic of later civilizations. Advancement is also indicated by the fact that the city was ruled not by one ruler or priestly elite, but by a group of people elected by the residents.

Plan of the ancient metropolis

Mohenjo-Daro, mysteriously deserted

According to experts, Mohenjo-Daro arose around 2600 BC. and existed for about 900 years. Its decline is not like the slow natural decline of other abandoned cities. Why did the residents leave their homes and where did they go next? This mystery has not yet been solved, but, like any other mystery, it has given rise to many theories and speculations, from the completely rational to the most fantastic.

Part of the ancient city's sewer system

Mohenjo-Daro, destroyed by war

Archaeologist M. Wheeler put forward the version that most of the city's population was exterminated during the Aryan invasion, and the surviving residents were sold into slavery or fled. As evidence, the researcher cites an episode from where Indra destroys the Aryan fortresses with divine fire.

Seal with Shiva from the times of Mohenjo-Daro

However, this version of the mystery of Mohenjo-Daro does not seem plausible, since no more than forty human remains were found in the city and its surroundings. In the event of an attack on Mohenjo-daro, even for the purpose of robbery and the capture of slaves, the death toll would be much higher.

"Dancing Girl" Residents of the city valued dancing and sculpture

Mohenjo-Daro dying in fire

In one area of ​​the city, bricks from buildings have mysteriously melted, suggesting exposure to high temperatures. This fact served as the basis for theories about mysterious aliens who destroyed the city with the help of their advanced technology.

Melted stone and sand indicate a nuclear explosion

The top of the Buddhist stupa was visible before the excavations began

Another theory related to fire was put forward in the 1980s by chemist M. T. Dmitriev. He assumed that the natural conditions of the area caused the formation of plasma formations like ball lightning. They, according to the hypothesis, caused the fire, and people, frightened by the mysterious heavenly fire, left the city.

44 skeletons found in one room

Mohenjo-Daro, defeated by water

The most realistic at the moment theory, explains the mystery of the decline of Mohenjo-Daro by flood. This assumption was made by E. Mackay during excavations at the beginning of the century, and continues to be developed by J. Dales.

Despite knowledge of metallurgy, no weapons were found in the city

The proximity of the Indus River initially gave the city the necessary resources for rapid development agriculture and an increase in the standard of living near abundant fields. But after the rise in the level of the Arabian Sea in the second half of the second millennium BC. e. The Indus Valley was constantly tormented by floods, making it uninhabitable. No longer getting enough harvest from the drowning fields and unable to feed their families and livestock, the inhabitants of Mohenjo-daro left their homes and went looking for more comfortable conditions to the southwest, where the city of Bombay is now located.

Jewelry found during excavations at Mohenjo-Daro

Every city is a mystery

The history of Mohenjo-Daro still attracts inquisitive minds and lovers of the secrets of the past, despite the fact that the city itself and the civilization that built it have been scattered by the winds of time.

Each house had a toilet and bathroom equipped with a sewer system

But every city, if you look at it as an integral phenomenon, is full of secrets and mysteries. The intricacies of the roads of modern cities, the hum of bees in megacities, the secret winking of street lamps with stars in the night sky - your city lives its own mysterious life. To catch the mystery by the tail, all you have to do is walk along its streets at sunset, take a closer look at your usual route and listen to the words that the city may whisper.

Indus or Harappan civilization- ancient eastern civilization. It flourished in 3300-1300 centuries BC.

Indra- the king of the gods and the ruler of the heavenly kingdom in Vedism, Buddhism and Hinduism. The Vedas glorify him as the demiurge who lifts the sky.

(“hill of the dead”) arose near 2600 BC e. The first archaeological excavations of Mohenjo-Daro were carried out for almost ten years from 1922 to 1931 in Pakistan, in the Sindh province by archaeologist John Marshall. He noted that the finds found at Mohenjo-Daro are identical to those found at the city of Harappa on the river Iravati(or Parushni), one of the 7 tributaries of the Indus.

Among other centers Harappan civilization, city of Mohenjo-daro stands out for its ideal layout, as the main material for the construction of houses, religious buildings, pools for ritual ablutions, it was used burnt brick. The city went through seven different stages of evolution, from initial growth to maturity and death.

The area of ​​Mohenjo-Daro was 300 hectares , the city was supplied with water through baked clay pipes, public toilets were built, a sewerage system was installed and an irrigation system, dams on the river, a granary, and a stadium with the world's first spectator stands were built.

Mohenjo-Daro Citadel occupies the central block in the western part of the city, where the soil level is raised by an artificial embankment made of clay and raw brick to a height of 6 to 12 m.

For own defense the citadel was fortified with square towers made of baked bricks, and thick brick walls. IN The citadel had two meeting halls built for the city community, with rows of seats separated by passages.

Tight built houses, streets and alleys had water supply and sewerage system, and one of the world's earliest water collection systems into city wells.

Citadel and average city had its own internal protected gate with inscription : « ash-ra-ra-a-ka-aksha-ra-nga-pu-ra.”

A circle divided into 8 parts: “ash” - Skt. "ashta" - “ashta” - eight.
Wheel: “Ra” - “ra” in Skt. "rathah" - "rath" can mean "warmth, light, radiance" of the "chariot of the sun." “Seven sisters (sapta-svasvar) […] heavenly (ASURYA nadinam)”
Wheel: “Ra” - “ra”.
“A” - ‘A’ is a diacritic sign that can also mean Shiva and the first letter of the alphabet.
Sign X – “kA” - “ha” - Skt. "Kaa" means or love.
The rhombus sign, like a diamond, or the Eye: can mean "eye, soul." Akshan – Akshan - overseer, administrative official in the Indus Valley, supervising the construction of state administrative buildings, temples, fortresses, etc. From Akshan – Akshan comes the word “Episcopus” - bishop.
The second time the wheel: “Ra” - ‘ra’.
"nga" - "nga" may mean a connection, connection with ancestors or branching of a family.
"Pu-ra" - 'pu-ra" can mean pure, pure.
The third time the wheel: “Ra.”
So: “ashra-raa-ka-aksha-ranga-pura” -"Ashra-raa-ka-aksha-ranga-pura" - "Refuge under the protection of Rangapur"
In the first half there is a sign: “ASHRA” - shelter and “Raksha” - protection. "Ranga-pura" - 'ra-nga-pu-ra' = royal city. In Harappan culture the word "royal" was not used. From "nga" - "nga" is happening English word"king" - "king".

At Mohenjo-Daro's heyday, the population was between 30,000 and 40,000.
English archaeologist M. Wheeler believes that the inhabitants of Mohenjo-Daro were exterminated during to the Indus Valley , but on the excavation territory Mohenjo-daro Not even 40 skeletons were found. This means that the inhabitants of Mohenjo-Daro surrendered to the mercy of the victors, fearing their strength. One of the passages tells about god Indra, possessed the divine fire of Agni , and directed fire at the fortresses of the Aryans' opponents.

Capturing vast territories of Mohenjo-Daro, the Aryans did not destroy the city, and it existed for about 900 years before the inhabitants left it in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. e.

After the water level in the Arabian Sea rose, the Indus River valley was flooded, Mohenjo-Daro was also flooded.

The city became uninhabitable, and the inhabitants hastily left it, leaving their houses, clay household utensils, gold jewelry hidden in the house. Archaeologists have discovered many products from terracotta ceramics, beads, gold and copper jewelry, seals, fishing hooks, animal figurines, tools, urns and bowls made locally, as well as some imported vessels indicating trade relations with distant lands up to Mesopotamia.

On the inscription there is a seal from Mohenjo-daro the sign of a circle divided into equal parts means "Community"

Trade flourished in Mohenjo-Daro; weights for scales, embossed clay seals with images of a bull, buffalo, bison or unicorn, with name, position owner and belonging to a particular community, clay passports of the Mohenjo-daro "community" identification those who go on trade business to other regions of the Indus.

Wealthy townspeople had two-story houses with patios and brick stairs leading to the second floor or flat roof.

The walls of the houses of Mohenjo-Daro are covered with plaster, During excavations, children's toys, small sculptures and numerous terracotta crafts made of baked clay, depicting bulls and buffaloes.

Stone sculpture of a figure known as "King Priest" distinguished by fine carved work. The Priest-King's cape is decorated with shamrocks, symbols of divine wisdom.

The territory of the lower city, where commoners settled, was flooded by the Indus and therefore remains unexplored. Over 4,500 years, the water level in the river rose 7 meters relative to the level of the ground on which Mohenjo-Daro was built.

ship from Mohenjodaro

Or Mahenjadara (translated as “hill of the dead”) - a city of the Indus Valley Civilization, which arose around 2600 BC. e. Located in Pakistan, in the Sindh province. It is the largest ancient city of the Indus Valley and one of the first cities in the history of South Asia, a contemporary of the civilization of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia.

Mohenjo-Daro was discovered in 1920 along with the city of Harappa in Pakistan. The cities were clearly built according to the Vedic tradition.

The city of Mohenjo-Daro - history and photos

Mohenjo-Daro stands out among other centers of the Indus civilization with its almost ideal layout, use as the main building material baked bricks, as well as the presence of complex irrigation and religious structures. Among other buildings, noteworthy are the granary and the “large pool” for ritual ablutions with an area of ​​83 square meters. m. and an elevated “citadel” (apparently intended for protection against floods).
The width of the streets in the city reached 10 m.

Almost the first public toilets known to archaeologists were discovered, as well as the city sewerage system. Part of the territory of the lower city, where commoners settled, was eventually flooded by the Indus and therefore remains unexplored.

A discovery 5000 years ago proved that a highly developed civilization existed in these places. And a culture that has been established for centuries. Judge for yourself if the city of high civilization is 5000 years old, then the civilization itself could not arise in one day, and this civilization has an equally long prehistory. Which means that the civilization and intelligence that built these cities is even older. A simple logical conclusion follows from this. That we can safely add 2000 years to the age of the cities found.

Mysteries of Mohenjo-Daro

In total, the age of civilization itself was no less than 7000 years.
The most interesting thing is that the city was destroyed by a nuclear explosion. In the bones of the skeletons discovered at the excavation site of the city, the level of radiation was several times higher. The river that flowed nearby evaporated in an instant.

For many decades now, archaeologists have been concerned about the mystery of the death of the city of Mohenjo-Daro in India 3,500 years ago. In 1922, Indian archaeologist R. Banarji discovered ancient ruins on one of the islands of the Indus River. They named the ruins that gave birth to these.

Even then, questions arose: how was this large city destroyed, where did its inhabitants go? The excavations did not answer any of them...
Read about another interesting structure of the past that remains unanswered -.

The ruins of the buildings did not contain numerous corpses of people and animals, as well as fragments of weapons and signs of destruction. The only obvious fact was that the disaster occurred suddenly and did not last long.

The decline of culture is a slow process; no traces of flooding have been found. Moreover, there is indisputable data indicating massive fires. The epidemic does not strike people calmly walking along the streets or doing business, suddenly and simultaneously. This is exactly what happened - this is confirmed by the location of the skeletons. Paleontological studies also reject the epidemic hypothesis. With good reason, one can also reject the version of a sudden attack by the conquerors; none of the discovered skeletons contain traces left by bladed weapons.

Mohenjo-daro - nuclear explosion

A very unusual version was expressed by the Englishman D. Davenport and the Italian E. Vincenti. They claim that Mohenjo-Daro survived the fate of Hiroshima. The authors provide the following arguments in favor of their hypothesis. Among the ruins there are scattered pieces of baked clay and green glass (whole layers!).

Probably the sand and clay, under the influence of high temperature, first melted and then instantly hardened. The same layers of green glass appear in the desert of Nevada (USA) every time after a nuclear explosion. Analysis of the samples carried out at the University of Rome and in the laboratory of the Italian National Research Council showed that melting occurred at a temperature of 1400-1500 degrees. Such a temperature in those days could be obtained in the forge of a metallurgical workshop, but not in a vast open area

If you carefully examine the destroyed buildings, you get the impression that a clear area is outlined - the epicenter, in which all the buildings were swept away by some kind of squall. From the center to the periphery, the destruction gradually decreases. The outlying buildings are the best preserved. In short, the picture is reminiscent of the consequences of the atomic explosions in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Is it conceivable to assume that the mysterious conquerors of the Indus River Valley possessed atomic energy? Such an assumption seems incredible and categorically contradicts the ideas of modern historical science However, the Indian epic “Mahabharata” speaks of a certain “explosion” that caused “a blinding light, fire without smoke,” while “the water began to boil, and the fish were charred.” That this is just a metaphor.” D Davenport believes that at its core there is. some real events.

City of Mohenjo-daro occupied an area of ​​about 259 hectares and was a network of blocks (the oldest example of such a layout), separated by wide streets with developed drainage system, which were divided into smaller ones and built with houses made of baked bricks. The dating of this settlement is still a matter of debate. Radiocarbon dating and connections with Mesopotamia allow it to be dated to 2300-1750. BC

When Indian archaeologists D. R. Sahin and R. D. Banerjee were finally able to look at the results of their excavations, they saw the red-brick ruins of the oldest city in India, belonging to the proto-Indian civilization, a city quite unusual for the time of its construction - 4.5 thousand years ago.
It was planned with the greatest meticulousness: the streets were laid out as if along a ruler, the houses were basically the same, with proportions reminiscent of cake boxes. But behind this “cake” shape there was sometimes hidden such a design: in the center there was a courtyard, and around it there were four to six living rooms, a kitchen and a room for ablutions (houses with this layout are found mainly in Mohenjo-Daro, the second big city) .

The preserved stairwells in some houses suggest that two-story houses were also built. The main streets were ten meters wide, the network of passages obeyed a single rule: some ran strictly from north to south, and transverse ones - from west to east.

But this monotonous city, like a chessboard, provided residents with amenities unheard of at that time. Ditches flowed through all the streets, and from them water was supplied to the houses (although wells were found near many). But more importantly, each house was connected to a sewerage system laid underground in pipes made of baked bricks and carrying all sewage outside the city limits.

This was an ingenious engineering solution that allowed large masses of people to gather in a fairly limited space: in the city of Harappa, for example, at times up to 80,000 people lived. The instinct of the city planners of that time was truly amazing! Knowing nothing about pathogenic bacteria, especially active in warm climates, but probably having accumulated observational experience, they protected settlements from the spread of dangerous diseases.

In 1922, on one of the islands of the Indus River in Pakistan, archaeologists discovered the ruins of an ancient city under a layer of sand. They called this place Mohenjo-daro, which means "Hill of the Dead" in the local language.

It is believed that the city arose around 2600 BC and existed for about 900 years. It is believed that during its heyday it was the center of the Indus Valley Civilization and one of the most developed cities in South Asia. From 50 to 80 thousand people lived in it. Excavations in this area continued until 1980. Salty groundwater began to flood the area and corrode the burnt bricks of the surviving building fragments. And then, by decision of UNESCO, the excavations were mothballed. So far we have managed to excavate about a tenth of the city.

What did Mohenjo-Daro look like almost four thousand years ago? Houses of the same type were located literally along a line. In the center of the house-building there was a courtyard, and around it there were 4-6 living rooms, a kitchen and a room for ablution. The preserved stairwells in some houses suggest that two-story houses were also built. The main streets were very wide. Some walked strictly from north to south, others from west to east.

There were ditches flowing through the streets, from which water was supplied to some houses. There were also wells. Each house was connected to a sewer system. Sewage was carried out of the city through underground pipes made of baked bricks. For the first time, perhaps, archaeologists have discovered ancient public toilets here. Among other buildings, noteworthy is the granary, a pool for general ritual ablutions with an area of ​​83 square meters and a “citadel” on a hill - apparently to save citizens from floods. There were also inscriptions on the stone, which, however, have not yet been deciphered.

Catastrophe

What happened to this city and its inhabitants? Essentially Mohenjo Daro ceased to exist instantly. There is plenty of evidence of this. The skeletons of thirteen adults and one child were found in one of the houses. The people were not killed or robbed; before their deaths, they sat and ate something from bowls. Others simply walked the streets. Their death was sudden. In some ways it was reminiscent of the deaths of people in Pompeii.

Archaeologists had to discard one after another version of the death of the city and its inhabitants. One of these versions is that the city was suddenly captured by the enemy and burned. But the excavations did not find any weapons or traces of the battle. There are quite a lot of skeletons, but all these people did not die as a result of the struggle. On the other hand, skeletons for such big city clearly not enough. It seems that most of the inhabitants left Mohenjo-Daro even before the disaster. How could this happen? Complete mysteries...

“I worked on excavations at Mohenjo-Daro for four whole years,” recalled Chinese archaeologist Jeremy Sen. — The main version that I heard before arriving there is that in 1528 BC this city was destroyed by an explosion of monstrous force. All our finds confirmed this assumption... We came across “groups of skeletons” everywhere - at the time of the destruction of the city, people were clearly taken by surprise. Analysis of the remains showed an amazing thing: the death of thousands of inhabitants of Mohenjo-Daro occurred... from a sharp increase in radiation levels.

The walls of the houses were melted, and among the rubble we found layers of green glass. This is the kind of glass that was seen after nuclear tests at the test site in the Nevada desert, when the sand melted. Both the location of the corpses and the nature of the destruction in Mohenjo-Daro were reminiscent of... the events of August 1945 in Hiroshima and Nagasaki... Both I and many members of that expedition concluded: there is a possibility that Mohenjo-Daro became the first city in the history of the Earth to be subjected to nuclear bombing .

Molten layer

A similar point of view is shared by the English archaeologist D. Davenport and the Italian researcher E. Vincenti. Analysis of samples brought from the banks of the Indus showed that the melting of soil and brick occurred at a temperature of 1400-1500°C. Such a temperature in those days could only be obtained in blacksmith's forge, but not in a vast open area.

What do the holy books say?

So it was a nuclear explosion. But was this possible four thousand years ago? However, let's not rush. Let us turn to the ancient Indian epic “Mahabharata”. This is what happens when the mysterious weapon of the Pashupati gods is used:

“...the earth shook under our feet and began to shake along with the trees. The river shook, even big seas They were worried, the mountains cracked, the winds rose. The fire dimmed, the radiant sun eclipsed...

White hot smoke, which was a thousand times brighter than the sun, rose in endless brilliance and burned the city to the ground. The water was boiling... horses and war chariots were burned in the thousands... the corpses of those who fell were mutilated by the terrible heat so that they no longer resembled people...

Gurka (deity - author's note), arriving on a fast and powerful vimana, sent one projectile charged with all the power of the Universe against three cities. A sparkling column of smoke and fire flared up like ten thousand suns... Dead people it was impossible to recognize, and the survivors did not live long: their hair, teeth and nails fell out. The sun seemed to tremble in the heavens. The earth trembled, scorched by the terrible heat of this weapon... The elephants burst into flames and ran madly into different sides... All the animals fell, crushed to the ground, and from all sides the flames rained down continuously and mercilessly.”

Well, one can only once again be amazed at the ancient Indian texts, which were carefully preserved for centuries and brought these terrible legends to us. Most of these texts are translated by translators and historians late XIX- the beginning of the 20th century was considered just a terrible fairy tale. After all, before the missiles nuclear warheads it was still far away.

Instead of cities there is a desert

In Mohenjo-Daro, many carved seals were found, which, as a rule, depicted animals and birds: monkeys, parrots, tigers, rhinoceroses. Apparently, in that era, the Indus Valley was covered with jungle. Now there is a desert there. The previously great Sumer and Babylonia were also buried under sand drifts.

The ruins of ancient cities are hidden in the deserts of Egypt and Mongolia. Scientists are now discovering traces of settlements in America in areas completely unsuitable for life. According to ancient Chinese chronicles, highly developed states were once located in the Gobi Desert. Traces of ancient buildings are found even in the Sahara.

In this regard, the question arises: why did once flourishing cities turn into lifeless deserts? Has the weather gone crazy or has the climate changed? Let's say. But why did the sand melt? It was this kind of sand, turned into a green glassy mass, that researchers found in the Chinese part of the Gobi Desert, in the area of ​​Lake Lop Nor, and in the Sahara, and in the deserts of New Mexico. The temperature required to turn sand into glass does not occur naturally on Earth.

But four thousand years ago people could not have nuclear weapons. This means that the gods had it and used it, in other words, aliens, cruel guests from outer space.

Vasily MITSUROV, Candidate of Historical Sciences

Civilization of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

The area of ​​Proto-Indian civilization was more extensive than the areas of the civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt combined. It extended for 1600 kilometers from south to north and 800 kilometers from east to west. From the beginning of the 20s of the XX century until today, about 2,500 monuments of this ancient culture, including its capital cities, seaports, border fortresses, etc. We cannot say whether it was a single civilization or several city-states.

During the era of prosperity of Mohenjo-Daro, fertile lands stretched around it, and deep rivers served as transport channels. The population was engaged in agriculture and grew wheat, barley, sesame, dates and cotton. Rich harvests and convenient communications allowed city residents to exchange their products for raw materials, metal, gems and spices from Central Asia, Afghanistan, Persia and South India. Among the ruins of Mohenjo-Daro, many male and female terracotta figures and miniature images of various animals were found, as well as clay signets with pictographic inscriptions.

The cities of the Indus Valley were built from brick - but not from the raw brick that the Sumerians used, but from burnt brick. This fact, as well as the remains of huge dams that protected cities from floods, and a dense network of sewers clearly indicated that five thousand years ago heavy rains in the Indus Valley were very frequent, so much so that the abundance of water posed a threat to urban buildings. The Sumerians could build their cities from mud bricks because rain was rare in southern Mesopotamia. The inhabitants of the Indus Valley, on the contrary, clearly had an excess of water - and this is all the more surprising given that today it is one of the driest places on the planet.

The Indian civilization contains many unsolved mysteries. We don’t know what it was actually called or who built it. The names of its mysterious cities are forgotten. The language of this civilization is also unknown; the hieroglyphs on the Indus seals still remain undeciphered...

To date, several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the reasons for the “collapse” of such a vast, powerful and developed civilization. Among them: climate change associated with the movement of tectonic plates, floods, earthquakes, invasion of nomadic tribes. Civilization declined quite quickly. And the catastrophe at Mohenjo-Daro came suddenly.

Causes of the death of Mohenjo-Daro

From the research conducted, one thing was clear: Mohenjo-Daro was the victim of some kind of environmental disaster, it happened suddenly and did not last long. However, its power was such that it led to the sudden and irreversible death of an entire city. Another interesting fact is that almost simultaneously with Mohejo-Daro, other nearby large cities also died.

According to some reports, on the hill where the city was located, there was powerful explosion, the ruins of the buildings were melted, and the skeletons in the area of ​​the explosion were radioactive. Allegedly, back in 1927, archaeologists found 27 or 44 fully preserved human skeletons with increased level radiation. The authorities became worried. You can’t give people evidence that in the middle of the second millennium someone used powerful nuclear bombs. Some version was needed. To begin with, they launched a message into the media of disinformation that the epicenter of an ancient earthquake, which was the cause of the tragedy, was allegedly found one hundred and forty kilometers from Mohenjo-Daro. However, no one believed that the earthquake was capable of melting the stones. Then a certain A.P. Nevsky spoke out, declaring that it was a comet. They say that upon entering the atmosphere, a discharge of static electricity with a force of millions of amperes occurred, and it was this that destroyed the city. However, no signs of flooding, volcanic eruptions or large meteorite impacts were found at Mohenjo-Daro.

Version one. Mohenjo-Daro and black lightning

In the magazine “Around the World” No. 7 for 1987, an article by Professor M. Dmitriev “Black lightning over Mohenjo-Daro” was published. In it high temperature, which melted the stones at the “epicenter of the explosion,” was explained by the explosion of a large number of ball lightning orphysical and chemical formations (FCO) (black lightning) , which are unstable and when they decay, a significant temperature arises. These formations can exist for a very long time and emit toxic gases. It is assumed that they “strangled” the residents. Moreover, FHOs can explode like ordinary ball lightning. It is the aggression of a huge accumulation of “black lightning” that supporters of this hypothesis explain the melted stones and skeletons of people on the streets of Mohenjo-Daro...
But what caused black lightning to accumulate specifically in Mohenzhdo-Daro? The ruins of the city are located in Pakistan, near the border with India. This is right at the junction of the Indian and Eurasian lithospheric plates. In this place in earth's crust Huge tectonic stresses arise. It is believed that it was the collision of these two plates, lasting millions of years, that led to the emergence of the folded mountain belt now called the Himalayas. The pressure at the junction of two plates could cause enormous electrical voltage V rocks containing quartz. For the same reason, tension arises in the piezo lighter. Only the scale here is continental. At the same time, there is enormous tension between the Earth's surface and the upper atmosphere. Top layer ionized by solar radiation, it is electrically conductive. The Earth's surface and ionosphere become the plates of a planetary capacitor. The layer of atmosphere between them is an insulator. You can imagine what kind of lightning can happen if you close the surface with the ionosphere.

There was even a hypothesis that Nikola Tesla learned how to cause an ionospheric breakdown and even boasted that he could burn an entire army or fleet with electricity at once.
Ancient Indian myths speak of some kind of unbearable radiance. Perhaps it was incredible ionospheric lightning.
If there really was incredible lightning, then what should be left behind is no less incredible fulgurite. This is a channel of fused soil that goes deep into the earth at the site of a lightning strike.
In this regard, one can recall the town of Sasovo in Ryazan region. Thanks to the investigation of geologist V. Larin, the cause of the strange explosion in that place (also accompanied by piezoelectric phenomena) was found. Hydrogen rose from the depths, forming an explosive mixture that flared up with an effect similar to triggering vacuum bomb. Fortunately, this did not happen in the city itself, but a little further away. True, unlike Mohenjo-Daro, no melting was observed here and the outbreak was too short-lived. There were also cases when deep hydrogen was burning in one of the anomalous wells in Yakutia and the heat around the burning well simply sintered the sand into glass.
This version of black lightning is supported by researcher V. Kandyba. He recalls many ancient reports of strong air glows and all sorts of unusual phenomena in China, Ethiopia, India, Egypt, and Scotland.